Reference Interval of Thyroidal Function of Women in the Early,Middle and Late Pregnancy in Jingzhou City,Hubei Province

[Objectives]To study the reference value of thyroid function in healthy women of childbearing age during different pregnancies(early,middle and late pregnancy)in Jingzhou City.[Methods]362 healthy women of childbearing age during different pregnancies(early,middle and late pregnancy)were selected as the study group,and 360 non-pregnant women were selected as the control group.Serum thyroid hormone levels in the two groups were detected,and the reference value was expressed as the median(M)and 95%confidence interval(CI).On this basis,the chart of changing trend of thyroid hormone in the early,middle and late pregnancy were plotted.[Results]Compared with the control group,FT3,TT4,TT3,FT4and TSH in the early,middle and late pregnancy were significantly different in the study group(P<0.05).In the study group,there were significant differences in the early,middle and late pregnancy(P<0.05).[Conclusions]This trend chart has certain reference value in the screening,diagnosis and treatment of thyroid diseases in healthy women of childbearing age during different pregnancies(early,middle and late pregnancy)in Jingzhou City of Hubei Province.

A Simple Procedure for Termination of Pregnancy in the Late First Trimester with Mifeprostone and Misoprostol

Purpose: To assess the efficacy of medical methods for termination of pregnancy at 9 - 12 weeks of gestation. Methods: Between December 2008 and December 2010, the 116 consecutive women received 200 mg oral mifepristone and after 24 - 36 hours they applied 800 μg vaginal misoprostol to medically terminate pregnancy. If the products of conception did not pass, three further doses of 400 μg misoprostol were given vaginally at three hours intervals to medically terminate pregnancy. Results: Of the 116 patients undergoing the procedure 104 (90%) aborted completely. Half of the patients aborted within 6 hours. After medical termination, five per cent of the women were treated because of infection, and five per cent needed a revisit to hospital because of excessive bleeding. Two women received a blood transfusion. Previous live births or previous inducted abortion is presented in the study results. Conclusions: Medical abortion at 9 - 12 weeks’ gestation is a safe alternative to surgery.

Osteoprotegerin,interleukin and hepatocyte growth factor for prediction of diabetes and hypertension in the third trimester of pregnancy

BACKGROUND Gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM)raises the risk of high blood pressure and may cause a series of life-threatening complications in pregnant women.Screening and management of GDM and gestational hypertension(GH)in pregnancy helps to control and reduce these risks and prevent adverse effects on mothers and their fetuses.Currently,the majority criteria used for screening of diabetes mellitus is oral glucose tolerance tests,and blood pressure test is usually used for the screening and diagnosis of hypertension.However,these criteria might not anticipate or detect all GDM or GH cases.Therefore,new specific predictive and diagnostic tools should be evaluated for this population.This study selected three biomarkers of osteoprotegerin(OPG),interleukin(IL)and hepatocyte growth factor(HGF)for GDM and GH predication and diagnosis.AIM To explore the feasibility of changes in placental and serum OPG,IL and HGF as tools for prediction and diagnosis of diabetes and hypertension in pregnant women.METHODS From January 2018 to January 2019,44 pregnant women with GDM and GH were selected as an observation group,and 44 healthy pregnant women were selected as a control group in the same period.Serum OPG,IL and HGF were compared between the two groups.RESULTS The levels of OPG and HGF in the observation group were lower than in the control group,and the level of IL-1βwas higher in the observation group than in the control group(all P<0.05).Furthermore,OPG and HGF were negatively associated with gestational diabetes and gestational hypertension,while IL-1βwas positively associated with GDM complicated with GH(all P<0.05).CONCLUSION The evaluation of serum OPG,HGF and IL-1βlevels in patients with coexistent gestational diabetes complicated with hypertension can predict the degree of disease and play an important role in the follow-up treatment and prognosis prediction.

Plasma motilin concentration in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy and postpartum

Plasma motilin concentrations were measured in 135 women during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy and 3～5 d after delivery and the results were compared with those of 20 healthy nonpregnant women.The mean plasma motilin concentration (323.96± 125.10 ng/L) in women during the second trimester of pregnancy was lower than in healthy nonpregnant women (366.12±96.23 ng/L) (P<0.05),but that was significantly higher than in women during the third trimester of pregnancy (121.04±27.00 ng/L) (P<0.01);the plasma motilin concentration in women during 3～5d after delivery (443.05±140.79 ng/L) was significantly higher than that in pregnant women (P<0.01).The results showed that pregnancy appears to have a profound inhibitory effect on plasma motilin,and this may partly be responsible for the gastrointestinal hypomotility associated with pregnancy.

