Estimation of Displacement and Extension due to Reverse Drag of Normal Faults: Forward Method

In the case of reverse drag of normal faulting, the displacement and horizontal extension are determined based on the established equations for the three mechanisms: rigid body, vertical shear and inclined shear. There are three sub-cases of basal detachment for the rigid body model: horizontal detachment, antithetic detachment and synthetic detachment. For the rigid body model, the established equations indicate that the total displacement on the synthetic base (Dt2) is the largest, that on the horizontal base (Dt1) is moderate, and that on the antithetic base (Dt3) is the smallest. On the other hand, the value of (Dt1) is larger than the displacement for the vertical shear (Dt4). The value of (Dt1) is larger than or less than the displacement for the inclined shear (Dt5) depending on the original fault dip δ0, bedding angle θ, and the angle of shear direction β. For all original parameters, the value of Dt5 is less than the value of Dt4. Also, by comparing three rotation mechanisms, we find that the inclined shear produces largest extension, the rigid body model with horizontal detachment produces the smallest extension, and the vertical shear model produces moderate extension.

Decadal Forecasts of Large Earthquakes along the Northern San Andreas Fault System, California: Increased Activity on Regional Creeping Faults Prior to Major and Great Events

The three largest earthquakes in northern California since 1849 were preceded by increased decadal activity for moderate-size shocks along surrounding nearby faults. Increased seismicity, double-difference precise locations of earthquakes since 1968, geodetic data and fault offsets for the 1906 great shock are used to re-examine the timing and locations of possible future large earthquakes. The physical mechanisms of regional faults like the Calaveras, Hayward and Sargent, which exhibit creep, differ from those of the northern San Andreas, which is currently locked and is not creeping. Much decadal forerunning activity occurred on creeping faults. Moderate-size earthquakes along those faults became more frequent as stresses in the region increased in the latter part of the cycle of stress restoration for major and great earthquakes along the San Andreas. They may be useful for decadal forecasts. Yearly to decadal forecasts, however, are based on only a few major to great events. Activity along closer faults like that in the two years prior to the 1989 Loma Prieta shock needs to be examined for possible yearly forerunning changes to large plate boundary earthquakes. Geodetic observations are needed to focus on identifying creeping faults close to the San Andreas. The distribution of moderate-size earthquakes increased significantly since 1990 along the Hayward fault but not adjacent to the San Andreas fault to the south of San Francisco compared to what took place in the decades prior to the three major historic earthquakes in the region. It is now clear from a re-examination of the 1989 mainshock that the increased level of moderate-size shocks in the one to two preceding decades occurred on nearby East Bay faults. Double-difference locations of small earthquakes provide structural information about faults in the region, especially their depths. The northern San Andreas fault is divided into several strongly coupled segments based on differences in seismicity.

Gravity-Driven Listric Growth Fault and Sedimentation in the Lagoa do Peixe, Rio Grande do Sul Coastal Plain, Brazil

High frequency, high resolution GPR surveys are successfully applied to investigate near-surface stratification architecture of sedimentary units in coastal plains and to define their depositional conditions. However, low frequency GPR surveys to investigate fault-related depositional systems at greater depths are scarce. This survey was designed investigate a > 100 km long linear escarpment that controls the northwest margin of the Lagoa do Peixe, an important lagoon in Rio Grande do Sul Coastal Plain (RGSCP, Brazil). The traditional approach points that RGSCP was developed by juxtaposition of four lagoons/barrier systems as consequence of sea level changes;no deformational structure is admitted to exist before. The low frequency GPR (50 MHz, RTA antenna) and geological surveys carried out in the RGSCP showed the existence of a large, gravity-driven listric growth fault controlling the Lagoa do Peixe escarpment and hangingwall sedimentation. The radargrams in four subareas along the Lagoa do Peixe Growth Fault could be interpreted following the seismic expression of rift-related depositional systems. The radargrams enabled to distinguish three main lagoonal deposition radarfacies. The lower lagoonal radarfacies is a convex upward unit, thicker close to growth fault;the radarfacies geometry indicates that fault displacement rate surpasses the sedimentation rate, and its upper stratum is aged ~3500 l4C years BP. The second lagoonal radarfacies is a triangular wedge restricted to the lagoon depocenter, whose geometry indicates that fault displacement and the sedimentation rates kept pace. The upper lagoonal radarfacies is being deposited since 1060 ± 70 l4C years BP, under sedimentation rate higher than fault displacement rate. The results indicate that low frequency GPR surveys can help in investigating fault-related depositional systems in coastal zones. They also point to a new approach in dealing with RGSCP stratigraphy.

