Assessing healthcare workers’knowledge and confidence in the diagnosis,management and prevention of Monkeypox

BACKGROUND Monkeypox(Mpox),is a disease of global public health concern,as it does not affect only countries in western and central Africa.AIM To assess Burundi healthcare workers(HCWs)s’level of knowledge and confidence in the diagnosis and management of Mpox.METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study via an online survey designed mainly from the World Health Organization course distributed among Burundi HCWs from June-July 2023.The questionnaire comprises 8 socioprofessional-related questions,22 questions about Mpox disease knowledge,and 3 questions to assess confidence in Mpox diagnosis and management.The data were analyzed via SPSS software version 25.0.A P value<0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.RESULTS The study sample comprised 471 HCWs who were mainly medical doctors(63.9%)and nurses(30.1%).None of the 22 questions concerning Mpox knowledge had at least 50%correct responses.A very low number of HCWs(17.4%)knew that Mpox has a vaccine.The confidence level to diagnose(21.20%),treat(18.00%)or prevent(23.30%)Mpox was low among HCWs.The confidence level in the diagnosis of Mpox was associated with the HCWs’age(P value=0.009),sex(P value<0.001),work experience(P value=0.002),and residence(P value<0.001).The confidence level to treat Mpox was significantly associated with the HCWs’age(P value=0.050),sex(P value<0.001),education(P value=0.033)and occupation(P value=0.005).The confidence level to prevent Mpox was associated with the HCWs’education(P value<0.001),work experience(P value=0.002),residence(P value<0.001)and type of work institution(P value=0.003).CONCLUSION This study revealed that HCWs have the lowest level of knowledge regarding Mpox and a lack of confidence in the ability to diagnose,treat or prevent it.There is an urgent need to organize continuing medical education programs on Mpox epidemiology and preparedness for Burundi HCWs.We encourage future researchers to assess potential hesitancy toward Mpox vaccination and its associated factors.

Economic Growth:The Fundamental Path to the Realization of Social Security Rights for Migrant Workers

The International Labour Organization seems to only see the aspect of social security promoting economic growth,while neglecting the aspect of economic growth supporting social security.From the standpoint of materialism and the practice of social security,the realization of social security rights for migrant workers fundamentally depends on economic growth.The Belt and Road Initiative has provided a Chinese solution for creating a strong material and technological foundation to meet the social security needs of all people,including migrant workers.

Influential Factors of House-purchasing Intention in Work construction Sites among Migrant Workers with a Case of Investigations on 203 Migrant Workers from Jiangxi Province

The research selected 13 factors from individual and family characters, construction site characters and work characters and analyzed the influences on the willingness of purchasing houses on construction sites with Logistic regression mod- el. The results showed that gender, age differences, personality, willingness on fami- ly land conversion, management of enterprises on construction sites, relatives and friends on construction lands, and Job satisfaction were approved by significant testing, but marital status, annual household income, the rate of migrant worker in a household, transportation in work city, and corporate reputation were not approved by significant testing.

Survey of AIDS Related KAB Among Immigrant Female Factory Workers in Dongguan City

Objective: To understand the HIV/AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviors (KAB) among immigrant female factory workers(IFFW). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among IFFWs sampled from several joint- venture and private factories in Dongguan city. Results: Out of 175 sampled workers, 165 qualified for inclusion and the median age was 22. The results showed that the IFFWs had low levels of knowledge about HIV/AIDS, and held many misconceptions. Thirty three of 76 (43.4%) unmarried IFFWs had premarital sexual contact, and more than half of these contacts were one-night stands (54.5%) . More than one quarter of the women(25.9%) never used condoms, 49.4% sometimes used condoms and 24.7% used condoms every time. Twenty-eight women (31.8%) had an induced abortion because of an unexpected pregnancy. Fourteen (14.9%) had been infected with STDs, and four IFFWs(2.8%)had tried drugs before the interview. Conclusion: In order to empower the IFFWs in the city to protect themselves from HIV, and to contain the rapid spread of HIV in our province, targeted HIV/ AIDS health promotion programs should be urgently implemented among IFFWs in Dongguan city. The programs should be designed to improve the knowledge of HIV, to promote condom use, and to reduce risky behaviors.

