Studies of the Variability of Primary Metabolites in the Epicarp, Mesocarp and Seed of Dacryodes edulis Fruit at Taste Maturity

The fruits of Dacryodes edulis are rich in biologically active substances, which makes them of great interest in terms of validation. In this study, we targeted the primary metabolites in the epicarp, the mesocarp and the seed of the fruit of Dacryodes edulis at taste maturity, which were selected for their nutritional quality and its appreciation throughout the Gulf of Guinea area, which is very popular because of its large size, texture and special taste. The evaluation of total carbohydrates, total lipids and soluble proteins in the epicarp, mesocarp and seed of the fruit at taste maturity was made from spectrophotometer measurements. The overall analysis of the results of the present study shows that total carbohydrates, total lipids and proteins accumulate more in the seed with respectively 251.33 ± 1.15 mg/g DM;9.92 ± 0.201 mg/g DM and 55.075 ± 0.024 mg/g DM. Likewise, the results indicate low concentrations of total carbohydrates and total lipids in the epicarp with respectively 245 ± 1 mg/g DM and 4.77 ± 0.047 mg/g DM, on the other hand, it is the mesocarp which presents the lowest content of soluble proteins: 28.075 ± 3.231 mg/g DM. This variation could be linked to the nature of the compartment, more particularly to the storage location. This comparative study could lead to the valorization of the seed of the fruit of Dacryodes edulis for its richness in metabolites and arouse significant interest in nutrition.

Fatty Acid Composition of Hazelnut Kernel Oil from Coula edulis Collected in the Republic of Congo

Coula edulis is non-timber forest product (NTFP) used in Africa for its hazelnuts, which contain edible seeds with a demonstrated nutritional potential. However, there have been very few scientific studies of this species in the Republic of Congo. Thus, the aim of the current study was therefore to determine the fatty acid composition of the oil extracted from Coula edulis hazelnut seeds collected at random in the Republic of Congo. The oil was extracted using the Soxhlet method and its fatty acid composition was determined by gas chromatography. The extracted oil from Coula edulis hazelnut kernels is rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (95.28%), particularly oleic acid (94.5%), which classifies it as an oleic oil and gives it interesting nutritional and therapeutic properties. On the other hand, saturated fatty acids (4.15%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (0.35%) are not well represented. Its low poly-unsaturated fatty acid content makes it more stable when stored at room temperature.

The extraction of effective components and an antioxidant activity study of Tulipa edulis

Plant extracts from natural sources are an excellent choice for food additives and natural antioxidants.In this study,the active components of Tulipa edulis were extracted and analysed,and their antioxidant capacity was measured.Then,the crude extract mixture was separated and purified using a Sephadex LH-20 gel,and the antioxidant activity of the purified products was determined.Human umbilical vein endothelial human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVEC)cells were treated with 35 mmol/L glucose to construct a model of oxidative stress.Then,the cells were treated with the active component to observe whether the products of T.edulis could have a good protective effect on HUVEC cells induced by glucose.Transcriptome analysis was also performed on HUVEC cells after same treatment to explore the possible mechanism of the component F2 protecting HUVEC cells from oxidative stress induced by high glucose.The results showed that component F2 obtained from T.edulis has strong antioxidant activity.Moreover,F2 can play a strong antioxidant protective role in HUVEC cells.Meanwhile,the gene expression of heme oxygenase 1(HO-1),γ-glutamyl cysteine ligase catalytic subunit(GCLC)and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase-1(NQO1)in HUVEC cells was up-regulated after treated with F2.This study provides reference value for the further development and application of T.edulis and the d evelopment of functional food.

Modeling the Kinetics of Moisture Desorption from Safou Pulp [Dacryodes edulis (G. Don) H.J.Lam] before the Oil Extraction Step

The aim of this work is to model the drying kinetics of Safou pulp with or without endocarp using a phenomenological approach. Oven-drying kinetics at 70˚C, 90˚C and 105˚C were monitored using the curves given by the reduced mass as a function of time, which are modeled according to the Avrami/page, Fick and Peleg models using OringinPro 2018 software. The results showed that parameters k and n of the Avrami/Page model vary very little with fruit size and drying temperature (0.0018 ± 0.0002 k n k (Avrami model/page) were virtually identical, while b (Fick model) and n (Avrami model/page) were virtually identical for the same sample. For the Peleg model, the parameter a, varies from 0.0018 ± 0.0002 to 0.03328 ± 0.0079, with a ratio of 18.6 for all experimental conditions studied. However, with 0.977 R2 χ2 < 0.00002, we have a good fit of the model to the experimental data. The same applies to parameter b, which ranges from 0.82 ± 0.05 to 1.21 ± 0.02. Thus, drying modeling by these three models can be used to describe and predict the progress of oven-drying of safou pulp.

