[Objective] The aim was to study the effects of short-term high temperature stress on the photosynthesis of potato in different growth stages. [Method] Choosing powder potato named Longshu No.3 widely cultivated in Ni...[Objective] The aim was to study the effects of short-term high temperature stress on the photosynthesis of potato in different growth stages. [Method] Choosing powder potato named Longshu No.3 widely cultivated in Ningxia as test material,the changes of stomata conductance （Gs）,transpiration rate （Tr） and CO2 concentration difference between internal and external leaf chamber,net photosynthetic rate （Pn） and photosynthetic water use efficiency （WUE） in different growth stages under short-term high temperature were analyzed. [Result] During seedling stage,the hysteretic nature of net photosynthetic rate and CO2 concentration difference between internal and external leaf chamber of potato could be found under high temperature stress,while the change trends of stomata conductance and transpiration rate under high temperature stress were consistent to that at normal temperature,but stomata conductance and transpiration rate were higher than those at normal temperature,and CO2 concentration difference between internal and external leaf chamber affected net photosynthetic rate most obviously. During branching stage,the change trends of net photosynthetic rate,CO2 concentration difference between internal and external leaf chamber,stomata conductance and transpiration rate under high temperature stress and normal temperature were similar,but they changed abruptly and reached peak value at noon under high temperature stress,while there existed consistent variation of water use efficiency under high temperature stress and at normal temperature,and CO2 concentration difference between internal and external leaf chamber also affected net photosynthetic rate most greatly,next came transpiration rate. [Conclusion] High temperature stress affected the photosynthesis of potato in different growth stages,and it was more obvious during branching stage than seedling stage,while CO2 concentration difference between internal and external leaf chamber had the most important influence on net photosynthetic rate.展开更多
The tubing hanger is an important component of the subsea Christmas tree, experiencing big temperature difference which will lead to very high thermal stresses. On the basis of API 17D/ISO 13628-4 and ASME VIII-1, and...The tubing hanger is an important component of the subsea Christmas tree, experiencing big temperature difference which will lead to very high thermal stresses. On the basis of API 17D/ISO 13628-4 and ASME VIII-1, and by comprehensively considering the erosion of oil and the gravity load of the tubing, a calculation model is established by regarding design pressure and thermal stress, and the method for designing the tubing hanger of the horizontal Christmas tree under big temperature difference condition is developed from the fourth strength theory. The proposed theory for strength design of the tubing hanger in big temperature difference is verified by numerical results from ABAQUS.展开更多
Construction of mass concrete structures face more challenges in temperature difference and complex stress under low temperature than the ambient temperature. It has been proved by the practice that, not only improvin...Construction of mass concrete structures face more challenges in temperature difference and complex stress under low temperature than the ambient temperature. It has been proved by the practice that, not only improving tensile strength of structural concrete as soon as possible and removing of constrain as much as possible, but also calculation of the thermal stress in the process of construction and maintenance, controlling structure of concrete tensile strength and temperature difference stress ratio can ensure the safety and defect-free.展开更多