SPECIAL ISSUE： MIGRANT WORKERS IN THE COURSE OF URBANIZATION An investigation into intergenerational differences between two generations of migrant workers

Among Chinese migrant workers, there are obvious intergenerational differences between those who were born before and after the dividing line of 1980. The latter possess more human capital and have plans for their careers. In seeking work they tend to rely on government and the market, and they are more concerned with their long-term development. Their job stability is often quite low. They are more subject to infringement on their rights or more prone to believe that their rights have been infringed, but have a better knowledge of labor law and are bolder in the defense of their rights. Their individual consumption level is higher than that of the pre-1980 cohort, and they have a higher proportion of Intemet users. This generation is more likely to spend their spare time in recreation and entertainment. Their evaluation of and identification with society is relatively high, but they have a weakening connection with their hometowns and are therefore more willing to give up their contracted land and switch their household registration to the cities where they work. This generation of migrant workers poses a challenge not only to enterprises＇ ideas on management, but also to the dual urbanrural social structure. Having obtained the rights to migrate to and work in the cities, migrant workers should further obtain citizenship rights on a completely equal footing with urban residents.

Construction Strategies of Social Security System for Wan-jiang Urban Belt's Migrant Workers

Theoretical debate and practice exploration on social security of migrant workers were introduced.The political direction and security layer on social security for migrant workers in Wan-jiang urban belt were analyzed:the first layer is to implement wage payment guarantee and employment injury insurance;the second layer is to emphasize serious disease insurance and endowment insurance;the third layer is unemployed insurance and social assistance.The primary strategy of building a social security system for migrant workers in Wan-jiang urban belt was put up:wage payment guarantee system that is united in certain regions should be promoted;employment injury insurance system that is undertaken by enterprises should be built;a social health care system for serious diseases should be set up;multi-layers endowment insurance system for migrant workers should be created;vocational training and training in how to start a business should be built as well as the unemployment insurance system;social assistant system based on the basic cost of living allowances should be set up.

The Methods of Constructing the Legal Support System for the Returning-home Migrant Workers' Entrepreneurship——Based on the Perspective of Economic Law

Based on the overview of concept of returning-home migrant workers' entrepreneurship,the thesis has introduced the features of migrant workers' entrepreneurship,as against other types of entrepreneurship,as follows. Starting from a low base and multi-level perspective;conducting entrepreneurship in manifold industries,mainly in those labor-intensive enterprises;conspicuous mutual interaction and reversibility are embodied in the group characteristics;the strong driving force of returning-home migrant workers' entrepreneurship comes from their affection for hometown. The process of returning-home migrant workers' entrepreneurship can be divided into three stages,namely returning rush,investing rush,and entrepreneurship rush,on which we give the analysis respectively in terms of the continuous change of social mobility,transformation on the part of the main body of entrepreneurship,and the expansion of industry field concerning entrepreneurship. More over,we have discussed the methods of constructing the legal support system for the returning-home migrant workers' entrepreneurship. Firstly,it needs institutionalization,which is the basis of constructing the legal support system for the returning-home migrant workers' entrepreneurship;secondly,it needs definite guiding ideology as the premise of constructing the legal support system for the returning-home migrant workers' entrepreneurship;thirdly,it needs the precise orientation of target group as the key of constructing the legal support system for the returning-home migrant workers' entrepreneurship;finally,appropriate support methods are the pivot of constructing the legal support system for the returning-home migrant workers' entrepreneurship.

Problems of Quality of Migrant Workers and Countermeasures from the Perspective of Iceberg Model

From the perspective of Iceberg Model,we analyze levels and structures of quality of migrant workers from knowledge,skills,social role, self-cognition,traits and motives. On the basis of these situations,we put forward countermeasures: value rural education and enhance skill training; make clear occupational planning and set up correct sense of value; assist migrant workers in facing the reality and adjusting their state of mind in working; coordinate interest relationship and call upon social care; rebuild mental world and construct harmonious society.

