In this paper we develop and study, as the second part of one more general development, the energy transmutation equation for the material singularity, previously obtained through the symmetrisation of a wave packet, ...In this paper we develop and study, as the second part of one more general development, the energy transmutation equation for the material singularity, previously obtained through the symmetrisation of a wave packet, that is, we develop the correlation between the terms of this equation, which accounts for the formation of matter from a previous vibrational state, and the different possible energy species. These energetic species are ascribed, in a simplified form, to the equation E¯ω=E¯k+E¯f, which allows us, through its associated phase factor, to gain an insight into the wave character of the kinetic energy and thus to attain the basis of the matter-wave, and all sorts of related phenomenologies, including that concerning quantum entanglement. The formation of the matter was previously identified as an energetic process, analogous to the kinetic one, in which finally the inertial mass is consolidated as a mass in a different phase, now, in addition, the mass of the material singularity is identified as a volumetric density of waves of toroidal geometry created in the process of singularisation or energy transfer between species, which makes it possible to establish the real relation or correspondence between the corpuscular and photonic energy equation (E=mc2=hν), i.e. to explain through m the intimate sense of the first equivalence, which explains what νis in the second one.展开更多
The Theory of General Singularity is presented, unifying quantum field theory, general relativity, and the standard model. This theory posits phonons as fundamental excitations in a quantum vacuum, modeled as a Bose-E...The Theory of General Singularity is presented, unifying quantum field theory, general relativity, and the standard model. This theory posits phonons as fundamental excitations in a quantum vacuum, modeled as a Bose-Einstein condensate. Through key equations, the role of phonons as intermediaries between matter, energy, and spacetime geometry is demonstrated. The theory expands Einsteins field equations to differentiate between visible and dark matter, and revises the standard model by incorporating phonons. It addresses dark matter, dark energy, gravity, and phase transitions, while making testable predictions. The theory proposes that singularities, the essence of particles and black holes, are quantum entities ubiquitous in nature, constituting the very essence of elementary particles, seen as micro black holes or quantum fractal structures of spacetime. As the theory is refined with increasing mathematical rigor, it builds upon the foundation of initial physical intuition, connecting the spacetime continuum of general relativity with the hydrodynamics of the quantum vacuum. Inspired by the insights of Tesla and Majorana, who believed that physical intuition justifies the infringement of mathematical rigor in the early stages of theory development, this work aims to advance the understanding of the fundamental laws of the universe and the perception of reality.展开更多
The energy norm convergence rate of the finite element solution of the heat equation is reduced by the time-regularity of the exact solution. This paper presents an adaptive finite element treatment of time-dependent ...The energy norm convergence rate of the finite element solution of the heat equation is reduced by the time-regularity of the exact solution. This paper presents an adaptive finite element treatment of time-dependent singularities on the one-dimensional heat equation. The method is based on a Fourier decomposition of the solution and an extraction formula of the coefficients of the singularities coupled with a predictor-corrector algorithm. The method recovers the optimal convergence rate of the finite element method on a quasi-uniform mesh refinement. Numerical results are carried out to show the efficiency of the method.展开更多
This article investigates the well posedness and asymptotic behavior of Neumann initial boundary value problems for a class of pseudo-parabolic equations with singular potential and logarithmic nonlinearity. By utiliz...This article investigates the well posedness and asymptotic behavior of Neumann initial boundary value problems for a class of pseudo-parabolic equations with singular potential and logarithmic nonlinearity. By utilizing cut-off techniques and combining with the Faedo Galerkin approximation method, local solvability was established. Based on the potential well method and Hardy Sobolev inequality, derive the global existence of the solution. In addition, we also obtained the results of decay.展开更多
Let G be a graph. G is singular if and only if the adjacency matrix of graph G is singular. The adjacency matrix of graph G is singular if and only if there is at least one zero eigenvalue. The study of the singularit...Let G be a graph. G is singular if and only if the adjacency matrix of graph G is singular. The adjacency matrix of graph G is singular if and only if there is at least one zero eigenvalue. The study of the singularity of graphs is of great significance for better characterizing the properties of graphs. The following definitions are given. There are 4 paths, the starting points of the four paths are bonded into one point, and the ending point of each path is bonded to a cycle respectively, so this graph is called a kind of quadcyclic peacock graph. And in this kind of quadcyclic peacock graph assuming the number of points on the four cycles is a<sub>1</sub>, a<sub>2</sub>, a<sub>3</sub>, a<sub>4</sub>, and the number of points on the four paths is s<sub>1</sub>, s<sub>2</sub>, s<sub>3</sub>, s<sub>4</sub>, respectively. This type of graph is denoted by γ (a<sub>1</sub>, a<sub>2</sub>, a<sub>3</sub>, a<sub>4</sub>, s<sub>1</sub>, s<sub>2</sub>, s<sub>3</sub>, s<sub>4</sub>), called γ graph. And let γ (a<sub>1</sub>, a<sub>2</sub>, a<sub>3</sub>, a<sub>4</sub>, 1, 1, 1, 1) = δ (a<sub>1</sub>, a<sub>2</sub>, a<sub>3</sub>, a<sub>4</sub>), this type four cycles peacock graph called δ graph. In this paper, we give the necessary and sufficient conditions for the singularity of γ graph and δ graph.展开更多
