Establishment of Double-antigen Sandwich Time-resolved Fluorescence Immunoassay for Detection of Pest des Petits Ruminants Virus

[Objectives]This study was conducted to explore rapid and large-scale screening and detection of peste des petits ruminants(PPR),so as to provide important technical means for prevention,control and purification of PPR.[Methods]Soluble N protein and NH fusion protein were successfully obtained in an Escherichia coli expression system by optimizing E.coli codon and expression conditions.Furthermore,based on purified soluble N protein and NH fusion protein,a double-antigen sandwich time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay method for detection of peste des petits ruminants virus(PPRV)was established.[Results]The method has high sensitivity and specificity and can specifically detect the antibody against PPRV in sheep serum,and it has no cross reaction with other related diseases.The method was used to detect 292 clinical samples,and compared with French IDVET competition ELISA kit.The coincidence rates of positive samples and negative samples from the two kinds of test kits were 92.47%and 97.26%,respectively,and the overall coincidence rate was 94.86%.The intra-group and inter-group coefficients of variation in the repeatability test were less than 10%.[Conclusions]Compared with the traditional ELISA method,the double-antigen sandwich time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay for detection of PPRV has equivalent sensitivity and specificity,and simple and rapid operation,and thus high application and popularization value.

Study on Passive Immunity:time of Vaccination in Kids Born to Goats Vaccinated Against Peste des petits ruminants

In this study,the decay of maternal peste des petits ruminants virus(PPRV) antibodies in kids born to goats vaccinated with Asian lineage IV PPR vaccine and the efficacy of passive immunity against PPRV was assessed to determine the appropriate period for vaccination in kids.Serum samples collected from kids born to vaccinated,unvaccinated and infected goats at different time intervals were tested by PPR competitive ELISA and serum neutralization test(SNT).Maternal antibodies in kids were detectable up to 6 months with a decline trend from the third month onwards and receded below the protective level by the fourth month.The kid with an SN titre of 1:8 at the time of immunization showed significant PPRV specific antibody response(percentage inhibition of 76;SN titers >1:16),when tested on 21 day post-vaccination and was completely protected from infection upon virulent PPRV challenge.Similarly,the kid with 1:8 SN titers was completely protected from PPR infection on active challenge.Therefore,PPR vaccination is recommended in kids,aged 4 months and born to immunized or exposed goats.This could be a suitable period to avoid window of susceptibility in kids to PPRV and the effort to eliminate PPR infection from susceptible populations.

Confirmed Diagnosis by RT-PCR and Phylogenetic Analysis of Peste des Petits Ruminants Viruses in Tibet, China

This paper reports the confirmed diagnosis by nested RT-PCR of PPR cases in Tibet, China in 2007, and results of phylogenetic analysis. Results showed that the 11 tested samples were PPRV positive by nested RT-PCR, of which 2 samples were genetically close to the X7443 strain (Nigeria 75/1) of lineage I, and 3 samples close to the strain AY560591 (Sungri96) of linage IV with 96.6%、97.3%、97.6% and 98% nucleotide sequence homogeneity respectively, based on partial sequencing of the F gene from 5 samples and complete sequencing of the N/M/F/H genes from one sample. This study suggested that there are at least 2 origins of PPRV in China.

Monitoring and Tracking on Immune Antibody of Sheep Peste des Petits Ruminants

Peste ties petits ruminants is a kind of acute eontagious disease infecting goats anti sheep. In this study, antibtly monitoring and tracking of healthy goat and sheep immunized by peste des petits ruminants vaccine in Changping District of Beijing City were conducted, aiming at providing a reference for the devel- opment of effective immunization procedures.

Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Peste des Petits Ruminants among Sheep and Goats in Kassala State, Sudan

Peste des petits ruminant (PPR) is a contagious disease of small ruminants caused by a virus that belongs to the genus Morbillivirus of the family Paramyxoviridae. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of PPR disease in sheep and goats and its associated risk factors in Kassala State, Eastern Sudan. Across sectional study was conducted during the period from 30th August to 25th November 2015. The study was carried out using a structured questionnaire survey and a total of 918 blood samples were collected from apparently healthy unvaccinated sheep and goats in different localities in State of Kassala. A total of 546 sheep and 372 goats were tested for specific antibodies to nucleoprotein (NP) by competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). The apparent overall prevalence of PPR antibodies in Kassala was 58.2% while the true prevalence was calculated to be 61.3%. The apparent prevalence in sheep and goats was 68.1% and 43.5% respectively. Univariate analysis showed that the risk factors had significant associations with a cELISA positive status: locality, species, age, breed, husbandry system, housing mode, animals movement (p = 0.000) and animals sharing pasture and water (p = 0.003), while sex and newly introduced animals were not significant risk factors (p = 0.771) (p = 0.050) respectively. Factors found that significantly associated (p < 0.05) with increased odds of being cELISA positive in multivariate analysis were localities, species, age and newly introduced animals. The prevalence differed between localities and was the highest in the River Atbara (84.0%) locality, whereas it was lowest in Delta North (29.0%). No significant difference was observed among the sexes. However, the prevalence differed in different age groups and was 52.25% in animals of less than six months old;49.3% were between seven months and two years old and 65.5% were above two years old. In different husbandry systems, the prevalence was 47.9%, 73.0% and 49.2% in intensive, open grazing and pastoral systems respectively. Housing type effects were also observed;the highest prevalence was in animals housed in metal fence (83.3%). The movement pattern showed significant effect, where the prevalence was the highest (81.3%) in animals that move inter-states/inter-localities. It is concluded that the disease is endemic in Kassala State, high prevalent in sheep and goats, posing a threat to animal exportation, and may have a serious economic influence. Owners and herders should compulsorily vaccinate their animals yearly and animals should be investigated periodically for implementation of crucial eradication program.