Analysis of Nutritional Characteristics of Boletus edulis Mycelium

This study aimed to investigate the nutritional characteristics of Boletus edulis mycelium. The results showed that the optimal carbon source was glucose;the optimal nitrogen source was peptone; the optimal inorganic salt was KH2PO4;the optimal vitamin was VB1. The optimal medium, in which B. edulis mycelium in-cubated at 28 ℃ and pH 5.5 exhibited the strongest growth vigor and the rapidest growth rate, contained 3.0% glucose, 0.20% peptone, 0.60% KH2PO4, 0.20% Mg-SO4＆#183;7H2O and 0.000 50% VB1.

Research on Tissue Culture and Rapid Propagation Technology of Superior Individuals of Lonicera edulis Turcz

[Objective] This paper aimed to study the tissue culture and rapid propagation technology of superior individuals of Lonicera edulis Turcz. [Method] Several superior individuals of Lonicera edulis Turcz were used as materials for selecting the primary medium, subculture medium, rooting medium and acclimatization substrate during the tissue culture and rapid propagation. [Result] 6-BA was the optimal cytokinin for tissue culture of Lonicera edulis Turcz, compared with ZT; modified MS＋1.0 mg/L of 6-BA ＋ 0.2 mg/L of IBA was the optimal medium as primary and subculture medium, modified MS＋ 1.5 mg/L of IBA was the optimal medium for rooting of Lonicera edulis Turcz, the rooting rate had achieved 100% after cultured for 30 d. The optimal substrate for transplanting plantlets of Lonicera edulis Turcz was composed of humus and perlite （1∶ 1, V/V）, survival rate was as high as 95% after 30 d. [Conclusion] This study provided basis for the rapid propagation of superior seedlings of Lonicera edulis Turcz, as well as the establishment of industrialized breeding technical system and the implementation of scale production.

汞、硒暴露对紫贻贝(Mytilus edulis)抗氧化酶系统的影响

为了研究重金属汞及微量元素硒对海洋贝类的毒性效应,揭示汞、硒在生物体内的相互作用机制,用汞和硒对指示生物紫贻贝(Mytilus edulis)进行单一及联合亚慢性暴露实验。设置对照组(0μg·L-1)、汞暴露组(25μg·L-1Hg2+)、硒暴露组(4μg·L-1Se4+)以及硒汞联合暴露组(25μg·L-1Hg2++4μg·L-1Se4+)4个实验组,并分别在暴露期间的第0、2、4和6天定时采集样本,测定紫贻贝鳃SOD、GPx及CAT3种抗氧化酶活性。将实验数据进行ANOVA分析处理后,结果表明:与对照组相比,汞暴露组SOD和GPx均呈现先显著升高(p<0.05或p<0.01)后降低(p<0.01或p<0.001)的趋势,CAT则从第4天开始显著降低(p<0.05);硒暴露组中SOD活性始终高于对照组(p<0.001),GPx活性在第2天也显著升高(p<0.001),CAT活性始终与对照组相近;硒汞联合作用与汞暴露组相比,SOD、GPx和CAT活性在不同时间点均有显著升高(p<0.05),而与硒暴露组相比,3种酶活性均低于硒单独暴露的水平。说明汞在短期能够诱导抗氧化酶活性,随着暴露时间的延长,则表现出明显的抑制作用;微量硒能够增强抗氧化酶系统活性,对汞导致的氧化损伤具有拮抗作用。

紫贻贝(Mytilus edulis)对4种重金属的生物富集动力学特性研究

应用半静态双箱模型室内模拟了紫贻贝对 4种重金属 (As、Hg、Cd、Pb)的生物富集实验 ,通过非线性拟合得到了紫贻贝富集重金属的吸收速率常数k1 、排出速率常数k2 、生物富集因子BCF、生物学半衰期B1 / 2 等动力学参数。实验海水盐度为 32、温度分别为( 1 2 .34± 2 .2 8)℃和 ( 6.63± 3.1 2 )℃、溶氧量 >6.5mg/L。得到的Hg、Cd、Pb的动力学参数k1为 8.71 2— 30 1 .5 ;k2 为 0 .0 0 942 5— 0 .0 30 64;BCF为 783.4— 1 1 75 4 ;B1 / 2 为 2 2 .62— 73.5 4。比较结果得出 :吸收速率常数k1 及生物富集因子BCF均随着外部水体浓度的增加而减小 ,在平衡状态下生物体内金属含量CAmax随着外部水体浓度的增加而增加 ,且基本呈正相关 ,说明紫贻贝是比较理想的重金属Hg、Cd、Pb污染的指示生物。紫贻贝排出Cd的生物学半衰期要长于金属Hg、Pb、As。

