Numerical analysis of confinement effect on crack propagation mechanism from a flaw in a pre-cracked rock under compression

In many situations rocks are subjected to biaxial loading and the failure process is controlled by the lateral confinement stresses. The importance of confinement stresses has been recognized in the literature by many researchers, in particular, its influence on strength and on the angle of fracture, but still there is not a clear description for the influence of confining stress on the crack propagation mechanism of rocks. This paper presents a numerical pro- cedure for the analysis of crack propagation in rock-like ma- terials under compressive biaxial loads. Several numerical simulations of biaxial tests on the rock specimen have been carried out by a bonded particle model （BPM） and the influ- ence of confinement on the mechanism of crack propagation from a single flaw in rock specimens is studied. For this purpose, several biaxial compressive tests on rectangular spec- imens under different confinement stresses were modeled in （2 dimensional particle flow code） PFC2D. The results show that wing cracks initiate perpendicular to the flaw and trend toward the direction of major stress, however, when the lat- eral stresses increase, this initiation angle gets wider. Also it is concluded that in addition to the material type, the initiation direction of the secondary cracks depends on confine- ment stresses, too. Besides, it is understood that secondary cracks may be produced from both tensile and shear mechanisms.

Strength and deformation behaviors of bedded rock mass under bolt reinforcement

The mechanism of bolt support is an important topic in mining engineering and slope treatment. The artificial material and loading system were self-developed to study the influence of bedding cohesion and bolt number on the anchoring behavior of bedded rock mass. The results show that, both peak strength and elasticity modulus increase gradually with the increase of bedding cohesion and bolt number. The axial stress–strain curve of bedded rock mass under the reinforcement of bolts presents the features of strain-softening and secondary strengthening. Finally, anchoring behavior of bedded rock mass with different bolt numbers was simulated by using FLAC3 D numerical program and the results were compared with the experimental results. This study can provide certain bases to the stability control and support design of bedded rock mass in roadway.

Failure mechanism and control countermeasures of surrounding rock at deep large section chamber intersection in the Wanfu Coal Mine

In order to solve the problem of large deformation at the intersection of deep large section soft rock roadway,this paper takes the intersection of kilometer-deep roadway in the Wanfu Coal Mine as an engineering example and applies Negative Poisson’s Ratio(NPR)steel anchor cable in roadway support for the first time.By combining numerical simulation indoor test,theoretical analysis and field test,the deformation mechanism of surrounding rock at the intersection of deep-buried roadway was analyzed,and the control strategy with micro NPR steel anchor cable as the core was put forward.Through numerical simulation,the numerical analysis model of roadway intersection with different intersection angles and excavation sequence was constructed,and the impact of two key variables of rake angle and excavation sequence on the stability of surrounding rock at roadway intersection was studied.The optimal dip angle is 90°and the optimal excavation sequence was determined as pump house-pump house passage-substation.The mechanical properties of the micro-NPR steel anchor cable were studied through the static tensile test in the laboratory.The results showed that the micro-NPR steel anchor cable showed high constant resistance,uniform tensile,no yield platform,and no obvious necking phenomenon during breaking.Through theoretical derivation,it was calculated that the vertical stress of roadway intersection is 45 MPa,and the bearing capacity of superposed arch composed of micro NPR steel anchor cable is 1257 kN,which is enough to guarantee the overall stability of intersection.Support application test and monitoring were carried out on site,and it was verified that the combined support strategy of short and long micro NPR steel anchor cable has a good control effect on large deformation of surrounding rock at intersection,which provides a new support material and support means for the safety and stabilization control of surrounding rock at intersection.