Gravity Fault Subsidence and Beach Ridges Progradation in Quinta-Cassino (RS) Coastal Plain, Brazil

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) surveys have being applied to investigate very near-surface stratification of sedimentary units in coastal plains and to define their depositional conditions. This paper presents, however, low-frequency GPR survey to investigate fault-related depositional systems at greater depths. The Quinta-Cassino area in the Rio Grande do Sul Coastal Plain (RGSCP, Brazil) shows a wide strandplain that is made off by very long, continuous, and linear geomorphic features (beach ridges). This strandplain extends for ~70 km southward. The beach ridges show low-angle truncations against the Quinta escarpment, and also truncations in the strandplain. The traditional approach points that RGSCP was developed by juxtaposition of four lagoons/barrier systems as consequence of sea level changes;previous model assumes that no deformational episode occurred in RGSCP. The geophysical and geological surveys carried out in this area showed the existence of listric fault controlling the beach ridges in the escarpments and hanging-wall blocks. The radargrams could distinguish Pleistocene basement unit anticlockwise rotation, thickening of beach ridges radarfacies close to listric normal faults, and horst structures. These deformational features indicate that the extensional zone of a large-scale gravity-driven structure controlled the mechanical subsidence, the Holocene sedimentation and its stratigraphic and geomorphic features in the Quinta-Cassino area to build up an asymmetric delta. The results point to a new approach in dealing with RGSCP Holocene evolution.

fault500 kV变电站35 kV串联电抗器故障分析及建议

某500kV变电站主变35kV侧发生一起电容器组串联电抗器短路故障,通过对事故现场检查,结合故障录波器记录,对本次事故发生的过程进行了分析并得出结论。针对本次故障暴露出的问题,从串联电抗器安装位置、在线监测等方面提出了事故防范措施,对于变电站电容器组安全运行具有一定参考价值。

Advancements in Photovoltaic Panel Fault Detection Techniques

This paper examines the progression and advancements in fault detection techniques for photovoltaic (PV) panels, a target for optimizing the efficiency and longevity of solar energy systems. As the adoption of PV technology grows, the need for effective fault detection strategies becomes increasingly paramount to maximize energy output and minimize operational downtimes of solar power systems. These approaches include the use of machine learning and deep learning methodologies to be able to detect the identified faults in PV technology. Here, we delve into how machine learning models, specifically kernel-based extreme learning machines and support vector machines, trained on current-voltage characteristic (I-V curve) data, provide information on fault identification. We explore deep learning approaches by taking models like EfficientNet-B0, which looks at infrared images of solar panels to detect subtle defects not visible to the human eye. We highlight the utilization of advanced image processing techniques and algorithms to exploit aerial imagery data, from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), for inspecting large solar installations. Some other techniques like DeepLabV3 , Feature Pyramid Networks (FPN), and U-Net will be detailed as such tools enable effective segmentation and anomaly detection in aerial panel images. Finally, we discuss implications of these technologies on labor costs, fault detection precision, and sustainability of PV installations.

Online Fault Monitoring of On-Load Tap-Changer Based on Voiceprint Detection

The continuous operation of On-Load Tap-Changers (OLTC) is essential for maintaining stable voltage levels in power transmission and distribution systems. Timely fault detection in OLTC is essential for preventing major failures and ensuring the reliability of the electrical grid. This research paper proposes an innovative approach that combines voiceprint detection using MATLAB analysis for online fault monitoring of OLTC. By leveraging advanced signal processing techniques and machine learning algorithms in MATLAB, the proposed method accurately detects faults in OLTC, providing real-time monitoring and proactive maintenance strategies.

