Intestinal Absorption of Berberine and 8-Hydroxy Dihydroberberine and Their Effects on Sugar Absorption in Rat Small Intestine

The intestinal absorption ofberberine （Ber） and its structural modified compound 8-hydroxy dihydroberberine （Hdber） was compared, and their effects on the intestinal absorption of sugar by per- fusion experiment were investigated in order to reveal the mechanism of low dose and high activity of Hdber in the treatment of hyperglycemia. The absorption of Hdber and Ber in rat small intestine was measured by in situ perfusion. High performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） was used to determine the concentrations of Hdber and Ber. In situ perfusion method was also used to study the effects of Hdber and Ber on sugar intestinal absorption. Glucose oxidase method and UV spectrophotometry were applied to examine the concentrations of glucose and sucrose in the perfusion fluid. The results showed that the absorption rate of Ber in the small intestine was lower than I0%, but that of Hdber was larger than 70%. Both Hdber and Ber inhibited the absorption of glucose and sucrose at the doses of 10 and 20 ~tg/mL. However, Hdber presented stronger activity than Bet （P〈0.01）. It is suggested that Hdber is ab- sorbed easily in rat small intestine and that its inhibitory effect on the absorption of sugar is better than Ber.

Regioselective ring opening of epoxides using NH_4SCN/silica sulfuric acid:An efficient approach for the synthesis of β-hydroxy thiocyanate under solvent-free conditions

Silica sulfuric acid was developed as a stable and efficient heterogeneous catalyst in organic synthesis. This solid acid catalyzed the regioselective ring opening of epoxides by thiocyanate anion to give thiocyanohydrins as key intermediates in agricultural and pharmaceutical chemistry in high yields under solvent-free conditions.

SO₄^2-/SnO₂-Catalyzed C3-alkylation of 4-hydroxycoumarin with secondary benzyl alcohols and <i>O</i>-alkylation with <i>O</i>-acetyl compounds

Sulfated tin oxide (STO) has been found to be an efficient reusable solid superacid catalyst for C3-alkylation and O-alkylation of 4-hydroxycoumarins with benzylic, allylic alcohols/and corresponding acetates respectively, in acetic acid under reflux conditions with good yield of products.

Synthesis and antibacterial activity of brominated 2′(4′)-nitro-3-hydroxy diphenyl ethers

Eight new brominated 2＇（4＇）-nitro-3-hydroxy diphenyl ethers have been designed and synthesized. The structures of new compounds were confirmed by ^1H NMR, IR and HRMS. The bioactivity tests showed that these compounds possessed antibacterial activities against the tested bacteria. These new compounds cannot be transformed into dioxins when they were manufactured and used.

Amphiphilic Poly (3-Hydroxy Alkanoate)s: Potential Candidates for Medical Applications

Poly (3-hydroxy alkanoate)s, PHAs, have been very attractive as biomaterials due to their biodegradability and biocompatibility. These hydrophobic natural polyesters, PHAs, need to have hydrophilic character particularly for drug delivery systems. In this manner, poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) and hydrophilic functional groups such as amine, hydroxyl, carboxyl and sulfonic acid have been introduced into the PHAs in order to obtain amphiphilic polymers. This review involves in the synthesis and characterization of the amphiphilic PHAs.

Synthesis of α-hydroxy ketones by copper（Ⅰ）-catalyzed hydration of propargylic alcohols: CO2 as a cocatalyst under atmospheric pressure

Inexpensive and efficient Cu(Ⅰ) catalysis is reported for the synthesis of α-hydroxy ketones from propargylic alcohols, CO2, and water via tandem carboxylative cyclization and nucleophilic addition reaction. Notably, hydration of propargylic alcohols can be carried out smoothly under atmospheric CO2 pressure, generating a series of α-hydroxy ketones efficiently and selectively. This strategy shows great potential for the preparation of valuable α-hydroxy ketones by using CO2 as a crucial cocatalyst under mild conditions.

Synthesis of 14-Bromo and 14-Hydroxy Baccatin III Derviatives

Several 14 alpha- and 14 beta -bromo baccatin III derivatives were synthesized by direct bromination and from silyl enol ether of 13-oxo-7-TES-baccatin III. 14 beta -Hyroxy baccatin III derivative was also obtained from the same silyl enol ether.

