Design of Pinion Machine Tool-settings for Spiral Bevel Gears by Controlling Contact Path and Transmission Errors

This paper proposes a new approach to design pinion machine tool-settings for spiral bevel gears by controlling contact path and transmission errors. It is based on the satisfaction of contact condition of three given control points on the tooth surface. The three meshing points are controlled to be on a predesigned straight contact path that meets the pre-designed parabolic function of transmission errors. Designed separately, the magnitude of transmission errors and the orientation of the contact path are subjected to precise control. In addition, in order to meet the manufacturing requirements, we suggest to modify the values of blank offset, one of the pinion machine tool-settings, and redesign pinion ma- chine tool-settings to ensure that the magnitude and the geometry of transmission errors should not be influenced apart from minor effects on the predesigned straight contact path. The proposed approach together with its ideas has been proven by a numerical example and the manufacturing practice of a pair of spiral bevel gears.

Time-Varying Mesh Stiffness Calculation and Dynamic Modeling of Spiral Bevel Gear with Spalling Defects

Time-varying mesh stiffness(TVMS)is a vital internal excitation source for the spiral bevel gear(SBG)transmission system.Spalling defect often causes decrease in gear mesh stiffness and changes the dynamic characteristics of the gear system,which further increases noise and vibration.This paper aims to calculate the TVMS and establish dynamic model of SBG with spalling defect.In this study,a novel analytical model based on slice method is proposed to calculate the TVMS of SBG considering spalling defect.Subsequently,the influence of spalling defect on the TVMS is studied through a numerical simulation,and the proposed analytical model is verified by a finite element model.Besides,an 8-degrees-of-freedom dynamic model is established for SBG transmission system.Incorporating the spalling defect into TVMS,the dynamic responses of spalled SBG are analyzed.The numerical results indicate that spalling defect would cause periodic impact in time domain.Finally,an experiment is designed to verify the proposed dynamic model.The experimental results show that the spalling defect makes the response characterized by periodic impact with the rotating frequency of spalled pinion.

Effect of static transmission error on dynamic responses of spiral bevel gears

The effect of static transmission error on nonlinear dynamic response of the spiral bevel gear system combining with time-varying stiffness and backlash was investigated.Firstly,two different control equations of the spiral bevel gear model were adopted,where the static transmission error was expressed in two patterns as predesigned parabolic function and sine function of transmission errors.The dynamic response,bifurcation map,time domain response,phase curve and Poincare map were obtained by applying the explicit Runge-Kutta integration routine with variable-step.A comparative study was carried out and some profound phenomena were detected.The results show that there are many different kinds of tooth rattling phenomena at low speed.With the increase of speed,the system enters into stable motion without any rattling in the region(0.72,1.64),which indicates that the system with predesigned parabolic function of transmission error has preferable capability at high speed.

Influence of cutter diameter on meshing performance in spiral bevel gears

Playing a critical role in transmitting movement and power, the meshing performance of spiral bevel gears has a significant effect on products' operational performance. To evaluate the meshing performance, the accurate three-dimensional(3D) spiral bevel gear models are established through the Pro/E and MATLAB softwares, and the finite element analysis(FEA) methods are applied to the theoretical investigation of the influence of cutter diameter on meshing performance in spiral bevel gears. The results obtained show that the cutter diameter has a significant influence on spiral bevel gears' meshing performance, such as the contact area, contact pressure, bending stress, torsional stiffness and transmission error.

Pinion Tooth Surface Generation Strategy of Spiral Bevel Gears

Aviation spiral bevel gears are often generated by spiral generated modified（SGM） roll method.In this style,pinion tooth surface modified generation strategy has an important influence on the meshing and contact performances.For the optimal contact pattern and transmission error function,local synthesis is applied to obtain the machine-tool settings of pinion.For digitized machine,four tooth surface generation styles of pinion are proposed.For every style,tooth contact analysis（TCA） is applied to obtain contact pattern and transmission error function.For the difference between TCA transmission error function and design objective curve,the degree of symmetry and agreement are defined and the corresponding sub-objective functions are established.Linear weighted combination method is applied to get an equivalent objective function to evaluate the shape of transmission error function.The computer programs for the process above are developed to analyze the meshing performances of the four pinion tooth surface generation styles for a pair of aviation spiral bevel gears with 38/43 teeth numbers.The four analytical results are compared with each other and show that the incomplete modified roll is optimal for this gear pair.This study is an expansion to generation strategy of spiral bevel gears,and offers new alternatives to computer numerical control（CNC） manufacture of spiral bevel gears.