Cervical Ripening in the Third Trimester of Pregnancy with Intravaginal Misoprostol: A Double-blind, Randomized,Placebo-controlled Study

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of intravaginal misoprostol for cervical ripening in the third trimester, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in 85 patients indicated for induction of labor and with unfavorable cervices. They were randomly assigned to receive either intravaginal misoprostol (100 mg) or placebo placed in the posterior vaginal fornix. The Bishop score, fetal heart rate and Doppler blood flow velocity waveforms were measured before and 12 h after drug administration. Placenta and decidu were histopathologically observed in some cases. Among 85 patients enrolled, 43 received misoprostol and 42 received placebo. Whereas the mean initial Bishop scores were not significantly different between the two growps, the mean Bishop score in misoprostol group was significantly better than those in placebo group.The mean change in Bishop score was also significantly different (4. 4 for misoprostol versus 1. 0 for placebo, P<0.01 ). The prevalence of spontaneous onset of labor within 12 h after drug insertion in misoprostol group (67. 4%, 29/43)was significantly higher than that in placebo group (14. 3%, 6/42), P<0.01.The average DOppler velocity systolic to diastolic (S/D) ratios of umbilical artery,middle cramal artery, renal artery were not significantly different before and 12 h after drug insertion between both groups. There was no significant difference in frequency of abnormal fetal heart rate tracings or fetal distress and in the mean Apgar scores between the two groups. Except the presence of vasodilation in villi vessels in the misoprostol group, the placental and decidual histopathological changes had no significantly difference between two groups. It is concluded that intravaginal misoprostol may be an effective and safe cervical ripening agent in the third trimester of pregnancy.

First Trimester Pregnancy Loss May Temporary Reduce the Ovarian Response during the Subsequent IVF Cycle

The aim of this study was to compare the in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles ended by miscarriage with subsequent IVF cycles in relation to various IVF cycle parameters and pregnancy termination modalities. Comparison of pre-miscarriage to post-miscarriage IVF cycles parameters demonstrated that lower peak E2 levels (1087 ± 593 versus 1237 ± 676 pg/ml, respectively;p p p p p p < 0.05), and an increase in the conception rate (34.7% versus 42.2%, respectively) at the second post-miscarriage IVF cycle.

Hemorrhages in the First Trimester of Pregnancy: Etiological Aspect and Management at the Maternity Ward of the Ignace Deen National Hospital of the University Hospital of Conakry

Aims: Hemorrhages in the first trimester of pregnancy constitute a public health problem in developing countries with maternal mortality which is still very high. This is the most common reason for consultation in early pregnancy. The objectives of this study were to describe the sociodemographic characteristics of the patients, identify the etiologies, describe the management and evaluate the maternal prognosis in patients presenting with hemorrhage in the first trimester of pregnancy. Methods: This was a descriptive-type prospective study lasting 12 months from January 1 to December 31, 2020, carried out at the maternity ward of Ignace Deen National Hospital. Results: During the study period, we recorded 163 cases of hemorrhage in the first trimester of pregnancy out of 5478 deliveries, i.e. a frequency of 2.97%. The main incriminated etiologies were spontaneous abortion (46.62%), ectopic pregnancy (28.22%), hydatidiform mole (16.56%), threatened abortion (5.52%) and pregnancy stopped (3.06%). The socio-demographic profile of the patients was that of a woman in the age group of 26 - 30 years (33.12%), married (79.14%), with secondary level (35.58%), exercising a liberal profession (36.19%) and nulliparous (60.12%). More than half of the patients came directly from home (57.66%) with metrorrhagia (44.78%) and abdominal pain (33.12%) as reasons for consultation. The gestational age between 7-11SA was more represented (82.82%). Manual intrauterine aspiration (58.89%) and salpingectomy (28.22%) were the most practiced therapeutic procedures. We transfused 10.42% of patients and 20.85% received medical treatment. The maternal prognosis was good in 47.87%. The main complications recorded were anemia (38.65%) and the state of shock (10.42%). Conclusion: Hemorrhages in the first trimester of pregnancy represent an important cause of maternal morbidity in developing countries. The improvement of the maternal prognosis would pass by the early consultation in front of any case of pregnancy.