Detection of NO_2 Based on 4-Carboxyl-4′-hydroxy Azobenzene and Its Cu(II) Complex

An organic ligand and its Cu（II） complex formulated as （C13HloN203）·5H2O （H2L·5H2O, 1） and Cu（HL）2（phen）·0.125H2O （2, H2L = 4-carboxyl-4′-hydroxy azobenzene, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline） have been synthesized and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. In the two compounds, H2L and HL exhibit a trans-conformation. Complex 2 shows a mononuclear Cu（Ⅱ） structure with the hydroxyl group of HL uncoordinated. Complex 2 is assembled into a three-dimensional （3D） supramolecular architecture by hydrogen bonds and π-π stacking interactions. H2L and compound 2 can detect NO2 via reversible and irreversible color changes, respectively. The mechanism for the color changes is investigated.

A role for lipids as agents to alleviate stroke damage： the neuroprotective effect of 2-hydroxy arachidonic acid

Cerebrovascular accident（CVA）or stroke is one of the world＇s leading causes of death and permanent disability.The high social and medical costs associated with this pathology mean there is an urgent need to find effective therapies.Occlusion of the middle cerebral artery（MCAO）,mainly by clots,is the origin of most CVAs in humans.

Determination of the Amplification Factor for 2-Hydroxy-ethylperoxy Radicals in PERCA

A new method is proposed to determine the amplification factor for 2-hydroxy ethylperoxy radicals （HOC2H4O2·） in chemical amplifier. The radical source comes from the reaction of excess ethene with HO· radicals generated in the photolysis of water vapor at the wave length of 185 nm in air in a flow tube. This produces a radical source which contains equal amount of HO2·and HOC2H4O2·. The amplification factor is derived from the slopes of the lines between produced NO2 in chemical amplifier and total initial radical concentrations measured for the source of HO2· and that of the same amount of HO2· and HOC2H4O2· respectively. The amplification factor of HOC2H4O2· was similar to that of HO2·, indicating that HOC2H4O2· can be measured with the same sensitivity as HO2· by chemical amplifier.

Synthesis and activities of new 4-hydroxybenzoxazolone derivatives

A series of new 4-substituted benzoxazolone derivatives were synthesized according to a convenient method,their anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities in vivo were evaluated.All of them were new compounds,the structures of all the synthesized compounds were confirmed by ~1H NMR,^(13)C NMR,ESI-MS and HR-MS.Most of the compounds exhibited anti-inflammatory activity.

STUDIES ON THE SYNTHESIS OF DIMETHYI,4-HYDROXY -4'-METHOXY-5,6,5',6'-BISMETHYLENEDIOXYBIPHENYL-2,2'-DICAPBOXYLATE——AN ESSENTIAL METABOLITE OF DDB

This paper reports the total synthesis of dimethyl 4-hydroxy-4’-methoxy-5,6,5’,6’-bismethylenedioxybiphenyl-2,2’-dicarboxylate(Ⅱ). Various conditions for bromination were tried to find the best one for synthesis of the key intermediate compd 6.After Lllmann condensation of 6 with 8 and hydrogenolysis, the title compd Ⅱ was obtained.It was proved to be identical with the isolated metabolite of DDB by spectral data.

Syntheses of β-Hydroxy Ketones by Organosamarium

An organosamarium reagent was prepared via the reaction of α -bromoacetophenone with samarium. This organosamarium reagent reacted with aldehydes to give β -hydroxy ketones. A possible reaction process was suggested.

Facile Resolution of Racemic 4-Phenyl-2-hydroxy Butyrate via Enzymatic Esterification and Transesterification

The optically active R-4-phenyl-2-hydroxy butyrates were prepared by esterification of the racemic acid or transesterification of the racemic ester catalyzed by lipase from Candida cyclindra (CCL) in organic media.

Interaction of N-(2-Methyl Thio Phenyl)-2-Hydroxy-1-Naphthaldimine with Tin Dioxide Nanoparticles: A Spectroscopic Approach

The interaction of N-(2-methyl thiophenyl)-2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldimine (NMTHN) with tin dioxide nanoparticles (SnO2 NPs) has been investigated by spectroscopic tools such as absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. Absorption spectroscopy reveals the formation of ground state complex. Fluorescence spectroscopy has been used to study the signatures of fluorescence quenching. SnO2 NPs are found to quench the intrinsic fluorescence of NMTHN via static and dynamic quenching. The deviation from linearity in the Stern-Volmer plot has been observed.