Epidemiology and immunodiagnostics of Strongyloides stercoralis infections among migrant workers in Malaysia

Objective: To investigate the status of Strongyloides(S.) stercoralis infections among migrant workers in Malaysia for the first time and identify risk factors.Methods: Four diagnostic methods were employed for the detection of S. stercoralis including microscopy, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) using a commercial kit, ELISA using the rSs1a antigen and polymerase chain reaction(PCR). Low and semi-skilled workers from five working sectors(i.e. manufacturing, food service, agriculture and plantation, construction and domestic service) were tested on a voluntary basis. Results: The overall seroprevalence of S. stercoralis from 483 workers employing the ELISA commercial kit for IgG was 35.8%(n=173;95% CI: 31.5%-40.1%) whereas seroprevalence using the rSs1a-ELISA was 13.0%(n=63;95% CI: 10.0%-16.0%). Cross tabulation between the ELISA commercial kit and rSs1a-ELISA showed that only 6.4%(n=31;95% CI: 4.2%-8.6%) of the samples were positive in both tests. Microscopic examination of all 388 fecal samples were negative;however subsequent testing by a nested PCR against DNA from the same samples successfully amplified DNA from three male subjects(0.8%;3/388). Male workers, India and Myanmar nationality, food service occupation and those living in the hostel were statistically significant with seroprevalence(P<0.005). Conclusion: This is the first report on the epidemiology of S. stercoralis infections among the migrant workers in Malaysia. Our results highlight the importance of using appropriate diagnostic tools for detection. The presence of anti-S. stercoralis antibodies in the study population calls for improvements in personal hygiene and sanitation standards among migrant workers in Malaysia through control strategies including health education campaigns and programs aimed at increasing awareness and healthy behaviors.

Prevalence and genotype distribution of hepatitis B virus among migrant workers in Lombok Island, Indonesia

Objective:To examine the potential risk of hepatitis B virus(HBV)spread in Indonesia by migrant workers,based on the molecular characteristics of HBV strains.Methods:Sera collected from migrant workers traveling to their destination countries(pre-migrant workers)and those returning to Indonesia(post-migrant workers)were screened for HBsAg by ELISA,followed by HBV DNA detection by PCR and(sub)genotype/subtype determination according to surface region and whole genome sequencing.Results:Of 87 pre-migrant workers,15(17.24%)were HBsAgpositive,whereas 15(12.10%)of 124 post-migrant workers were HBs Ag seropositive.HBV genotype analysis based on the S region showed that HBV-B3/adw2 was predominant(96.15%,25/26)whereas 3.85%(1/26)of isolates were HBV-C3/adrq+.Whole genome sequencing of selected strains and phylogenetic tree analysis identified subgenotype B7 in three samples previously categorized as subgenotype B3 based on S region analysis,supporting a recent argument that subgenotypes B5/B7/B8/B9 could be considered as a quasi-subgenotype of B3.Conclusions:A high prevalence of HBsAg carriers was detected among migrant workers from Lombok Island,with no significant difference in prevalence between before and after returning to Indonesia.All strains were classified into genotypes common in Indonesia,and the results suggested that migrant workers are not a risk factor for HBV transmission into Indonesia.

The Difficulties and Countermeasures of Migrant Workers Returning Home to Start Business of Shaanxi

The paper discloses the current situation of migrant workers returning home to start business by making a survey of the total number of returning migrant workers. The paper also points out the main difficulties the migrant workers who returning home to start business facing. The first is the old fashioned and backward concepts of development in some local departments; the second is lacking of powerful supports of policies; the third is the still bad environment to start business; the fourth is the lower qualities of people who are going to start business. Based on these situations, the official policies are put forward to encourage and support migrant workers to return home to start business. Such as strategies activating migrant workers to return home to start business should be positively operated; the management services should be further standardized and the environment should be perfected for starting business; the programs and items to start business by migrant workers returning home should be guided and favored; beneficial tax policies should be improved further; financial services should be further perfected; the land using problems of migrant workers should be firstly solved; the demonstration project of migrant workers returning back to start business should be continuously carried on; the organizing and leading jobs for starting business of migrant workers should be further strengthened.