Point-of-care ultrasound identifi cation of yolk stalk sign in a case of failed fi rst trimester pregnancy

Emergency physicians are often the first providersto encounter patients with complications in earlypregnancy. Point-of-care （POC） pelvic ultrasound isbeing increasingly used in the evaluation of emergencydepartment （ED） patients with first trimester symptoms.[1]While the initial aim of POC ultrasound in this settingis to confirm an intrauterine pregnancy, a secondarygoal is to differentiate between a normal and abnormalpregnancy. There exist a number of sonographic featuresto suggest a pregnancy is non-viable.

Contribution to the Study of Hemorrhages in the Third Trimester of Pregnancy, Etiology and Management

Third trimester bleeding is a common concern in obstetrics. The main objective of this work was to study the management of hemorrhages in the third trimester of pregnancy in the maternity ward of the Sominé Dolo hospital in Mopti. Our prospective descriptive cross-sectional survey type study conducted at the maternity ward of Sominé Dolo hospital in Mopti over a period from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2017 included 94 cases collected. During this period we had performed 1485 deliveries including 94 cases of pregnancies complicated by 3rd trimester hemorrhage, a frequency of 6.33%. The main cause of hemorrhage in the third trimester was represented by placenta preavia 42.6% followed by retroplacental hematoma 28.7%, uterine rupture 26.6% and association Placenta preavia and retroplacental hematoma 2.1%. The type of intervention depended on the cause of the hemorrhage and the maternal and fetal condition. More than half of the cases of uterine rupture 52% had benefited from a hysterorrhaphy during a laparotomy (n = 13/25) against 48% from hysterectomy (n = 12/25). Caesarean section was performed in 87.5% (n = 35/40) against 12.5% vaginal delivery (n = 5/40) in case of placenta preavia. In the end, in 74% of cases (n = 20/27) of retroplacental hematoma, first-line cesarean section was performed. The maternal prognosis was represented by a mortality rate of 12% (n = 11/94) and morbidity dominated by hypovolemic shock 48.9% (n = 22/94), infections 28.8% (n = 13/94) and coagulopathy 11.1% (n = 5/94). The fetal prognosis was very poor. More than half (55%) of the newborns had succumbed against 45% of the newly born. In 55.3% of cases neonatal mortality occurred antenatally. Neonatal morbidity was represented by prematurity, i.e. 20.2% (n = 19/94) and low birth weight, i.e. 22.3% (n = 21/94).

Comparative Study on Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Overt Diabetes Mellitus and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Late Pregnancy

Background: With the rising prevalence in recent years, gestational diabetes mellitus has become one of the leading causes of maternal and child mortality and morbidity worldwide and has raised health concern. It is seriously detrimental to both the women and fetuses. However, there are limited evidences of two types of gestational diabetes mellitus on clinical characteristics and outcomes. Therefore, this study was aimed to explore the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with overt diabetes mellitus (ODM) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) at the late pregnancy. Methods: From January 2015 to August 2016, totally 63 gestational diabetes mellitus from the Department of Clinical Nutrition in Beijing Anzhen Hospital were enrolled in the study. Patients were classified into two groups. 31 patients with gestational overt diabetes mellitus were grouped into ODM group and 32 patients with gestational diabetes mellitus were grouped into GDM group. Clinical characteristics and outcomes were compared between ODM and GDM. We collected records of the age, gestational week, family history, past history, pregnancy complications, insulin use, blood pressure, clinical nutrition indexes, blood pressure. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting blood glucose (FBG), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), prealbumin (PALB), hemoglobin (HGB), urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (CREA), and dynamic blood glucose monitoring were measured. And we recorded the changes of blood glucose and the test data. We statistically analyzed the data of two groups. Results: In the ODM group, HbA1c, FBG, average blood glucose, two-hour postprandial blood glucose (2hPBG) after breakfast, 2hPBG after dinner, the number of hyperglycemic events and high blood glucose time ratio are significantly higher than those of GDM and two groups compared with statistical significance (P < 0.05). The number of patients treated with insulin (10/31) in ODM is significantly more than that in GDM (1/32) (P < 0.05). 45% (14/31) of ODM have a family history of diabetes patients. The ratio is significantly higher than 13% (4/32) of GDM (P < 0.05). There was significant difference in urinary ketone positive rate between the two groups (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference in urinary microalbumin abnormal rate between them (P > 0.05). The number of preeclampsia in ODM (8/31) is significantly higher than that of GDM (P < 0.05). The level of HGB in ODM is lower than that of GDM (P < 0.05). There was no difference in the pregnancy outcomes between the two groups. Conclusion: Late pregnancy women with ODM have obvious family history, higher HbA1c, higher FBG, higher glucose levels of two-hours after breakfast and dinner, higher average blood glucose, longer hypoglycemia time, higher probability of hyperglycemic events and greater opportunity to use insulin in the treatment of symptomatic patients, higher risk of preeclampsia, lower HGB level than GDM, while GDM has higher positive rate of urine ketone than ODM.