【目的】探究马铃薯的叶气温差与环境因子的关系,进一步优化马铃薯水分胁迫指数模型。【方法】在河南农业大学林学院试验基地进行马铃薯盆栽试验,选择晴朗天气测定不同土壤含水率下马铃薯的叶气温差随太阳辐射和大气饱和水汽压差(VPD)...【目的】探究马铃薯的叶气温差与环境因子的关系,进一步优化马铃薯水分胁迫指数模型。【方法】在河南农业大学林学院试验基地进行马铃薯盆栽试验,选择晴朗天气测定不同土壤含水率下马铃薯的叶气温差随太阳辐射和大气饱和水汽压差(VPD)的变化规律,确定作物水分胁迫指数(crop water stress index,CWSI)的上下基线,进一步试验后得到优化后的马铃薯CWSI经验模型,并对相关模型进行验证。【结果】马铃薯的叶气温差随着土壤含水率的降低而升高;当土壤含水率较低(7.28%)时,马铃薯的叶气温差随太阳辐射的增大而增大,呈显著线性关系;当土壤含水率较高(15.85%)时,马铃薯的叶气温差随VPD的增大而减小,呈显著线性关系;构建出马铃薯CWSI的上基线为y=0.0098Q-0.68[Q为太阳辐射强度/(W·m^(-2))],下基线为y=-1.67V+3.75(V为大气饱和水汽压差/kPa);将优化的CWSI模型验证后得知,随着土壤含水率的减少,CWSI值增加,且CWSI同土壤含水量呈极显著负相关关系(p<0.01)。【结论】马铃薯的最大叶气温差与太阳辐射的线性关系作为马铃薯水分胁迫指数的上基线是可行的,该研究对传统CWSI经验模型进行改进,进一步优化了CWSI经验模型。展开更多
Heat stress seriously affects wheat production in many regions of the world. At present, heat tolerance research remains one of the least understood fields in wheat genetics and breeding and there is a lack of effecti...Heat stress seriously affects wheat production in many regions of the world. At present, heat tolerance research remains one of the least understood fields in wheat genetics and breeding and there is a lack of effective methods to quantify heat stress and heat tolerance in different wheat cultivars. The objective of this study was to use various wheat cultivars to evaluate stress intensity(δ) and a new method for quantification of heat tolerance and compare this technique with three other currently utilized methods. This new parameter for heat tolerance quantification is referred to as the heat tolerance index(HTI) and is an indicator of both yield potential and yield stability. Heat treatments were applied in a controlled setting when anthesis had been reached for 80% of the wheat. The stress intensity evaluation indicated heat shock was the main factor associated with kernel weight reduction while grain yield reduction was mainly associated with chronic high temperature. The methods evaluation showed that a temperature difference of 5°C from natural temperatures was a suitable heat treatment to compare to the untreated controls. HTI was positively correlated with yield under heat stress(r=0.8657, δ=0.15, in 2009–2010; r=0.8418, δ=0.20, in 2010–2011; P<0.01), and negatively correlated with yield reduction rate(r=–0.8344, in 2009–2010; r=–0.7158, in 2010–2011; P<0.01). The results of this study validated the use of HTI and temperature difference control for quantifying wheat heat tolerance that included the yield potential and the stability of different wheat cultivars under heat stress. Additionally, 10 wheat cultivars showed high HTI and should be further tested for their heat confirming characteristics for use in wheat heat tolerance breeding.展开更多
In this study,based on the established heat transfer and mechanical stress models,thermal stress distribution of glazing unit filled with paraffin was studied for various temperature differences between indoor and out...In this study,based on the established heat transfer and mechanical stress models,thermal stress distribution of glazing unit filled with paraffin was studied for various temperature differences between indoor and outdoor conditions.The strain produced on the surface of glazing unit filled with paraffin varies greatly in the outdoor temperature range of-30℃-40 ℃.Furthermore,phase change material(PCM) layer between the glass panes significantly affects the strain values at different temperatures,which can respectively reach up to about 250×10^(-6) and down to-300×10^(-6) for tensile and compressive strains once the paraffin is in liquid state.Additionally,impacts of boundary conditions on the strain values are more pronounced within the distance of 0.01 m from the edges of the glazing window.The presented model and outcomes can be used as a guide to simulate thermal stress in glazing units filled with paraffin.展开更多