Asymptomatic malaria infections among foreign migrant workers in Thailand

Objective:To determine the prevalence of malaria infections among foreign migrant workers in Thailand.Methods:Giemsa-stained thin and thick blood films were prepared from blood samples of 294 foreign migrant workers recruited in the study.Microscopic examination of these blood films was performed for malaria detection.Results:Blood film examination revealed 1.36%malaria infections in these 294 subjects.All positive cases were male Myanmar workers in which their blood films only ring stage of Plasmodium spp.was found at low parasite density (mean= 144 parasites/μL of blood).The prevalence of malaria infections was not significantly different among foreign migrant workers classified by age.gender,and resident province(P】0.05). Thin blood films of these workers also showed 78.91%hypochromic erythrocytes and 61.9% relative Eosinophilia.Conclusions:These findings indicate a high risk of malaria transmission. Therefore aclive malaria surveillance by using molecular methods with more sensitive and specific than microscopy should be considered for malaria control in foreign migrant workers.

Employment Will of New Generation Migrant Workers in Hubei Province and Countermeasures

The issue concerning new generation migrant workers is an important part of current social management. How to improve employment ability of new generation migrant workers is the central part of improving living of migrant workers and development environment. Based on survey data of 6 counties in Hubei Province,I analyzed employment will and influence factors of new generation migrant workers. Researches have indicated that going out to work,employment opportunity,nature of subordinate service industry,industrial technical level,and financial support play a significant role in employment intention of migrant workers,while their employment ability is influenced by their cultural quality,professional skills, working endurance,degree of policy cognition,and information channel,etc. In view of these five aspects,I put forward following countermeasures: raise educational level,improve skills,strengthen endurance,enhance attention to policies,and expand information channel,to improve employment ability of new generation migrant workers.

Rural Migrant Workers' Welfare and Labor Protection in China under the Labor Contract Law

This paper employs difference-in-differences(DID) approach to evaluate the effects of China's Labor Contract Law's implementation on rural migrant workers' welfare.Our findings suggest that the Labor Contract Law has reduced rural migrant workers' working hours by 23%, and increased their social insurance coverage by 10% to 26%. This conclusion holds true after removal of sample selection bias and policy expectation factor.Further analysis reveals that Labor Contract Law's welfare improvement effect was more significant for migrant workers in regions where workers had poor bargaining power. Other economic factors during the same period of time did not affect the law's labor protection effect. Our findings give a clear answer to controversies over whether the Labor Contract Law can improve labor rights for underprivileged groups, and are of reference value for developing labor protection systems.

Investigation and Analysis on the Selecting and Obtaining Employment of New Generation Migrant workers——A case of Yudu County,Jiangxi Province

The paper conducts an investigation on the new generation migrant workers in view of the selecting and obtaining employment of new generation migrant workers in industrial zone of Yudu County,Ganzhou Province during the period from June 23,2010 to June 27,2010.The basic situation of the selecting and obtaining employment of new generation migrant workers,the expectation and career goals is collected.The chief problems confronted by the selecting and obtaining employment of migrant workers are analyzed.The problems cover substandard employment of enterprises;unsatisfying working and living conditions of new generation migrant workers;the knowledge and technology of new generation migrant workers lag behind the demand of enterprises;the new generation migrant workers lack the spirit of bearing hardships and hard work;new generation migrant workers do not have clear career plan and their demands on studying and training are hard to be materialized;restricted by household registration system,the new generation migrant workers can not enter into their workplace.Countermeasures and suggestions on solving the selecting and obtaining of new generation migrant workers are put forward.Firstly,perfecting the relevant laws and regulations on labors and protecting the each item of labor economic rights of new generation migrant workers;secondly,intensifying vocational training and improving the competitiveness of new generation migrant workers;thirdly,paying attention to the political education and mental health education on new generation migrant workers and launching rich and colorful cultural activities;fourthly,reinforcing the human concern and right protection on new generation migrant workers to enhance their right to say;fifthly,intensifying the reform on household registration and accelerating the process of urbanization.