Structural Style and Hydrocarbon Prospectivity of the Growth Faults Related Structures in the Bengal Basin

The structural and tectonic evolution of the Bengal Basin is characterized by a complex interplay of factors, including sedimentation, the rise of the Himalayan Mountains, and the movements of Jurassic syn-rift faults. This study aims to comprehend the progression of growth faults inside the basin by examining fault geometry, basin development, and structural relief patterns. We used high-quality 2D seismic lines from the PK-MY-8403, classical seismic interpretation techniques and modeling were carried out to reveal the plate tectonic conditions, stratigraphy, and sedimentation history of the basin. The break-up unconformity, Paleocene and Eocene submerged conditions, and crucial geological formations including the Sylhet Limestone, Barail Group, and Surma Group were among the notable features recognized in seismic section. With an emphasis on growth strata and pre-growth strata, significant variations in layer thickness and relief were remarked in different stratigraphic levels. Basin development events like the evolution of the Miocene remnant ocean basin, sedimentation in Oligocene, Eocene Himalayan collision, and the Pliocene reverse fault development are analyzed. In the early the Pliocene compressional forces outpaced sedimentation rates and syn-depositional normal faults of Oligocene time began to move in opposite direction. Syn-depositional growth faults may have formed in the Bengal Basin as a result of this reversal. This research provides a detailed comprehensive knowledge of growth fault development in the Bengal Basin following the seismic interpretation, modelling, and thickness/relief analysis. The outcomes point to a substantial hydrocarbon potential, especially in regions like the Eocene Hinge Zone, where the prospectivity of the area is enhanced by carbonate reefs and Jalangi shale. However, the existence of petroleum four-way closure in the investigated region requires further investigation.

Research on Instantaneous Angular Speed Signal Separation Method for Planetary Gear Fault Diagnosis

Planetary gear train is a critical transmission component in large equipment such as helicopters and wind turbines. Conducting damage perception of planetary gear trains is of great significance for the safe operation of equipment. Existing methods for damage perception of planetary gear trains mainly rely on linear vibration analysis. However, these methods based on linear vibration signal analysis face challenges such as rich vibration sources, complex signal coupling and modulation mechanisms, significant influence of transmission paths, and difficulties in separating damage information. This paper proposes a method for separating instantaneous angular speed (IAS) signals for planetary gear fault diagnosis. Firstly, this method obtains encoder pulse signals through a built-in encoder. Based on this, it calculates the IAS signals using the Hilbert transform, and obtains the time-domain synchronous average signal of the IAS of the planetary gear through time-domain synchronous averaging technology, thus realizing the fault diagnosis of the planetary gear train. Experimental results validate the effectiveness of the calculated IAS signals, demonstrating that the time-domain synchronous averaging technology can highlight impact characteristics, effectively separate and extract fault impacts, greatly reduce the testing cost of experiments, and provide an effective tool for the fault diagnosis of planetary gear trains.

塔里木盆地西北缘沙井子断裂带的构造特征与形成演化

塔里木盆地西北缘的沙井子断裂带,位于塔北隆起的温宿凸起和北部坳陷的阿瓦提凹陷之间。它是塔里木盆地的一条一级断裂带,由沙井子断裂、英雄断裂、温宿断裂和沙南断裂组成。其中沙井子断裂是主干断裂,其它3条是其分支断裂。本轮研究新发现温宿分支断裂,并将沙南断裂解释为英雄断裂前缘的反冲断层,归属沙井子断裂带。沙井子断裂带的雏形形成于奥陶纪末—志留纪初,在泥盆纪末—石炭纪、二叠纪末—三叠纪初、侏罗纪末—白垩纪初、白垩纪末—古近纪初和新近纪—第四纪发生过多期冲断作用和新近纪末—第四纪初的张扭性构造变形后,才最终定型。沙井子断裂带是一条断控油气富集区带,温宿油田、托探1油藏、沙南1油藏、新苏地1油气藏等都受其控制。