Design and analysis of spiral bevel gears with seventh-order function of transmission error

This paper proposes a new approach to mial function of transmission error （TE） for spiral design and implement a seventh-order polyno- bevel gears with an aim to reduce the running vibration and noise of gear drive and improve the loaded distribution of the tooth. Based on the constraint conditions of predesigned seventh-order polynomial function curve and the theory of linear algebra, the polynomial coefficients of the seventh-order polynomial function of transmission error can be obtained. By applying a method named reverse tooth contact analysis, the modified roll coefficients as well as parts of machine-tool settings for the face-milling of spiral bevel gears can be individually determined. Therefore, a predesigned seventh-order polynomial function of transmission error for spiral bevel gears can be obtained by the modified roll with high-order coef- ficients, and comparisons of the seventh-order polynomial and parabolic functions of transmission error are also performed. The achievement of spiral bevel gears with the seventh-order function of transmission error can be accomplished on a universal Cartesian-type hypoid gear generator or a numerically controlled cradle-style hypoid gear generator due to its simple generating motion of axes of the cradle and the work piece. The results of a numerical example show that the bending stresses of the tooth of seventh-order are less than those of a parabolic one, while the contact stresses remain almost eouivalent.

Design of face-hobbed spiral bevel gears with reduced maximum tooth contact pressure and transmission errors

The aim of this study is to define optimal tooth modifications, introduced by appropriately chosen head-cutter geometry and machine tool setting, to simultaneously minimize tooth contact pressure and angular displacement error of the driven gear （transmission error） of face-hobbed spiral bevel gears. As a result of these modifications, the gear pair becomes mismatched, and a point contact replaces the theoretical line contact. In the applied loaded tooth contact analysis it is assumed that the point contact under load is spreading over a surface along the whole or part of the ‘‘potential’’ contact line. A computer program was developed to implement the formulation provided above. By using this program the influence of tooth modifications introduced by the variation in machine tool settings and in head cutter data on load and pressure distributions, transmission errors, and fillet stresses is investigated and discussed. The correlation between the ease-off obtained by pinion tooth modifications and the corresponding tooth contact pressure distribution is investigated and the obtained results are presented.

等距螺旋锥齿轮的精确建模与金属粉末注射成型工艺试制

等距螺旋锥齿轮作为一种新型锥齿轮,其螺旋齿面具有法向等距的特点,适用于金属粉末注射成型工艺批量化生产。根据坐标变换理论推导出球面渐开线和等距圆锥螺旋线的参数方程,再基于齿面形成原理建立齿面数学模型;在MATLAB中对齿面数学模型编程计算出齿面离散点坐标,并通过UG逆向工程完成等距螺旋锥齿轮的精确建模;利用ANSYS仿真分析等距螺旋锥齿轮的啮合接触,得出齿轮的传动性能;最后通过金属粉末注射成型工艺完成等距螺旋锥齿轮的试制。研究结果表明,齿面数学模型结合离散点逆向建模可确保模型的精度,金属粉末注射成型工艺可用于等距螺旋锥齿轮的批量化生产。

弧齿锥齿轮TCA接触印痕与传动误差协同求解方法研究

弧齿锥齿轮齿面接触分析(Tooth contact analysis,TCA)可以精确计算得到反映传动性能的重要评价指标接触印痕以及传递误差。然而由于存在强烈的非线性和数值耦合关系,导致求解精度差、效率低和稳定性差。因此,提出了一种同时考虑接触印痕与传动误差的TCA协同求解新方法。首先基于啮合原理进行齿面参数化表达,同时在三维坐标空间中利用旋转矩阵模拟齿轮副的啮合运动进行接触轨迹和传递误差求解;再根据数值齿面的曲率特征,进行接触印痕精确解析求解。算例结果验证了本文所提方法的可行性。