Sero-Prevalence and Risk Factors of Diffusion of Peste des Petits Ruminants in Cameroon

The present study was carried out between April 2015 and January 2016 to estimate the sero-prevalence and identify the risk factors of the peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in Cameroon. A total of 269 herds randomly sampled across the country have been studied and 1622 samples of serum have been levied on the sheep and goat. The c-ELISA has been studied in order to detect the presence of antibodies in small ruminants like an indicator of exposition to PPRV. The results revealed the circulation of PPRV in the country with a total sero-prevalence of 39% [95%CI;37 - 41] and a sero-prevalence of 63.2% [95%CI;57.2 - 69.2] at the herd level. Sero-prevalence was variable in the ten regions ranging from 7% [95% CI;6.2 - 8.4] to 73% [95% CI;62 - 84] with the northern zone (Adamawa, North and Far-North) having 52.3% [95% CI;37 - 60] and southern zone (including the remaining seven regions) recording 29% [95% CI;11 - 57]. Similarly, it was higher in animals found in urban/peri-urban areas than in rural areas with prevalence ratio of 2.9 [95% CI 2.54 - 3.4;p < 0.001] i.e. 3 times more, 1.6 [95% CI 1.36 - 1.90;p < 0.001] i.e. 1.6 times more, and 5.02 [95% CI 3.91 - 6.85;p < 0.001] i.e. 5 times more at national level, in the northern zone and in the southern area, respectively. Five risk factors have been identified: the breeding environment, introduction of new animals into the herds, gathering of animals for pasture and watering, wandering and transhumance. The breeding area appeared to be the most important risk factor associated with disease exposure. The control measures for the eradication of this disease must take into account the epidemiological situation, the breeding environment, animal transhumance and breeding system.

Construction of Recombinant Baculovirus Containing Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus N Gene and Establishment of Indirect ELISA for Detecting Serum Antibodies

This experiment was conducted to diagnose Peste des Petits Ruminants based on the eukaryotically-expressed PPRV nucleoprotein through an indirect ELISA. The full-length PPRV nucleoprotein gene was obtained from viral genome RNA by RT-PCR. The amplified fragments were cloned into baculovirus donor vectors pFastHTA of the Bac-to-Bac system. These recombinant plasmids, pFastHTA-PPRV-N, were transformed into DH10Bac host bacteria to obtain recombinant shuttle plasmids, pBacmid-PPRV-N. Recombinant baculovirus, Bacmid-PPRV-N, was generated for expression of the PPRV nucleoprotein by transfecting recombinant pBacmid-PPRV-N with Lipofectamine 2000 into Sf21 insect cells. The efficient expression of PPRV Nucleoprotein by baculovirus in Sf21 cells was verified by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. An indirect ELISA was developed using recombinant PPRV nucleoprotein as the coating antigen. 37 goat sera from an epidemic area in Tibet and 92 goat sera from a non-infected area in Qinghai Province were simultaneously detected by the indirect ELISA, developed here, and the international standard cELISA kit. The sensitivity and specificity of the indirect ELISA was 100% and 96.2% compared with the cELISA kit. The coincidence rate of the two methods was 96.9%. The results demonstrated that the indirect ELISA established in this study works well for diagnosis of PPR.