Evolution characteristics and exploration targets of Permian clastic rock reservoirs in Bohai Bay Basin,East China

Based on core observation, thin section examination, fluid inclusions analysis, carbon and oxygen isotopic composition analysis, and other approaches, the structural and burial evolution histories were investigated, and the diagenetic evolution process and genetic/development models were systematically discussed of the Upper Paleozoic Permian clastic rock reservoirs in the Bohai Bay Basin, East China. The Bohai Bay Basin underwent three stages of burial and two stages of uplifting in the Upper Paleozoic. Consequently, three stages of acid dissolution generated by the thermal evolution of kerogen, and two stages of meteoric freshwater leaching occurred. Dissolution in deeply buried, nearly closed diagenetic system was associated with the precipitation of authigenic clay and quartz, leading to a limited increase in storage space. Different structural uplifting–subsidence processes of tectonic zones resulted in varying diagenetic–reservoir-forming processes of the Permian clastic reservoirs. Three genetic models of reservoirs are recognized. The Model I reservoirs with pores formed in shallow strata and buried in shallow to medium strata underwent two stages of exposure to long-term open environment and two stages of meteoric freshwater leaching to enhance pores near the surface, and were shallowly buried in the late stage, exhibiting the dominance of secondary pores and the best physical properties. The Model Ⅱ reservoirs with pores formed in shallow strata and preserved due to modification after deep burial experienced an early exposure-open to late burial-closed environment, where pore types were modified due to dissolution, exhibiting the dominance of numerous secondary solution pores in feldspar and the physical properties inferior to Model I. The Model Ⅲ reservoirs with pores formed after being regulated after multiple periods of burial and dissolution experienced a dissolution of acidic fluids of organic origin under a near-closed to closed environment, exhibiting the dominance of intercrystalline micropores in kaolinite and the poorest physical properties. The target reservoirs lied in the waterflood area in the geological period of meteoric freshwater leaching, and are now the Model Ⅱ deep reservoirs in the slope zone–depression zone. They are determined as favorable options for subsequent exploration.

A Study on Organic Inclusions in Clastic Reservoir Rocks and Their Application to the Assessment of Oil and Gas Accumulations

Terrigenous clastic reservoir rocks are widespread in China, and nearly all the industrial oil and gas accumulations in eastern China occur in the clastic rocks. The study shows that organic inclusions are mostly distributed in the secondary fissures and pores which were formed in the process of oil-rock interaction, rather than in the cements or secondary enlargements.The organic inclusions are dominantly organic gas-rich or are composed of pure hydrocarbons.Homogenization temperatures range mainly from 120℃ to 130℃, which shows a relatively high maturity of organic matter. Vertical and horizontal temperature changes provide the grounds for the investigation of hasin evolution and thermal fluid-kinetics model. Fluorescence spectral characteristics of the organic inclusions indicate that oils and gases in the area studied probably have experienced two-stage or two-time migration. Micro-fluorescence research is one of the effective approaches to oil/source correlation and oil migration-stage determination. The abundance and occurrence of organic inclusions is one of the indicators of oil and gas abundance and accumulation in rock layers. With the help of other information, organic inclusions can provide the basis for the prospective assessment of oil and gas in clastic reservoir rocks.

Compositional and Structural Study of Macerals in Coals and Source Rocks Using SIMS

The authors applied the Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) technique to the analysis of compositions and structures of vitrinites fusinites, fusinites bitumens and graptolites in the hydrocarbon source rocks with different maturities dscribed their SIMS spectral characteristics and found that different macerals have differnt spectra which, reflected the compositional and structural differences of macerals. Moreover, the change bod of parameter CH2+/CH3+ can be used for the evaluation of thermal evolution regularity of macerals in the hydrocarbon source rocks The study results show that the SIMS technique is a powerful means for microara analysis of macerals in coals and source rocks. It is certain that the study level of macerals can be raised by detailed study of SIMS results of SIMS results of macerals.