全数控螺旋锥齿轮铣齿机双电机消隙技术研究

作为加工螺旋锥齿轮的专用设备,螺旋锥齿轮铣齿机在数控加工过程中由于齿隙的存在易出现卡死问题,引致冲击与震荡等现象,降低齿轮加工精度。对比消隙技术,构建基于PMAC的螺旋锥齿轮铣齿机传动系统双电机消隙方法,应用IPC+PMAC运动控制器的双电机驱动应用系统对该消隙方法进行试验,结果表明此方法能有效消除齿隙,提升整个数控系统的稳定性,利用双电机伺服消隙方法具有一定的可靠性。

含有不同裂纹类型的弧齿锥齿轮副啮合特性分析

在重载和交变载荷工况下,弧齿锥齿轮易产生齿根裂纹导致轮齿断裂,需明晰裂纹对啮合特性的影响机理,为故障诊断提供理论基础.利用ANSYS软件对弧齿锥齿轮齿副进行静态接触仿真分析.通过单元节点替换的方法设置了多种裂纹类型的故障模型,探讨了裂纹对弧齿锥齿轮副啮合特性的影响.研究结果表明:当轮齿接触椭圆移动到轮齿裂纹区域,啮合刚度随着裂纹的严重程度增加而逐渐下降,平面裂纹工况、空间裂纹工况和断齿工况的刚度最大下降量分别为27.58%,14.12%,32.82%.轮齿啮合的接触椭圆位置、裂纹位置以及深度会使齿面接触应力以及齿根弯曲应力产生不同的增减趋势.

高速重载弧齿锥齿轮齿面多目标优化设计

以提高弧齿锥齿轮强度性能和减振降噪为出发点,基于TCA(Tooth contact analysis)、LTCA(Load tooth contact analysis)及局部综合法建立高重合度与低啮合转换处传动误差幅值的齿面多目标优化设计模型;利用带精英策略非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)优化3个齿面2阶接触参数,根据目标函数重要程度从Pareto最优解集中选择最终优化解。结果表明:给定工况下,优化后的2阶参数使得弧齿锥齿轮副重合度增加了16.69%,啮合转换处传动误差幅值降低了87.33%;同时承载传动误差均值、齿面接触应力均值与大小轮齿根弯曲应力均值分别降低了11.82%、0.25%、12.32%和13.61%,改善了齿轮副的强度性能和啮合性能,实现了减振降噪的效果。

Dynamics of lubricated spiral bevel gears under different contact paths

To assess the meshing quality of spiral bevel gears,the static meshing characteristics are usually checked under different contact paths to simulate the deviation in the footprint from the design point to the heel or toe of the gear flank caused by the assembly error of two gear axes.However,the effect of the contact path on gear dynamics under lubricated conditions has not been reported.In addition,most studies regarding spiral bevel gears disregard the lubricated condition because of the complicated solutions of mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication(EHL).Hence,an analytical friction model with a highly efficient solution,whose friction coefficient and film thickness predictions agree well with the results from a well-validated mixed EHL model for spiral bevel gears,is established in the present study to facilitate the study of the dynamics of lubricated spiral bevel gears.The obtained results reveal the significant effect of the contact path on the dynamic response and meshing efficiency of gear systems.Finally,a comparison of the numerical transmission efficiency under different contact paths with experimental measurements indicates good agreement.

螺旋锥齿轮传动系统啮合错位分析方法

准确分析载荷作用下螺旋锥齿轮传动系统啮合错位情况是进行齿轮齿形优化设计的基础。当传动轴结构复杂时采用梁单元模型求解轴的变形差异较大,会导致齿轮副啮合错位分析不准确,针对这一问题,文章提出一种基于实体有限元法的分步螺旋锥齿轮传动系统啮合错位分析方法。首先,建立传动轴实体有限元模型,并将轴承刚度耦合于传动轴上;其次,在齿轮轴上施加等效齿轮副啮合力分析轴变形情况;再次,结合主被动齿轮轴的变形情况分析齿轮副的啮合错位量;最后,考虑齿轮副的啮合错位状态构建轮齿的加载接触分析有限元模型,分析齿轮副的啮合印痕偏移及传动误差变化情况。将该方法与构建的包含齿轮、轴和轴承的传动系统全有限元分析模型进行了对比,表明采用该方法分析得到的齿轮副啮合错位状态与全有限元模型十分吻合、分析效率显著提升。