In this paper, one class of nonlinear singular integral equation is discussed through Lagrange interpolation method. We research the connections between numerical solutions of the equations and chaos in the process of...In this paper, one class of nonlinear singular integral equation is discussed through Lagrange interpolation method. We research the connections between numerical solutions of the equations and chaos in the process of solving by iterative method.展开更多
It is generally believed that matter inside or once entering a black hole will gravitationally fall into the center and form a size-less singularity, where the density goes to infinity and the spacetime breaks down wi...It is generally believed that matter inside or once entering a black hole will gravitationally fall into the center and form a size-less singularity, where the density goes to infinity and the spacetime breaks down with infinite curvature or gravitation. In accordance to the Unruh effect, one of the most surprizing predictions of quantum field theory, however, it is found from this study that such singularity cannot be actually formed because it violates the law of energy conservation. The total Unruh radiation energy of the size-less singularity is shown to be infinite, much greater than that the collapsing matter can generate. All the energies of the collapsing matter including the gravitational potential energy, deducted, are far below the Unruh radiation energy, increased, for the collapsing matter to form the singularity. The collapsing matter actually formed is shown to be not a size-less singular point but a small sphere with a finite radius, which is found to be dependent of the mass of the singularity sphere, approximately proportional to the square root of the mass. The radius of the singularity sphere cannot be zero, unless the mass also approaches to zero. The result obtained from this study not only provides us a quantum solution to the problem of black hole singularity, but also leads to profound implications to the spacetime and cosmology. The Unruh effect excludes a black hole to form a size-less singularity, which has a finite mass but infinite density, curvature, and Unruh radiation energy. A point-like or size-less singularity can only be massless and naked.展开更多
In this paper, we derive a simple and efficient matrix formulation using Laguerre polynomials to solve the singular integral equation with degenerate kernel. This method is based on replacement of the unknown function...In this paper, we derive a simple and efficient matrix formulation using Laguerre polynomials to solve the singular integral equation with degenerate kernel. This method is based on replacement of the unknown function by truncated series of well known Laguerre expansion of functions. This leads to a system of algebraic equations with Laguerre coefficients. Thus, by solving the matrix equation, the coefficients are obtained. Some numerical examples are included to demonstrate the validity and applicability of the proposed method.展开更多
文摘In this paper we develop and study, as the second part of one more general development, the energy transmutation equation for the material singularity, previously obtained through the symmetrisation of a wave packet, that is, we develop the correlation between the terms of this equation, which accounts for the formation of matter from a previous vibrational state, and the different possible energy species. These energetic species are ascribed, in a simplified form, to the equation E¯ω=E¯k+E¯f, which allows us, through its associated phase factor, to gain an insight into the wave character of the kinetic energy and thus to attain the basis of the matter-wave, and all sorts of related phenomenologies, including that concerning quantum entanglement. The formation of the matter was previously identified as an energetic process, analogous to the kinetic one, in which finally the inertial mass is consolidated as a mass in a different phase, now, in addition, the mass of the material singularity is identified as a volumetric density of waves of toroidal geometry created in the process of singularisation or energy transfer between species, which makes it possible to establish the real relation or correspondence between the corpuscular and photonic energy equation (E=mc2=hν), i.e. to explain through m the intimate sense of the first equivalence, which explains what νis in the second one.
文摘The Theory of General Singularity is presented, unifying quantum field theory, general relativity, and the standard model. This theory posits phonons as fundamental excitations in a quantum vacuum, modeled as a Bose-Einstein condensate. Through key equations, the role of phonons as intermediaries between matter, energy, and spacetime geometry is demonstrated. The theory expands Einsteins field equations to differentiate between visible and dark matter, and revises the standard model by incorporating phonons. It addresses dark matter, dark energy, gravity, and phase transitions, while making testable predictions. The theory proposes that singularities, the essence of particles and black holes, are quantum entities ubiquitous in nature, constituting the very essence of elementary particles, seen as micro black holes or quantum fractal structures of spacetime. As the theory is refined with increasing mathematical rigor, it builds upon the foundation of initial physical intuition, connecting the spacetime continuum of general relativity with the hydrodynamics of the quantum vacuum. Inspired by the insights of Tesla and Majorana, who believed that physical intuition justifies the infringement of mathematical rigor in the early stages of theory development, this work aims to advance the understanding of the fundamental laws of the universe and the perception of reality.