为探究作物冠层受阳光直射或阴影遮挡对无人机热红外遥感诊断作物水分胁迫、监测土壤含水率的影响,该研究以不同灌溉处理的夏玉米为研究对象,将热红外图像划分为光照冠层、阴影冠层、光照土壤、阴影土壤4个部分,分别提取光照温度与阴影...为探究作物冠层受阳光直射或阴影遮挡对无人机热红外遥感诊断作物水分胁迫、监测土壤含水率的影响,该研究以不同灌溉处理的夏玉米为研究对象,将热红外图像划分为光照冠层、阴影冠层、光照土壤、阴影土壤4个部分,分别提取光照温度与阴影温度后计算了11:00、13:00、15:00的冠气温差(冠层温度与大气温度之差,ΔT)、作物水分胁迫指数(crop water stress index,CWSI)、蒸发比(潜热通量与有效能量的比值,evaporative fraction,EF),并对比了3种指数在不同时刻使用光照温度(ΔT_(L)、CWSI_(L)、EF_(L))与阴影温度(ΔT_(S)、CWSI_(S)、EF_(S))后对土壤含水率的监测效果变化情况。结果表明:1)3种指数的监测效果会随时间发生变化,11:00与15:00时EF监测效果较好,13:00时CWSI监测效果较好,ΔT的监测效果较差但随时间波动最小;2)拔节期在区分光照温度与阴影温度后监测效果在11:00时提升幅度最大,EF、EF_(S)、EF_(L)的R^(2)分别为0.54、0.65、0.78,CWSI、CWSI_(S)、CWSI_(L)的R^(2)分别为0.47、0.64、0.70,抽雄期与灌浆期使用光照温度对监测效果提升不大,但使用阴影温度的指数监测效果有明显降低,在13:00时CWSIS较CWSI有最大降幅,R^(2)降幅分别为0.11、0.06;3)在拔节期与抽雄期使用11:00的EFL,在灌浆期使用13:00的CWSI能取得最好的土壤含水率监测效果,验证期预测土壤含水率的R2分别为0.75、0.75、0.89。该研究可以为无人机热红外监测土壤含水率提供参考。展开更多
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(40765003)National Key Technology R &D Program in the 11th Five Year Plan of China (2007BAC03A02)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to study the effects of short-term high temperature stress on the photosynthesis of potato in different growth stages. [Method] Choosing powder potato named Longshu No.3 widely cultivated in Ningxia as test material,the changes of stomata conductance （Gs）,transpiration rate （Tr） and CO2 concentration difference between internal and external leaf chamber,net photosynthetic rate （Pn） and photosynthetic water use efficiency （WUE） in different growth stages under short-term high temperature were analyzed. [Result] During seedling stage,the hysteretic nature of net photosynthetic rate and CO2 concentration difference between internal and external leaf chamber of potato could be found under high temperature stress,while the change trends of stomata conductance and transpiration rate under high temperature stress were consistent to that at normal temperature,but stomata conductance and transpiration rate were higher than those at normal temperature,and CO2 concentration difference between internal and external leaf chamber affected net photosynthetic rate most obviously. During branching stage,the change trends of net photosynthetic rate,CO2 concentration difference between internal and external leaf chamber,stomata conductance and transpiration rate under high temperature stress and normal temperature were similar,but they changed abruptly and reached peak value at noon under high temperature stress,while there existed consistent variation of water use efficiency under high temperature stress and at normal temperature,and CO2 concentration difference between internal and external leaf chamber also affected net photosynthetic rate most greatly,next came transpiration rate. [Conclusion] High temperature stress affected the photosynthesis of potato in different growth stages,and it was more obvious during branching stage than seedling stage,while CO2 concentration difference between internal and external leaf chamber had the most important influence on net photosynthetic rate.
基金financially supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project of China(Grant No.2011ZX05026-003-02)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 Program,Grant No.2012AA09A205)
文摘The tubing hanger is an important component of the subsea Christmas tree, experiencing big temperature difference which will lead to very high thermal stresses. On the basis of API 17D/ISO 13628-4 and ASME VIII-1, and by comprehensively considering the erosion of oil and the gravity load of the tubing, a calculation model is established by regarding design pressure and thermal stress, and the method for designing the tubing hanger of the horizontal Christmas tree under big temperature difference condition is developed from the fourth strength theory. The proposed theory for strength design of the tubing hanger in big temperature difference is verified by numerical results from ABAQUS.
文摘Construction of mass concrete structures face more challenges in temperature difference and complex stress under low temperature than the ambient temperature. It has been proved by the practice that, not only improving tensile strength of structural concrete as soon as possible and removing of constrain as much as possible, but also calculation of the thermal stress in the process of construction and maintenance, controlling structure of concrete tensile strength and temperature difference stress ratio can ensure the safety and defect-free.