第3代新型低碳高合金钢弧齿锥齿轮失效分析

在中央传动调试试验中发生主动弧齿锥齿轮轮齿断裂故障,并连带其他部件产生不同程度损伤。主动弧齿锥齿轮整个圆周的接触印痕偏向小端一侧、靠近齿底,从动弧齿锥齿轮接触印痕分布在小端齿顶部位,印痕已不完整、局部超出工作面。为了排除15Cr14Co12Mo5Ni2钢弧齿锥齿轮试验中发生的断裂故障,对齿轮进行宏观检查、断口分析、组织检查、硬度测试、成分分析、啮合印痕仿真分析与验证,确定了故障齿轮断裂的性质和产生原因。结果表明:主动弧齿锥齿轮为高周疲劳断裂,疲劳起源于小端面与齿凸面根部转接棱角部位,与材质与冶金缺陷无关;在工作过程中存在异常咬合是导致该齿轮产生早期疲劳开裂的主要原因。建议优化齿面加工参数,提高齿轮工作过程中的咬合质量,从而避免此类故障再次发生。

计入线外啮合的弧齿锥齿轮变速工况动力学分析

针对弧齿锥齿轮副的稳态和变速瞬态工况进行了研究。在稳态工况下,研究发现到齿轮副的振动位移、速度和动态啮合力表现出周期性波动的特征;在啮合周期的起始和结束位置,存在振动冲击现象;在时域分析中,动态啮合力的主要振幅在啮合频率(1916Hz)及其多个倍频处,最大振幅出现在5倍啮合频率处。在变速瞬态工况下,模拟了主动轮的匀速变速过程,观察了主动轮角速度随时间的变化。结果显示,变速瞬态引发更大振幅和动态啮合力波动。

弧齿锥齿轮的高重合度设计

针对航空和汽车弧齿锥齿轮对强度、动态性能和可靠性的特殊要求 ,提出了高重合度弧齿锥齿轮的设计方法。这种设计是通过增加工作齿高和调整齿面啮合路径方向以及优化加工参数实现的。结合弧齿锥齿轮的实际工况 ,提出了在不同载荷和安装误差下 ,实际重合度的综合分析方法 。

弧齿锥齿轮几何传动误差的设计与分析

提出基于传动误差设计的概念和方法。通过TCA和LTCA对传动误差曲线的设计进行啮合仿真分析的结果表明 ,根据工作载荷合理地确定传动误差转换点处的幅值与总的幅值 ,可降低弧齿锥齿轮对误差的敏感性 ,可使工作载荷下传动误差波动幅值最小 ,同时可有效地避免或减轻边缘接触。

弧齿锥齿轮的齿面主动设计

齿面印痕和传动误差对齿轮传动的性能起着决定作用,针对齿面印痕和传动误差,提出弧齿锥齿轮点啮合齿面主动设计的方法。该方法突破了传统齿轮设计的局限性,采用'局部共轭原理'和'局部综合法',并依据弧齿锥齿轮的加工原理,使齿轮设计人员能够按照要求的传动性能来设计齿面的形状,并可在摇台结构的铣齿机进行加工。齿面主动设计能保证齿面在整个啮合过程中满足预先设计的传动误差和齿面接触路径的要求,从而达到对齿面啮合质量的全程控制,它为弧齿锥齿轮副设计提供新的方法和途径,这对于高速和重载齿轮以及有特殊要求的齿轮的设计具有十分重要的意义。

螺旋锥齿轮的重合度与承载量的关系

为研究不同载荷下螺旋锥齿轮的重合度 ,运用弹性力学的方法 ,推导了任意载荷下螺旋锥齿轮重合度的计算式 ;通过在齿根贴电阻应变计 ,测量了在不同载荷下螺旋锥齿轮的重合度。理论分析和实验结果指出 ,螺旋锥齿轮的重合度是随着载荷而增大的 ,空载时为 1 ;非满载时 ,与提出的公式相吻合 ;满载时 ,可用传统的公式计算。