贻贝(Mytilus edulis)发育早期酸性和碱性磷酸酶活性

采用组织化学和分光光度技术对贻贝卵、胚胎和早期幼虫酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性进行了定位和定量研究,以探讨贝类早期发育过程中的免疫防御机制。组织化学显示,从卵细胞到D型面盘幼虫各个时期都呈ACP和AKP阳性,卵细胞中阳性颗粒较大且分布比较均匀,受精卵中央着色较深,卵裂期核区呈强阳性且大分裂球内阳性颗粒较多,原肠胚和担轮幼虫外层细胞阳性较强,面盘幼虫外套膜边缘膜、内脏团和面盘基部呈强阳性。生化测定ACP和AKP活力,均是卵细胞最低,随着发育酶活力逐步提高,其中ACP活力在受精后和囊胚期明显提高,囊胚期达到最高峰,其后又略有下降;AKP活力在卵裂期、担轮幼虫和面盘幼虫提高较大,面盘幼虫期酶活力最高。ACP和AKP可能在贻贝的发育早期抵抗病原生物侵染方面发挥重要作用。

毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)光系统Ⅰ基因LhcaPe02全长的克隆与序列分析

根据大麦Lhca2基因序列的保守区设计PCR引物,采用RT-PCR技术与RACE技术,从毛竹中克隆到捕光叶绿素a/b结合蛋白基因Lhca2全长。该基因序列从第74 bp开始到第862 bp含有1个开放阅读框和一个中止密码子,编码262个氨基酸。在5′端有73 bp的非编码区,在3′端含有234 bp的非编码区和14 bp的Poly(A)。此基因定名为LhcaPe02(GenBank:EU121593)。此外,通过DNASTAR软件预测,该基因编码的蛋白质等电点和分子量分别为6.14和28 095.11 Da,其编码的氨基酸序列与光合作用密切相关的位点包括1个硫解酶活性部位(thiolases active site),2个4Fe-4S铁还原氧化蛋白的信号区(4Fe-4S ferredoxins,iron-sulfur binding region signature)等。通过Blast比较分析,LhcaPe02序列和编码的氨基酸序列分别与玉蜀黍、大麦和水稻的相似性较高。

紫贻贝(Mytilus edulis)养殖群体的遗传多样性及遗传结构分析

基于线粒体DNA的COⅢ基因序列对我国沿海重要经济贝类紫贻贝3个养殖群体(烟台、乳山、东极)的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行了研究。由PCR扩增获得32个体的COⅢ基因750bp的部分序列,其多态性遗传参数统计显示,32个个体共检出18个单倍型,总群体单倍型多样性指数(Hd)为0.946,核苷酸多样性指数(Pi)为0.0207,平均核苷酸差异数(K)为15.316,三个群体均显示出较丰富的遗传多样性。遗传分化系数(Fst)表明,东极群体与烟台群体及乳山群体已明显分化,而烟台群体和乳山群体间无遗传分化,并且存在着较大的基因流。

贻贝(Mytilus edulis Linnaeus)唇瓣的扫描电镜观察

本文运用扫描电子显微镜技术研究了贻贝唇瓣的形态结。结果表明,贻贝唇瓣外部形态呈羽毛状,分为光滑面和皱褶面;褶皱面表面被覆浓密纤毛,分有沟嵴和无沟嵴两部分,界限明显。光滑面纤毛较少,呈簇状,分布不均。在褶皱面中央分界处和光滑面的一侧,有大量球状突起,为杯状细胞所在。纤毛和粘液在食物分拣和运输中起重要作用。

Heterogeneity of Chlorophyll Fluorescence of Phyllostachys edulis cv.Pachyloen Leaves