文摘The energy norm convergence rate of the finite element solution of the heat equation is reduced by the time-regularity of the exact solution. This paper presents an adaptive finite element treatment of time-dependent singularities on the one-dimensional heat equation. The method is based on a Fourier decomposition of the solution and an extraction formula of the coefficients of the singularities coupled with a predictor-corrector algorithm. The method recovers the optimal convergence rate of the finite element method on a quasi-uniform mesh refinement. Numerical results are carried out to show the efficiency of the method.
文摘This article investigates the well posedness and asymptotic behavior of Neumann initial boundary value problems for a class of pseudo-parabolic equations with singular potential and logarithmic nonlinearity. By utilizing cut-off techniques and combining with the Faedo Galerkin approximation method, local solvability was established. Based on the potential well method and Hardy Sobolev inequality, derive the global existence of the solution. In addition, we also obtained the results of decay.
文摘Let G be a graph. G is singular if and only if the adjacency matrix of graph G is singular. The adjacency matrix of graph G is singular if and only if there is at least one zero eigenvalue. The study of the singularity of graphs is of great significance for better characterizing the properties of graphs. The following definitions are given. There are 4 paths, the starting points of the four paths are bonded into one point, and the ending point of each path is bonded to a cycle respectively, so this graph is called a kind of quadcyclic peacock graph. And in this kind of quadcyclic peacock graph assuming the number of points on the four cycles is a<sub>1</sub>, a<sub>2</sub>, a<sub>3</sub>, a<sub>4</sub>, and the number of points on the four paths is s<sub>1</sub>, s<sub>2</sub>, s<sub>3</sub>, s<sub>4</sub>, respectively. This type of graph is denoted by γ (a<sub>1</sub>, a<sub>2</sub>, a<sub>3</sub>, a<sub>4</sub>, s<sub>1</sub>, s<sub>2</sub>, s<sub>3</sub>, s<sub>4</sub>), called γ graph. And let γ (a<sub>1</sub>, a<sub>2</sub>, a<sub>3</sub>, a<sub>4</sub>, 1, 1, 1, 1) = δ (a<sub>1</sub>, a<sub>2</sub>, a<sub>3</sub>, a<sub>4</sub>), this type four cycles peacock graph called δ graph. In this paper, we give the necessary and sufficient conditions for the singularity of γ graph and δ graph.
文摘In this paper, one class of nonlinear singular integral equation is discussed through Lagrange interpolation method. We research the connections between numerical solutions of the equations and chaos in the process of solving by iterative method.
文摘It is generally believed that matter inside or once entering a black hole will gravitationally fall into the center and form a size-less singularity, where the density goes to infinity and the spacetime breaks down with infinite curvature or gravitation. In accordance to the Unruh effect, one of the most surprizing predictions of quantum field theory, however, it is found from this study that such singularity cannot be actually formed because it violates the law of energy conservation. The total Unruh radiation energy of the size-less singularity is shown to be infinite, much greater than that the collapsing matter can generate. All the energies of the collapsing matter including the gravitational potential energy, deducted, are far below the Unruh radiation energy, increased, for the collapsing matter to form the singularity. The collapsing matter actually formed is shown to be not a size-less singular point but a small sphere with a finite radius, which is found to be dependent of the mass of the singularity sphere, approximately proportional to the square root of the mass. The radius of the singularity sphere cannot be zero, unless the mass also approaches to zero. The result obtained from this study not only provides us a quantum solution to the problem of black hole singularity, but also leads to profound implications to the spacetime and cosmology. The Unruh effect excludes a black hole to form a size-less singularity, which has a finite mass but infinite density, curvature, and Unruh radiation energy. A point-like or size-less singularity can only be massless and naked.
文摘In this paper, we derive a simple and efficient matrix formulation using Laguerre polynomials to solve the singular integral equation with degenerate kernel. This method is based on replacement of the unknown function by truncated series of well known Laguerre expansion of functions. This leads to a system of algebraic equations with Laguerre coefficients. Thus, by solving the matrix equation, the coefficients are obtained. Some numerical examples are included to demonstrate the validity and applicability of the proposed method.