全球天然氢气勘探开发利用进展及中国的勘探前景

在全球能源脱碳背景下,天然氢气作为一种一次能源,因其零碳、可再生的优点而备受关注,但中国目前还未开展专门针对天然氢气的勘探工作。通过介绍全球已知高含量天然氢气(体积分数大于10%)气藏的主要形成地质环境及成因类型,系统总结了天然氢气富集的有利地质条件,并结合国外天然氢气的勘探开发现状,评价了中国天然氢气的勘探前景。研究结果表明:(1)全球高含量天然氢气主要发育于蛇绿岩带、裂谷和前寒武系富铁地层中,且以无机成因为主,富铁矿物的蛇纹石化过程是天然氢气最主要的成因来源,其次为地球深部脱气和水的辐解。(2)优质的氢源与良好的运移通道是氢气富集的前提,而盖层的封盖能力是天然氢气能否成藏的关键要素;天然氢气作为伴生气时,传统盖层对其具备封盖能力,但当其含量较高时,传统盖层可能难以形成有效封盖;裂谷环境、蛇绿岩发育区以及断裂发育的前寒武系富铁地层是富氢气藏的勘探有利区。(3)国外多个国家和地区已制定了天然氢气的勘探开发和利用计划,其中,马里已实现天然氢气的商业开采,美国、澳大利亚也已成功钻探天然氢气勘探井。(4)中国高含量氢气区与富氢地质条件高度匹配,天然氢气勘探前景良好,郯庐断裂带及周缘裂陷盆地区、阿尔金断裂带及两侧盆地区、三江构造带—龙门山断裂带及周缘盆地区的天然氢气勘探潜力较大;中国应尽快开展天然氢气普查工作,加强氢气成藏过程研究和潜力评价,并进行勘探技术、开采分离技术和储运技术的攻关,为天然氢气的大规模开发利用做好技术储备。

川西理塘-义敦断裂措普湖段第四纪晚期滑动速率与古地震序列

理塘-义敦断裂是川滇菱形块体内部一条延伸约130 km的全新世活动的左旋走滑断裂带,是川西理塘地区地震活动的重要控震构造,目前其北段的措普湖段研究程度相对较低。将理塘-义敦断裂措普湖段作为研究对象,运用野外勘察、高精度测绘、探槽与14C测年等方法对措普湖段进行滑动速率和古地震探究。开挖的2处探槽位于冬欧山坡麓处,通过识别探槽内断裂与地层的切割关系、地层沉积特征、断层运动性质等标志;共识别出4次古地震事件:事件Ⅰ发生于BC 3382±60 a之前;事件Ⅱ发生于BC 3382±60 a~BC 1094±51 a之间;事件Ⅲ与事件Ⅳ均发生于AD 1330±44 a之后。可以推断理塘-义敦断裂措普湖段具有大概率的古地震复发间隔为2.4 ka左右,不排除有小概率复发间隔0.4±0.3 ka的可能。理塘-义敦断裂措普湖段古地震事件与大毛垭坝段和理塘段古地震事件之间存在差异,但是不同分段断裂的地震活动性在全新世以来均表现出持续增强趋势。根据测绘断错地貌和末次冰期冰碛垄推算出晚更新世以来措普湖段平均滑动速率为4.15±0.5 mm/a,与理塘-义敦断裂第四纪晚期不同分支滑动速率处于同一量级水平。文章完善了理塘-义敦断裂的构造特征全貌和古地震、滑动速率等信息,有助于更好地理解该断裂及该地区地震活动史和构造变形模式,为今后地震的中长期预测提供更多的数据,同时也有助于川藏铁路沿线相关工程的地震风险评估。

微服务系统服务依赖发现技术综述

微服务架构得到了广泛的部署与应用,提升了软件系统开发的效率,降低了系统更新与维护的成本,提高了系统的可扩展性.但微服务变更频繁、异构融合等特点使得微服务故障频发、其故障传播快且影响大,同时微服务间复杂的调用依赖关系或逻辑依赖关系又使得其故障难以被及时、准确地定位与诊断,对微服务架构系统的智能运维提出了挑战.服务依赖发现技术从系统运行时数据中识别并推断服务之间的调用依赖关系或逻辑依赖关系,构建服务依赖关系图,有助于在系统运行时及时、精准地发现与定位故障并诊断根因,也有利于如资源调度、变更管理等智能运维需求.首先就微服务系统中服务依赖发现问题进行分析,其次,从基于监控数据、系统日志数据、追踪数据等3类运行时数据的角度总结分析了服务依赖发现技术的技术现状;然后,以基于服务依赖关系图的故障根因定位、资源调度与变更管理等为例,讨论了服务依赖发现技术应用于智能运维的相关研究.最后,对服务依赖发现技术如何准确地发现调用依赖关系和逻辑依赖关系,如何利用服务依赖关系图进行变更治理进行了探讨并对未来的研究方向进行了展望.