Cardio-metabolic risk and adverse pregnancy outcomes in the first trimester:findings from the Shenzhen birth cohort study

Objective To investigate the relationship between cardio-metabolic abnormalities in the first trimester and adverse pregnancy outcomes(APO).Methods This cohort study recruited singleton pregnancies in the first trimester(6-13^(+6)weeks of gestation)from Shenzhen Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital between January 1,2021,and October 31,2022.Cardiometabolic markers,including body mass index(BMI),blood pressure,fasting plasma glucose(FPG),high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C),and triglycerides(TG),were recorded during the first trimester.Incidence of APO,including gestational hypertension,preeclampsia,gestational diabetes mellitus,preterm birth,fetal growth restriction,small for gestational age infant,and placental abruption,was documented.

Clinical Study on the Relationship between the HCG Levels during the Late Pregnancy and the Delivery Mechanism

Objective： The relationship between the HCG levels during the late pregnancy and the delivery mechanism was discussed. Method： If the HCG levels during the late pregnancy were related to the delivery mechanism was studied by using the β -HCG changes of 100 women pregnant for 36 weeks, 37 weeks, 38 weeks, 39 weeks, 40 weeks, and 41 weeks, and also the [3 -HCG changes when their uterine orifice was opened for 3cm near the time of labor as the clinical data. All these cases were found to suffer no clinical complications. Result： The difference in HCG changes during the late pregnancy was of no statistical significance （P〉0.05）. Conclusion： The β-HCG levels change during the late pregnancy is not significantly correlated with the labor onset time, and the labor onset time is unpredictable with the monitoring of the HCG levels change during the late pregnancy.

Influence of oligohydramnios on late pregnancy outcome

Oligohydramnios of late pregnancy is an extremely important signal of a life threatening to the fetus, which severely affect the prognosis of perinatal and makes perinatal mortality rate 5 times higher. [1].As one of the conditions that should be prevented in late pregnany, timely discovery and treatment of oligohydramnios can significantly reduce the perinatal mortality rate and improve the quality ofperinatal [2] We will make a summary on the influence of oligohydramnios in late pregnancy outcome in this article. Normally, amniotic fluid volume increases with the passes of gestational week and the volumes increases to about 800ml during late pregnancy to full-term pregnancy.We call it oligohydramnios when if the volume is less than 300m1.[3].

Effect and Safety of Iron Supplementation on Mild Thalassemia Complicated by Iron Deficiency in Late Pregnancy