Source Rock Classification and the Basic Structure of Coal and Kerogen

In accordance with the confusion on classification of source rocks, the authors raised a source rock classification for its enriched and dispersed organic matter types based on both Alpern’s idea and maceral genesis/composition. The determined rock type is roughly similar to palynofacies of Combaz , whereas it is "rock maceral facies (for coal viz. coal facies)" in strictly speaking. Therefore, it is necessary to use the organic ingredients classification proposed by the authors so that it can be used for both maceral analysis and environment research . This source rock classification not only shows sedimentology and diagenetic changes but also acquires organic matter type even if hydrocarbon potential derived from maceral’s geochemical parameters. So, it is considered as genetic classification. The "rock maceral facies" may be transformed to sedimentary organic facies , which is used as quantitative evaluation means if research being perfect.Now, there are many models in terms of structure either for coal or for kerogen. In our opinion, whatever coal or kerogen ought be polymer, then we follow Combaz’s thought and study structure of amorphous kerogens which are accordance with genetic mechanism showing biochemical and geochemical process perfectly. Here, we use the time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOFSIMS) to expand Combaz’s models from three to five. They are also models for coal.

新疆东天山造山带西段海豹滩岩浆硫化物铜镍矿床多期次侵入与成矿关系

新疆东天山地区造山带中发育大量与镁铁-超镁铁岩有关的铜镍矿,本次研究的海豹滩镁铁-超镁铁岩体就是其中之一。与其他区域形成的铜镍矿大地构造背景不同,东天山铜镍矿均产于中亚造山带南部的岛弧构造环境,通过本次研究识别出海豹滩镁铁-超镁铁质杂岩体的不同侵入期次,圈出岩体范围,大致查明不同含矿期次岩体的规模、形态、产状等,突破了以往对该类岩体含矿性差的认识,为该区寻找同类型矿床提供新的勘查思路和方向。

两次采动影响下小煤柱巷道切顶卸压围岩控制技术

为解决多次采动影响下留小煤柱巷道矿压显现剧烈、围岩变形量大的问题,提出了“切顶卸压+顶、帮锚索补强”联合控制技术。以贾家沟煤矿10115运输巷为工程背景,分析了切顶卸压位置、高度与巷道围岩垂直应力分布的关系,给出切顶卸压关键参数,并研究了留小煤柱巷道在切顶卸压后受两次采动影响下的矿压显现规律。结果表明:切顶卸压后,煤柱上的应力峰值随切顶深度的增加呈指数降低;10115运输巷在邻近工作面一次采动过程中巷道围岩变形依次呈现出无变形、缓慢变形、快速变形和围岩稳定的变化规律,本工作面二次采动过程中巷道围岩变形依次呈现出明显变形和剧烈变形的规律;巷道围岩在受二次采动影响时变形更加剧烈,巷道变形量为一次采动时的3.0~7.5倍。

深埋切顶自成巷道二次复用围岩稳定性研究

为研究深埋切顶自成巷道二次复用期间的围岩稳定性,通过数值模拟和现场实测对张北矿超前1615A工作面区段轨道顺槽围岩变形规律和应力分布特征进行了分析,结果表明:受切顶卸压及恒阻锚索补强支护的双重作用,留巷复用期间顶板较为稳定,主要表现为底臌和实体煤侧帮臌,围岩呈非对称性变形,变形速率沿工作面推进方向呈三段式规律,巷内单体支承压力呈4个分区特征;工作面靠近留巷侧15 m内及超前煤壁40 m内的区域受采动应力影响较为显著,呈“L”形分布特征,超前压力峰值位于“L”形角点处;留巷复用期间应重点加强控底、控帮和离层监测;研究成果可为类似工程条件下巷道围岩控制提供科学依据。

基于声发射频谱的次生胶结岩体加卸载损伤特性

斜坡岩体裂隙中广泛存在后期次生胶结物,地震过程中次生胶结岩体极易发育密集微裂纹。开展单轴静荷载和加卸载试验,通过声发射频谱演化特征研究荷载条件下次生胶结物对岩体微裂纹扩展过程的影响。研究结果表明:静荷载下小尺度裂纹、微小裂纹、沿晶裂纹和穿晶裂纹贯穿整个试验过程,低频高频信号对应的大尺度裂纹主要产生在不稳定扩展阶段,加卸载条件下声发射主频演化类型受到次生胶结物面积的影响,次生胶结物对岩体损伤起主要控制作用,降低了造成岩体损伤的应力阈值,加卸载作用下次生胶结物与岩石性质差异造成的非协调变形是造成损伤的根本原因。