文摘【目的】探究马铃薯的叶气温差与环境因子的关系,进一步优化马铃薯水分胁迫指数模型。【方法】在河南农业大学林学院试验基地进行马铃薯盆栽试验,选择晴朗天气测定不同土壤含水率下马铃薯的叶气温差随太阳辐射和大气饱和水汽压差(VPD)的变化规律,确定作物水分胁迫指数(crop water stress index,CWSI)的上下基线,进一步试验后得到优化后的马铃薯CWSI经验模型,并对相关模型进行验证。【结果】马铃薯的叶气温差随着土壤含水率的降低而升高;当土壤含水率较低(7.28%)时,马铃薯的叶气温差随太阳辐射的增大而增大,呈显著线性关系;当土壤含水率较高(15.85%)时,马铃薯的叶气温差随VPD的增大而减小,呈显著线性关系;构建出马铃薯CWSI的上基线为y=0.0098Q-0.68[Q为太阳辐射强度/(W·m^(-2))],下基线为y=-1.67V+3.75(V为大气饱和水汽压差/kPa);将优化的CWSI模型验证后得知,随着土壤含水率的减少,CWSI值增加,且CWSI同土壤含水量呈极显著负相关关系(p<0.01)。【结论】马铃薯的最大叶气温差与太阳辐射的线性关系作为马铃薯水分胁迫指数的上基线是可行的,该研究对传统CWSI经验模型进行改进,进一步优化了CWSI经验模型。
基金partially supported by the Generation Challenge Program,CIMMYT(International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center)(GCP,G7010.02.01)the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-3-2-3)the National Key Technology R&D Program of China(2016YFD0100502,2016YFD0300407)
文摘Heat stress seriously affects wheat production in many regions of the world. At present, heat tolerance research remains one of the least understood fields in wheat genetics and breeding and there is a lack of effective methods to quantify heat stress and heat tolerance in different wheat cultivars. The objective of this study was to use various wheat cultivars to evaluate stress intensity(δ) and a new method for quantification of heat tolerance and compare this technique with three other currently utilized methods. This new parameter for heat tolerance quantification is referred to as the heat tolerance index(HTI) and is an indicator of both yield potential and yield stability. Heat treatments were applied in a controlled setting when anthesis had been reached for 80% of the wheat. The stress intensity evaluation indicated heat shock was the main factor associated with kernel weight reduction while grain yield reduction was mainly associated with chronic high temperature. The methods evaluation showed that a temperature difference of 5°C from natural temperatures was a suitable heat treatment to compare to the untreated controls. HTI was positively correlated with yield under heat stress(r=0.8657, δ=0.15, in 2009–2010; r=0.8418, δ=0.20, in 2010–2011; P<0.01), and negatively correlated with yield reduction rate(r=–0.8344, in 2009–2010; r=–0.7158, in 2010–2011; P<0.01). The results of this study validated the use of HTI and temperature difference control for quantifying wheat heat tolerance that included the yield potential and the stability of different wheat cultivars under heat stress. Additionally, 10 wheat cultivars showed high HTI and should be further tested for their heat confirming characteristics for use in wheat heat tolerance breeding.
基金Project(52078110) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2018KYQD15) supported by Beibu Gulf Universityt,China。
文摘In this study,based on the established heat transfer and mechanical stress models,thermal stress distribution of glazing unit filled with paraffin was studied for various temperature differences between indoor and outdoor conditions.The strain produced on the surface of glazing unit filled with paraffin varies greatly in the outdoor temperature range of-30℃-40 ℃.Furthermore,phase change material(PCM) layer between the glass panes significantly affects the strain values at different temperatures,which can respectively reach up to about 250×10^(-6) and down to-300×10^(-6) for tensile and compressive strains once the paraffin is in liquid state.Additionally,impacts of boundary conditions on the strain values are more pronounced within the distance of 0.01 m from the edges of the glazing window.The presented model and outcomes can be used as a guide to simulate thermal stress in glazing units filled with paraffin.
文摘为探究作物冠层受阳光直射或阴影遮挡对无人机热红外遥感诊断作物水分胁迫、监测土壤含水率的影响,该研究以不同灌溉处理的夏玉米为研究对象,将热红外图像划分为光照冠层、阴影冠层、光照土壤、阴影土壤4个部分,分别提取光照温度与阴影温度后计算了11:00、13:00、15:00的冠气温差(冠层温度与大气温度之差,ΔT)、作物水分胁迫指数(crop water stress index,CWSI)、蒸发比(潜热通量与有效能量的比值,evaporative fraction,EF),并对比了3种指数在不同时刻使用光照温度(ΔT_(L)、CWSI_(L)、EF_(L))与阴影温度(ΔT_(S)、CWSI_(S)、EF_(S))后对土壤含水率的监测效果变化情况。结果表明:1)3种指数的监测效果会随时间发生变化,11:00与15:00时EF监测效果较好,13:00时CWSI监测效果较好,ΔT的监测效果较差但随时间波动最小;2)拔节期在区分光照温度与阴影温度后监测效果在11:00时提升幅度最大,EF、EF_(S)、EF_(L)的R^(2)分别为0.54、0.65、0.78,CWSI、CWSI_(S)、CWSI_(L)的R^(2)分别为0.47、0.64、0.70,抽雄期与灌浆期使用光照温度对监测效果提升不大,但使用阴影温度的指数监测效果有明显降低,在13:00时CWSIS较CWSI有最大降幅,R^(2)降幅分别为0.11、0.06;3)在拔节期与抽雄期使用11:00的EFL,在灌浆期使用13:00的CWSI能取得最好的土壤含水率监测效果,验证期预测土壤含水率的R2分别为0.75、0.75、0.89。该研究可以为无人机热红外监测土壤含水率提供参考。