Synthesis and Evaluation of 4-Hydroxy Quinolinone Derivatives as Antioxidants of Lubricating Grease

3-(5-(2.4-dichlorophyenyl)-4.5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-4hydroxy-1-methylquinolin(1H)-one, 5-((4-hydroxy-8-methyl-2-oxo-1.2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)methylene)-1-phenyl-2-hioxodihydropyrimidine-4.6(1H.5H)-dione, and 1-butyl-4-hydroxy-3-(5-styryl-4.5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-3yl)quinolin-2(1H)-one were synthesized and characterized by spectroscopy analysis. These compounds are designated I, II and III, respectively. The antioxidants efficiency of the synthesized compounds in lubricating greases had been investigated using ASTM d-942 and ASTM d-664. The obtained data showed that the total acid number and oxygen pressure drop of these compounds in lubricating greases decrease in the order: Comp.III. < Comp.I. < Comp.II. The antioxidant efficiency of the prepared quinolinones derivatives was discussed. Acceptable correlations were obtained between the obtained oxidation inhibition and the calculated quantum chemical parameters.

MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATION OF 19-HYDROXY-CHOLESTEROL ACETATE OR 19-HYDROXY-β-SITOSTEROL ACETATE TO △~4-19-HYDROXY ANDROST-3, 17-DIONE

The increasing medicinal importance of 19-norsteroids, particularly for oral contraceptives, has stimulated intensive research to continuously find more economic methods of either partial and total direct synthesis or indirect synthesis via estrone of this class of compound.

Diverse synthesis of the C ring fragment of bryostatins via Zn/Cu-promoted conjugate addition of α-hydroxy iodide with enone

A convergent approach to 1,5-hydroxy ketones,the general precursors for constructing the C ring of bryostatins,has been developed via a Zn/Cu-promoted conjugate addition of a-hydroxy iodides with enones.The reaction leads to direct formation of the C21-C22 bond and tolerates diverse functionalities at the C17-,C18-and C24-positions.The approach also enables a more concise synthesis of the known C ring intermediate(10 longest linear steps and 14 total steps),in contrast to its previous synthesis(17 longest linear steps and 22 total steps) in our total synthesis of bryostatin 8.

2-Hydroxymalonitrile——A Useful Reagent for One-step Synthesis of α-Hydroxy Esters

α-Hydroxy carboxylic esters and their derivatives are key substructures in a variety of biologically active natural products and numerous pharmaceuticals[1-3].A variety of methods for the synthesis of α-hydroxyesters via homologation of aldehydes or ketones have been developed and frequently used in organic synthesis[4-14].These approaches are generally based on the following routes（Scheme 1）.

Inhibition of Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9:A Novel Mechanism of Berberine and 8-hydroxy Dihydroberberine against Hyperlipidemia

Objective： To investigate the effect and molecular mechanisms of different doses of 8-hydroxy dihydroberberine （Hdber） for the treatment of hyperlipidemia in rats. Methods： A rat model of hyperlipidemia was established by feeding rats a high-fat diet for 4 weeks in 70 rats of 80 animals, and 10 rats were randomly selected as control group. The hyperlipidemic rats were then randomly divided into the following groups： a model group （MOD）; a berberine group [BBR, 156 mg/（kg.day）]; Hdber groups, which were treated with different doses of Hdber [78, 39 and 19.5 mg/（kg.day）]; and a simvastatin group [SIM, 4 mg/（kg.day）]. The corresponding therapy was administered to the rats of each treatment via gastric tubes. Normal animals were used as a control group. The blood levels of various lipids, including total cholesterol, triglycarides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, free fatty acid （FFA）, apolipoprotein A I （Apo-A I ） and apolipoprotein B （APO-B） were examined. The protein expressions of low-density lipoprotein receptor （LDL-R）, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 （SREBP-2）, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase （HMGCR） and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 （PCSK-9） in liver tissues were determined by Western blot analysis. Results： Compared with the control group of rats, the model group demonstrated a deteriorated blood lipid profile and exhibited increased expression levels of PCSK-9 protein in their liver tissues （P〈0.01）. In addition, the high-fat diet decreased the expression levels of LDL-R, SREBP-2 and HMGCR proteins in murine liver tissues. However, the addition of berberine or Hdber reversed the blood lipid profile changes （P〈0.05 or P〈0.01）, decreased the expression levels of PCSK-9 proteins （P〈0.01）, and increased the expression levels of LDL-R proteins in the hyperlipidemic rats （P〈0.01）. These compounds did not significantly influence the expression levels of SREBP-2 and HMGCR proteins in the hyperlipidemic rats. Conclusions： Hdber is effective in the treatment of hyperlipidemia in rats. The therapeutic mechanisms of Hdber may be associated with increasing the expression of LDL-R protein and decreasing the expression of PCSK-9 protein in liver tissues.