基于单元凋亡法的压气蓄能盐穴围岩潮解行为表征及其影响研究

盐穴压气蓄能是当前利用风、光等可再生能源实现电网调峰的重要技术。然而,在电站的日循环注采工况下,盐穴内湿环境会呈现高频高幅振荡。当盐穴温度因采气而骤降时,相对湿度可接近100%,该条件下腔周盐岩将发生潮解,导致腔体的横向扩展,影响盐穴的稳定性与密闭性。将损伤盐岩置于压气蓄能工况对应的干湿循环中,统计其潮解量。利用表观形貌分析了盐岩表面潮解速率随偏应力水平的变化规律,并建立了两者的拟合关系。开发了针对FLAC3D软件的单元凋亡法,嵌入模拟盐穴长期变形的数值程序中,基于试验结果计算腔周盐岩网格单元的潮解量并适时使之凋亡,从而表征潮解对盐穴宏观可用性的影响。结果表明:在长期运行后,腔体轮廓会因围岩潮解而略微向外延伸,使得腔周位移与安全系数轻微恶化,但仍能充分满足经验性的安全判据。然而,潮解的盐将固定盐穴空气中的水分,转化为卤水汇集于腔体底部从而显著降低盐穴可用体积。这一影响远高于地层蠕变导致的腔体收缩,须通过增设地面除湿装置与定期排卤等措施予以控制。

基于MatDEM的露天转地下房柱法开采覆岩与边坡失稳规律研究

随着露天矿山转入地下开采,研究二次扰动后覆岩与边坡系统的稳定性显得尤为重要。以江西某大型露天转地下房柱法开采矿山为研究背景,使用MatDEM离散元软件建立了数值模拟模型,计算并分析了房柱法开采扰动下覆岩与露天边坡的位移、应力以及动能等参数的变化规律。结果表明:随着开采空区形成,采场覆岩形成了以开采区域为中心的椭圆形应力降低区,该区域岩层发生了显著的破坏,并且沿着开采推进方向移动。采场顶板的应力变化随开采进程表现出应力集中—应力增大—应力重构—应力平衡4个阶段。地下开采使得采场覆岩以及露天边坡产生了较大位移,覆岩的岩移面积和岩移动能均较边坡的更大,覆岩的变化表现出更加敏感的特性。研究结果可以为相似矿山的开采设计提供借鉴。

高应力软岩隧道二次衬砌合理支护时机分析研究

以兰渝铁路某隧道为研究对象,考虑炭质板岩地层的蠕变特性,基于广义西元模型,对隧道施工过程进行三维数值模拟,研究了不同支护时机下初期支护、二次衬砌的受力变形规律。研究结果表明:(1)提前施作二次衬砌,能够和初期支护构成叠合支护体系,有效约束软岩变形,减小变形速率,施作时间越早,围岩变形控制效果越好;(2)初期支护和二次衬砌的应力支护时机相关。二次衬砌施作时间越早,越能够改善初期支护的受力状态,减小初期支护应力,同时分担的围岩形变压力越大,二次衬砌应力越大。

基于三剪能量屈服准则的岩石弹塑性耦合模型

为建立能够准确描述岩石变形过程中能量演化规律的力学模型,提出利用三剪能量屈服准则和弹性剪应变能获取岩石黏聚力与内摩擦角,以及基于三剪能量塑性势函数获取剪胀角的方法,依据所提方法和岩石循环加卸载试验数据,得到了各级围压下不同塑性累积阶段岩石的弹性模量、黏聚力、内摩擦角及剪胀角等参数,发现随着塑性变形的增大,弹性模量呈负指数关系减小,黏聚力峰前线性增大而峰后呈负指数减小,内摩擦角满足比例参数为1、形状参数为1.5的Weibull函数,剪胀角线性减小;随着围压的增大,弹性模量和黏聚力均呈线性关系增大而剪胀角呈线性减小。建立岩石三剪能量弹塑性耦合力学模型,实现了模型在有限差分软件中的二次开发并编写了能量演化监测程序。模拟岩石室内试验,结果表明所建模型能较准确地描述岩石后继屈服过程中的硬化软化、剪胀、围压效应以及能量演化等力学行为。研究成果可为从能量角度研究岩体失稳提供理论支撑和现实手段。