[Objective] This study aimed to explore the heterogeneity of chlorophyll flu- orescence of Phyllostachys edulis cv. Pachyloen leaves. [Method] Using the chloro- phyll fluorescence system and fluorescence imaging system in the Mini-IMAGING- PAM, the chlorophyll fluorescence of Phyllostachys edulis cv. Pachyloen leaves were measured and the fluorescence parameters were calculated. [Result] The homo- geneities of the maximal quantum yield of PS II （Fv/Fm） and the leaf absorptivity （Abs） were higher, with CVs （Coefficient of Variation） of 1.58%-1.68% and 1.75%- 2.12% respectively, while the heterogeneities of the actual quantum yield （Y）, non- photochemical quenching （NPQ/4）, photochemical quenching（qP） and relative photo- synthetic rate （PS/50） were higher, with CVs of 9.60%-14.23%, 10.23%-13.02%, 11.92%-13.02% and 11.15%-17.74% respectively. The trends of heterogeneity change in Y, qP and PSI50 were basically the same with transversely higher het- erogeneity at two sides and lower heterogeneity in the middle, namely with larger CVs at the edges of leaves and smaller ones around the midrib. Longitudinally, the coefficients of variation of Y, qP and PS/50 decreased gradually （from top to bot- tom）, which indicated that the heterogeneity declined from the leaf tip to the base. The trends of heterogeneity change in PS/50 and NPQ/4 were opposite. [Conclusion] The fluorescence parameters of Phyllostachys edulis cv. Pachyloen leaves revealed different heterogeneity.

紫贻贝(Mytilus edulis)不同组织对镉的生物富集及释放特征

目的：探索紫贻贝不同器官对镉（Cd）的富集吸收及释放特征。方法：以紫贻贝为研究对象,采用静态水交换法进行染毒,原子吸收光谱检测Cd在紫贻贝不同器官中的含量变化情况。结果：富集第15 d,紫贻贝内脏团、前闭壳肌、后闭壳肌、外套膜和鳃中,Cd含量依次为145.560、11.826、28.143、22.394、66.113 mg/kg。4种器官对Cd的吸收速率常数（k）,在富集初期较高、中期有所减弱、后期再次升高;生物富集系数（BCF）随暴露Cd浓度增加而逐渐减小,且均表现为内脏团〉鳃〉后闭壳肌〉外套膜〉前闭壳肌。4种器官Cd量与富集时间之间关系,均符合Harris模型（Y=1/（a＋b Xc））,拟合R2范围为0.9286-0.9890。在释放阶段,4种器官中Cd含量均未表现出显著性下降趋势（p〉0.05）。结论：紫贻贝对Cd具有较强的生物富集能力,而其自然代谢释放能力较弱,为典型Cd净积累型生物。

贻贝(Mytilus edulis)核型及染色体带型分析

本文对贻贝染色体进行了核型分析，其结果为：２ｎ＝２８，１２ｍ＋１０ｓｍ＋６ｓｔ，ＮＦ＝５０，ＴＣＬ＝ １０３．９０μｍ，ＣＬ：２．７３５－４．７７４μｍ。第１、２、４、８、１１、１２对为中部着丝粒染色体（ｍ）；第６、９、１０、１３、１４对 为亚中部着丝粒染色体（ｓｍ）；第 ３、５、７对为亚端部着丝粒染色体（ｓｔ）。对贻贝染色体的Ｇ带、Ｃ带、银 染带进行了分析。银染结果表明，贻贝细胞中有四个银染核仁组织区（Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ），分布在第 ３、５对染 色体长臂末端。

重质原油和轻质原油水溶性组分对紫贻贝(Mytilus edulis)毒理效应的研究

近年来,海洋石油开采与运输泄漏、石油及产品离岸排放等事故逐年增多,对近海海域生态环境产生了巨大破坏。为探究重质原油和轻质原油对紫贻贝(Mytilus edulis)毒理效应,测定了不同浓度重质原油和轻质原油暴露下紫贻贝鳃和外套膜中过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性及体内石油烃的含量变化。结果显示,石油污染暴露下,紫贻贝腮和外套膜中CAT和SOD活性变化明显,与暴露浓度和暴露时间有关。CAT活性在轻质原油组随着浓度的增大,呈现下降趋势,且随着暴露时间的延长呈现先下降后上升趋势;在重质原油暴露组,随着浓度的增大,呈现先上升后下降趋势,且随着暴露时间的延长呈现先下降后上升趋势。SOD活性在轻质原油与重质原油暴露组,随着浓度的增大,呈现下降趋势,且随着暴露时间的延长呈现上升趋势并存在一定的剂量-效应关系。重质原油和轻质原油暴露168 h后紫贻贝体内总石油烃含量呈线性递增,生物富集系数(BCF)随着暴露浓度的增加不断减小并最终趋于平稳。结果表明,以紫贻贝腮和外套膜中SOD和CAT活性作为石油烃污染的生物标志物具有一定应用前景,紫贻贝对原油溶液中石油烃的生物富集作用可用来判断污染原油的来源和性质。