SPECIAL ISSUE： MIGRANT WORKERS IN THE COURSE OF URBANIZATION Migrant workers and informal employment

On the basis of an analysis of data collected through questionnaire surveys of migrant workers informally employed in Guangzhou or working in enterprises in the Pearl River Delta, the present paper suggests that： firstly, migrant workers as a whole are found in a ~ow-level labor market that is segmented and relatively segregated; its internal balance between demand and supply is realized, however, by following a principle of laissez-faire. Secondly, that market has further evolved into formal employment inside formal enterprises and informal employment outside of it, with the latter coveting the two types of self-employment and employment. Thirdly, owing to the rather difficult state of existence of those formally employed in enterprises, as well as to the ongoing reproduction of that kind of state of existence, migrant workers tend to join the informal branch in the split between formal and informal employment. Fourthly, while the work of those migrant workers in informal employment can only serve to eke out a miserable survival, those who are self-employed have a chance for gradual accumulation and upward movement, and so the hope for a certain development.

Theory,Demonstration and Methods: Research on Social Security of Migrant Workers by Domestic Scholar

Social security of migrant workers has been significant in dissolving social contradictions and achieving the economic and social development in China during the transitional period. The researches of domestic scholar on social security of migrant workers can be classified into three categories. Firstly, theoretical analysis on social security of migrant workers, including researches on the appeal of social security and misunderstanding of recognition, theory-construction of rural worker social security, policy defects and equity construction in social security system of migrant workers. Secondly, real studies on social security of migrant workers, including researches on sequence of demand and influencing factors of social security of migrant workers as well as intrinsic motivation forming the perspective on social security. Lastly, road exploration of establishing social security system, including researches on the multi-level development of rural worker social security system, comparison of "Double-low method", "Guangdong Method" and "Shanghai Method" of the social security of migrant workers in Zhejiang Province and establishing multi-level social security system according to the hierarchy after the internal differentiation.

Migrant Workers Should Be Provided with More Job Training, Legal Protection and Social Security

Drawing on the survey results and interview data of 897 rural migrant workers in Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, the authors conduct an in-depth analysis of the background and current living conditions of rural migrant workers in the city; including their gender, age, educational background, vocation, length of employment, wage, work stability, work safety, housing conditions, medical treatment, leisure activities and life satisfaction. The findings indicate that migrant workers in Nanchang face difficult conditions and that the government and society must take measures to improve their situation.

Problems of Rural Migrant Workers and Policies in the New Period of Urbanization

The huge migration of rural workers has new characteristics such as the bad order, high degree of concentration, low level of collective action, marginality in social status, unfair treatment, difficult integration of the new generation, and the new return trend of rural migrants, which causes ‘urban diseases’ in China. Countermeasures should be taken to develop medium-sized and small cities, integrate the labor market of the city and countryside, provide necessary public services, social security and vocational training, guide the rural migrant workers to return rationally, and help the new generation live in harmony with urban residents.

Establishment of Comprehensive Evaluation Model of the New Generation Migrant Workers' Employability

Through literature research and expert interviews,we extract 10 variables influencing the new generation migrant workers' employability,and establish the comprehensive evaluation model of the new generation migrant workers' employability. Using factor analysis,we derive that the model includes three factors: skill literacy,relationship literacy and basic literacy. The weights of each factor are 0. 580,0. 244 and 0. 174 8,respectively. Skill literacy is affected by skill level,learning ability,career aspiration,ability to analyze problems,physical health status and other factors. Relationship literacy is affected by the sense of teamwork,interpersonal skills,social support and other factors. Basic literacy is affected by educational level,hardworking spirit and other factors. According to the results,we put forth the following recommendations to improve the new generation migrant workers' employability: strengthening the vocational skill training; coordinating the vocational education resources.