膨胀性软岩隧道致灾机制研究与应用

隧道建设的规模和数量迅速发展,相关理论研究却相对不足,随着隧道越来越多地穿越诸如软弱围岩、溶洞等复杂、恶劣地质区域,对施工技术和理论研究的要求也更高,如何做到规避灾害,安全施工是大家一直关注的问题。以重庆市某公路隧道为依托,对穿越膨胀性软岩段隧道,提出不良地质构造与围岩条件、水的因素、不规则地应力以及工程因素等导致隧道灾害的因素,不同因素相互关联、相互影响,根据分析结果采取相应的防治方案来规避灾害。利用Poyting-Thomoson模型计算隧道围岩变形,与现场监控量测数据相结合,对隧道膨胀性软岩段的围岩变形做出预测,得出最佳二次衬砌支护时间。同时从初支二衬间的应力角度对膨胀性软岩进行了持续监测,表明了膨胀性软岩隧道段防治方案达到了预期目标。从致灾机制来分析隧道建设,可以更好地为工程决策服务。

软岩大变形引水隧洞二衬施作时机研究

基于三维有限元方法建立能够综合考虑复杂地质条件下深埋特长引水隧洞开挖进度、初期支护时机效应的仿真模型,以揭示不同二衬实施时机对衬砌结构承载性能的影响规律。研究结果表明:理论上是实施二衬越晚越有利于二衬的长期安全稳定运行。但是当围岩和初衬承担超过90%的开挖荷载时,若初衬的钢支撑产生屈服,围岩塑性区明显增大,就会影响结构安全,而围岩和初衬承担约80%开挖荷载时实施二衬,能更充分发挥初衬与二衬的联合承载性能。

基于能量耗散理论的深部巷道围岩松动圈范围分析

以某矿上组煤一采区回风大巷穿层4号煤层为背景,基于能量耗散理论进行巷道围岩松动圈范围研究分析,基于能量平衡方程和围岩松动圈能量分析理论建立拱形巷道能量耗散力学模型,确定巷道围岩松动圈破坏范围与能量耗散量呈正相关关系。基于摩尔-库伦应变软化本构模型,开发了基于FLAC3D软件能量耗散fish程序并进行数值模拟,确定了模型巷道能量耗散范围平均为5.9 m,结合现场钻孔成像试验,确定了大巷围岩松动圈破坏范围分别为5.9 m和6.04 m,证明了能量耗散理论能够较好适用于围岩松动圈范围的分析研究。

锚索二次注浆技术在华南先进装备产业园钜拓和慧风慧达东侧边坡加固工程中的应用

锚索二次注浆技术具有高效、可靠等特点,在提高岩土锚固效果方面优势显著。对此,基于锚索二次注浆技术的基本原理,详细阐述锚索二次注浆技术在华南先进装备产业园钜拓和慧风慧达东侧边坡加固工程中的具体应用,为类似工程施工提供技术支持。

X射线荧光光谱法测定超基性岩中14种主次量元素

本论文确定了X射线荧光熔片法测定超基性岩中Si、Ca、Fe、Ni、Co、V等14种主次量元素的方法。样品与助溶剂比例为1∶10,样品在700℃预氧化,1050℃预熔2 min,旋转、摇摆10 min,铂-黄金坩埚自然冷却制备玻璃样片。用国家一级标准物质和人工混合标样制备校准标准样片,建立校准曲线,用熔片法大大降低了矿物效应和粒度效应,用经验系数法补偿基体效应,检测元素除Co相关系数r=0.99665外,其他元素相关系数均大于0.999,本方精密度、准确度法满足化学分析要求。