Aim:To study the clinical effect and safety of iron supplementation in the treatment of mild thalassemia complicated by iron deficiency in late pregnancy.Methods:376 patients with mild thalassemia complicated by iron deficiency in late pregnancy treated in our hospital from July 2019 to June 2021 were selected and recruited in the research group,and 200 normal pregnant women treated in the same period were selected and recruited in the control group.Hemoglobin(Hb),reticulocyte blood,red blood protein(RET he)level,ferritin(SF)level,soluble transferrin receptor(sTfR)level,adverse maternal and infant outcomes,etc.were analyzed.Results:There was no significant difference in the levels of SF,Hb,RET he and sTfR between the two groups before treatment.After treatment,the levels of SF,Hb,RET he and sTfR in the research group were significantly improved,which was statistically significant compared with the control group.The frequencies of intrapartum hemorrhage,premature delivery,stillbirth,hemorrhagic shock,and neonatal asphyxia in the research group were 289±47.88,36(9.57%),0(0.00%),25(6.65%),and 6(1.26%),respectively.The frequencies of intrapartum hemorrhage,premature delivery,stillbirth,hemorrhagic shock,and neonatal asphyxia in the control group were 284±46.99,7(3.50%),0(0.00%),6(3.00%),and 0(0.00%),respectively.There were significant differences in preterm delivery and hemorrhagic shock,and there was no significant difference in other delivery outcomes.Conclusions:Under the premise of strictly controlling the iron reserve in pregnant women,continuous medication until the end of delivery may be conducive to the control of maternal thalassemia complicated by iron deficiency and the improvement of pregnancy outcome.

The Effects of Fetal Movement Counting on Mental Health of Mother in Third Trimester A Randomized Controlled Trial

Anxiety is one of the psychological problems in pregnant women that sometimes takes the form of pathological and affects the mental health of mother. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of fetal movement counting on mental health of mother. In a randomized-controlled trial, 208 nulliparous women were randomly divided into two groups. At 28th weeks, both groups completed the GHQ-28. Then the intervention group started to count fetal movements from 28th to 37th weeks of gestation and the control group received routine prenatal care. Again, both groups completed the questionnaire at 37 weeks＇ gestation and the results were compared. Analysis was performed by SPSS and a P value 〈 0.05 was considered significant. The mean scores of mental health of mothers in 28th and 37th of pregnancy was respectively 23.52 ± 10.23 and 21.09 ± 10.12 in the intervention group and the difference was significant （P = 0.025）. The mean in the control group was 23.69 ± 9.43 and 23.88± 8.60 respectively, and the difference was not significant （P = 0.52）. In comparing the mean scores between the two groups, it was found that the difference was not significant at 28th weeks of gestation （P = 0.37）, but it was significant in 37th week （P = 0.002） and the counting of fetal movements could improve the mental health of mothers compared to control group. The women who had fetal movements counting at weeks 28 to 37 Of gestation reported better mental health than the control group. The mother renorted concerns about decreased fetal movement was similar in the two grouns.

A perspective study and financial analysis of different protocols of second trimester maternal serum screening for Down's syndrome

Objective:To compare the efficiency and related financial parameters of the double- and triple-marker test for the second-trimester maternal serum screening for Down's syndrome. Methods:The serum samples were collected from the 2^(nd) trimester pregnant women in this hospital and were examined for three biomedical markers[alpha-fetoprotein(AFP),freeβ-human chorionic gonadotropin(freeβ-hCG) and unconjugated estriol(uE_3)]by TR-FIA.The pregnancy outcomes were followed up and screening efficiency calculated for double-marker(AFP+freeβ-hCG) and triple-marker(AFP+ freeβ-hCG+uE_3) test. Results:(1)A total of 4,707 serum samples of 2^(nd) trimester pregnancy were collected in this study,of which 4,245 pregnancy outcomes got followed up by May 30,2009,with 462 cases lost to follow-up.The follow-up rate was 90.2%.3 cases of Down's syndrome,4 cases of other chromosome abnormalities and 1 case of neural tube defect (NTD) were found.There was no medically induced miscarriage by invasive tests.(2) Detection rate and false positive rate of triple marker test for Down's syndrome screening were 66.7%and 5.26%,respectively,while those in double marker test were 33.3%and 4.01%,respectively.The detection rate of all chromosome abnormalities was 75%in triple marker test and 37.5%in double marker test.The detection rate of NTD was 100%either in double or triple marker test.(3) It costs 499,375 RMB to avoid one Down's syndrome birth by using triple marker test and 781,200 RMB by using double marker test. Conclusion:Triple-marker test is superior to double marker test in 2nd trimester maternal serum screening for Down's syndrome,and costs less to avoid a Down's syndrome birth.