井下断层活动的定量监测及其对冲击地压的影响研究

为建立断层活动与冲击地压之间的定量关系,实现煤矿冲击地压有效防控。通过理论分析义马矿区地质构造环境,以及耿村煤矿13200工作面与断层影响带的相对位置关系,研究了断裂构造对冲击地压的宏观控制作用。计算了井田构造应力并进行了构造应力区划分,分析了构造应力分区对冲击地压的控制作用。提出了井下断层活动性的定量监测方法,构建了“震源区煤岩体与动力核区尺度等量,震源能量随传递距离逐渐衰减”的模型,建立了大能量微震事件与断层活动的关系,确定了断层活动性对冲击地压的影响。研究结果表明:义马煤田内相对复杂的逆冲推覆构造体系,构成了义马矿区冲击地压的地质构造背景条件。F_(16)断层的影响带范围为7000~7600 m,13200工作面全部处于F_(16)断层的影响带内,在开采活动的影响下进一步增大了冲击地压的发生危险。Ⅰ-2断裂、Ⅲ-4断裂和Ⅳ-7断裂等控制的区域是冲击地压和大能量微震事件显现的主要区域,且冲击地压和大能量微震事件大多位于应力梯度区范围内。在大能量微震事件孕育和发生期间,F_(16)断层位移分别增长50 mm和45 mm;大能量微震事件发生前,断层活动拉力的增幅均相对最高,分别为2.58 kN和2.93 kN,断层位移量的快速增加和较高的应力增幅构成了大能量微震事件的主要能量来源。表明大能量微震事件和冲击地压的发生均与断层的活动联系紧密。井下断层的实际定量监测方法可以广泛应用于矿井冲击地压预测与防控的指导工作中。

采动岩体损伤与断层冲蚀协同致灾时空演化机制

随着我国煤矿开采向深部延伸,断层突水成为威胁煤矿安全生产的重大灾害之一。基于采动诱发断层突水相关研究成果,笔者提出了采动岩体损伤破裂−破碎岩体(断层)冲蚀协同致灾的突水概念模型,推导了2种介质的渗透性演化方程,系统性构建了工作面采动破坏与断层内部颗粒冲蚀协同致灾力学模型;数值模拟研究了采动岩体变形破坏、断层内颗粒运移以及渗流通道演化特征,系统性阐释了采动诱发断层突水的渗流灾变时空演化机制。研究结果表明:①随着工作面不断推进,底板采动岩体损伤场与断层冲蚀裂隙相连通,形成了含水层—断层—采动裂隙—工作面的渗流路径,并随着冲蚀时间增加,最终发展成为数条优势导水通道,造成工作面涌水量的急剧增大并发生滞后突水。②随着渗流时间增加,断层内部涌水量、裂隙开度均表现为缓变—突增—稳定3个阶段,冲蚀颗粒体积分数则呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势。③在研究矿区地质条件下,为预防发生断层突水,可采取超前注浆或留设防水煤柱等方法,超前注浆时间应在底板裂隙带连通断层之前,若不采取注浆措施则合理防水煤柱的留设宽度不应低于20 m。

塔里木盆地北部奥陶系海相碳酸盐岩断溶体油藏成因类型及特征再认识

前人提出的“断溶体”油藏概念,现已成为海相碳酸盐岩油气藏勘探开发的新目标、新类型。但断溶体油藏与传统的风化壳型喀斯特油藏有显著差别,断溶体储集体类型、结构特点也存在差异。研究断溶体溶蚀作用和构造破裂作用的差异性,将断溶体划分为过溶蚀残留型、破碎+强溶蚀型和强破碎+弱溶蚀型3种类型。研究表明不同成因类型的断溶体油藏,其溶蚀程度、缝洞规模、累产油量、地层能量和缝洞间连通性差异明显。过溶蚀残留型油藏的分布受风化壳不整合面及断裂带的纵向溶蚀作用控制。破碎+强溶蚀型及强破碎+弱溶蚀型油藏的形成和分布与不整合面的发育和构造位置关系不大,主要受溶蚀断裂带“破碎+溶蚀程度”控制,在溶蚀断裂带核部发育规模较大的洞穴,向两侧逐步发育裂缝-孔洞型、裂缝型储层。

质子交换膜燃料电池系统故障机理分析及诊断方法研究综述

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