贻贝(Mytilus edulis)的核型与减数分裂

利用体内注射ＰＨＡ和秋水仙素的方法，以鳃和生殖腺为材料，对贻贝 Ｍｙｔｉｌｕｓ ｅｄｕｌｉｓ Ｌｉｎｎａｅｕｓ的核型和减数分裂进行了观察分析。结果为，二倍体数 ２ｎ＝ ２８，核型为１０ｍ＋１２ｓｍ＋６ｓｔ，ＮＦ＝５０。没有发现异形性染色体。贻贝的减数分裂与 其他动物类似，也没有发现异形染色体的特殊行为。

贻贝Mytilus edulis磷脂成分的分析

对浙江产紫贻口的总指和磷脂进行了提取和定量，并分别用薄层层析法、气相色谱法对磷脂的组分、总脂和磷脂的脂肪酸组成进行了分析，结果表明：在收秋旺季，贻贝的总脂含量为2．15％－2．68％，磷脂含量在5．02％C－6．95％范围内，占总胎的21．00％－27．30％磷脂组分以PC和PE为主；与大豆和蛋黄的磷脂相比，贻贝总脂和磷脂含有更多的高不饱和脂肪酸，此外贻贝磷脂小的脂肪酸不饱和度及EPA与DHA之和要高于总脂。

老鸦瓣(Amana edulis)鳞茎营养成分和生物活性物质含量分析

老鸦瓣[Amana edulis(Miq.)Honda]为百合科(Liliaceae)郁金香属(Tulipa)的一种多年生球根花卉,主要分布于江西、浙江、湖北、安徽、江苏、陕西、山东、辽宁等地。去除鳞茎皮后的干燥鳞茎即为中药“光慈姑”,是中国传统的中药材。目前,研究者对老鸦瓣的研究主要集中在分类、生理、组培、栽培及繁殖等方面,对其药用成分的研究较少,尤其对分布在辽宁的老鸦瓣的营养成分和生物活性物质研究未见报道。为了探讨老鸦瓣的药食用开发价值,以分布在辽宁省大连市境内的老鸦瓣为试验材料,分别在萌芽期和盛花期取母鳞茎、在枯萎期和休眠期取更新鳞茎,进行了营养成分和生物活性物质含量测定。结果表明:老鸦瓣鳞茎中的蛋白质、淀粉、多糖、维生素C、钙和粗纤维等营养成分含量丰富。在萌芽期,母鳞茎维生素C含量最高,为488.513μg·g^(-1),显著高于盛花期,极显著高于枯萎期和休眠期;在盛花期,钙和粗纤维含量最高,分别为1333.412μg·g-1和53.930 mg·g^(-1),两种物质含量均极显著高于其他3个时期;在休眠期,更新鳞茎的蛋白质、淀粉和多糖含量最高,分别为191.162,160.581,115.332 mg·g^(-1),其中,蛋白质含量显著高于萌芽期,极显著高于盛花期和枯萎期,淀粉和多糖2种物质含量均极显著高于其他3个时期。此外,鳞茎中还含有氨基酸、还原糖、皂苷、黄酮、鞣质、脂肪、铁、锌及秋水仙碱等成分,其中,秋水仙碱在不同时期的含量为0.067~0.094μg·g^(-1)。综上,老鸦瓣鳞茎含有丰富的营养成分和多种药用成分,具有较高的药食用开发潜力。

CMV-Pf-CP基因表达载体的构建及转化西番莲(Passiflora edulis)的研究

以黄瓜花叶病毒 (Cucumbermosaicvirus ,CMV )西番莲分离物的外壳蛋白基因(CMV Pf CP)为目的基因 ,插入 pBI12 1质粒 35S启动子后 ,构建了植物表达载体 pBIC ;以子叶和胚轴为外植体 ,初步建立了西番莲转基因体系 ,采用土壤根癌农杆菌 (Agrobacteriumtumefaciens)介导法进行西番莲转化研究 ,获得了抗卡那霉素的转基因再生植株。通过对所获得的再生植株进行PCR扩增检测 ,结果表明CMV -Pf -CP基因已导入西番莲植株中。