Ultrasound Study of First Trimester Bleeding

Objective: Bleeding during the first trimester of pregnancy is common and can be a sign of complication that often necessitates obstetric ultrasound for the assessment of the haemorrhage, and of fetal well being. The aim of this study was to determine the causes of first trimester bleeding on obstetrical ultrasound in our area. Method: It was a cross-sectional descriptive study during a six-month period from May to October 2017. All women who referred to the Regional center of medical imaging of Ngaoundere who agreed to participate in the study with first trimester bleeding were evaluated with clinical history and ultrasonography (US). Ultrasonographic exam was done via transabdominal or endovaginal approaches using GE LOGIQ 7 scanner brand. Microsoft Office Excel 2010 and SPHINX V 4.0 were used for data analysis. Results: A total of 121 of pregnant women who presented vaginal bleeding during the first trimester were enrolled into the study. These Ultrasound examinations represented 37.93% of all obstetric ultrasounds in the first trimester. The patients in this study ranged in age from 16 to 47 years with an average of 30 years. 50 (41.32%) were pregnant for the first time and 24 (19.83%) were primiparous. Mean gestational age was 9 weeks with the extremes of 5 and 12 weeks. 97 (80.2%) reported spontaneous bleeding while in 24 (18.8%) bleeding was mostly caused by sexual intercourse 11 (45.8%). Pelvic pain 91 (75.2%) was the most associated sign. 36 (29.8%) patients were diagnosed as threatened abortions. 27 (22.3%) were diagnosed with incomplete abortions. 4 (3.3%) cases showed an ectopic gestation. 9 (7.4%) cases showed complete abortions. Concordance between clinical diagnosis and ultrasound results was 84%. Conclusions: Bleeding in the first trimester of pregnancy is common in our area. Ultrasonography occupies a prominent place in the etiological diagnosis of bleeding in the first trimester of pregnancy;it is easy to find in most cases a responsible abnormality of bleeding.

Terminal Pregnancy Complicated by Measles and Premature Labor:a Case Report

Measles infection in pregnant women is a very dangerous clinical condition.Patients usually had complicated pneumonia,and virus could pass through the placenta to the fetus and lead to premature delivery,stillbirth,miscarriage and neonatal measles.In this report,one such case,which was diagnosed by clinical signs and symptoms,clinical and laboratory examination was described.After proper therapeutic treatment,the infection was well-controlled and a baby was born by nature labor.

Fetal loss rates after mid-trimester amniocentesis

Objective: Amniocentesis is an invasive cytogenic test traditionally associated with a 1/200 procedure–related pregnancy loss rate. Recent studies have questioned the validity of the traditionally stated rate. The purpose of this study was to document the results of second-trimes- ter genetic amniocentesis performed at our pe- rinatalogy clinic. Study Design: A retrospective review of all the amniocentesis procedures per- formed between 15 and 22 weeks of gestation on singleton pregnancies between May 2004 and December 2008 was performed. Spontaneous loss was defined as any unintentional preg- nancy loss at < 24 weeks of gestation. Setting: Zonguldak Karaelmas University, Faculty of Me- dicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Population: Pregnant women followed at the Obstetrics Department. Methods: A retrospective review of all the amniocentesis procedures performed between May 2004 and December 2008 was performed. Main outcome measure: Pregnancy loss due to amniocentesis. Results: A total of 447 amniocentesis procedures were performed during the study period. The major indication for amniocentesis was positive maternal triple screening (44%). The mean gestational age at amniocentesis was 18.80 ± 2.70 weeks. The results of cytogenetic analyses revealed an abnormal karyotype in 19 pregnancies (4.3%), nine of which were trisomy 21. The overall spontaneous loss rate was 0.89% (n = 4). Conclusion: It would be useful for each center to investigate its own pregnancy loss rate and thereby provide a firmer basis for its policy for counseling women requesting amniocentesis. If enough such investigations were reported, a true benchmark figure could also emerge.

Predicting the risk of Turner syndrome based on ultrasonographic markers in the first trimester of pregnancy

To the Editor:Turner syndrome is the most common sexchromosome abnormality in females with an incidence of 1 per 2500 female live births,and it is associated with either complete or partial loss of one X chromosome.[1]Predicting the risk of Turner syndrome in the first trimester of pregnancy is of critical importance,in order to provide parturient with reproductive choices for affected fetuses at the earliest opportunity.