Establishment of High-sensitivity Rapid Fluorescence Quantitative Detection Method for Antibody against Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus

[Objectives]This study was conducted to establish a rapid quantitative method for detecting antibody against Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus(PPR V)in sheep serum.[Methods]Soluble N protein and NH fusion protein were obtained in Escherichia coli prokaryotic expression system by optimizing codons and expression conditions of E.coli.Furthermore,based on the purified soluble N protein and NH fusion protein,a high-sensitivity fluorescence immunoassay kit for detecting the antibody against PPR V was established.[Results]The method could quickly and quantitatively detect PPR V antibody in sheep serum,with high sensitivity and specificity,without any cross reaction to other related sheep pathogens.The intra-batch and inter-batch coefficients of variation were less than 10%and 15%,respectively,and the method had good repeatability.Through detection on 292 clinical serum samples,it was compared with the French IDVET competitive ELISA kit,and the coincidence rate of the two methods reached 93.84%.Compared with the serum neutralization test,the detected titer value of the high-sensitivity rapid fluorescence quantitative detection method was basically consistent with the tilter value obtained by the neutralization test on the standard positive serum(provided by the WOAH Brucellosis Reference Laboratory of France).[Conclusions]This method can realize rapid quantitative detection of PPR V antibody on site,and has high practical value and popularization value.

Reverse Genetics for Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus: Current Status and Lessons to Learn from Other Non-segmented Negative-Sense RNA Viruses

Peste des petits ruminants(PPR) is a highly contagious transboundary animal disease with a severe socio-economic impact on the livestock industry, particularly in poor countries where it is endemic. Full understanding of PPR virus(PPRV)pathobiology and molecular biology is critical for effective control and eradication of the disease. To achieve these goals,establishment of stable reverse genetics systems for PPRV would play a key role. Unfortunately, this powerful technology remains less accessible and poorly documented for PPRV. In this review, we discussed the current status of PPRV reverse genetics as well as the recent innovations and advances in the reverse genetics of other non-segmented negative-sense RNA viruses that could be applicable to PPRV. These strategies may contribute to the improvement of existing techniques and/or the development of new reverse genetics systems for PPRV.

2020-2022年湖南省小反刍兽疫春、秋季免疫效果评估

为掌握湖南省小反刍兽疫集中免疫效果,科学评估各市州免疫质量,2020~2022年在全省开展小反刍兽疫春、秋季免疫效果评估。结果显示:2020~2022年小反刍兽疫集中免疫的群体合格率为65.3%,个体合格率为71.0%。全省各地区小反刍兽疫免疫不平衡,个体免疫率最高的可达94.4%,最低的仅为47.5%。规模场免疫效果好于散养户。调查显示,一些散养户免疫意识较弱,存在免疫操作不规范情况。需要进一步加强对散养户的宣传和指导。

组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂MGCD0103对小反刍兽疫病毒体外复制的影响

旨在探究组蛋白去乙酰化酶(HDACs)选择性抑制剂MGCD0103(Mocetinostat)对小反刍兽疫病毒(peste des petits ruminants virus,PPRV)在山羊子宫内膜上皮细胞(EEC细胞)复制的影响。本研究通过RT-qPCR法测定PPRV感染后宿主细胞HDACs和抑制剂处理细胞中PPRV N基因的转录水平,通过Time of Addition Assay确定MGCD0103在PPRV复制过程的作用阶段,用Western blot检测PPRV N蛋白的相对表达量,并采用TCID50方法测定了病毒滴度。结果表明,PPRV感染引起EEC细胞HDAC1(P<0.001)和HDAC2(P<0.002)转录水平明显上升;MGCD0103在病毒入侵和复制阶段均发挥了抑制作用,且在复制阶段抑制作用更明显;MGCD0103显著降低PPRV N基因转录水平和表达水平及病毒滴度(P<0.002),且其抑制PPRV在EEC中的半数有效浓度(EC50)和药物选择指数(SI)分别是0.43μmol·L^(-1)和4.35。本研究确定MGCD0103显著抑制PPRV的复制,这对研发有效抗PPRV药物具有重要意义,为高效率产毒细胞株的构建提供新思路。

宁夏贺兰山岩羊小反刍兽疫疫情来源分析

2018—2023年,宁夏贺兰山国家级自然保护区连续发现多起野生岩羊(Pseudois nayaur)不明原因死亡,通过解剖采样、实时荧光RT‑PCR检测,证实为小反刍兽疫病毒(PPRV)核酸阳性。使用Vero细胞分离出了部分毒株,采用RT‑PCR技术对宁夏地区病死家养羊和野生动物病料组织扩增PPRV F基因的全长片段。使用DNASTAR Lasergene和MEGA X软件对岩羊PPRV F基因序列进行比对和分析,构建系统发育树分析其分子遗传特征。结果显示:宁夏地区不同年度家养羊和贺兰山岩羊感染的PPRV毒株F基因同源性均在99%以上,其中2023年毒株与2018年、2019年1月毒株同源性最高,为99.8%,与2014年、2016年宁夏家养羊PPR疫情毒株及China/XJYL/2013(KM091959.1)同源性为99.6%。遗传进化分析表明,宁夏野生岩羊及家养羊PPRV同源性较高,均属于基因Ⅳ系中亚分支。因此推测宁夏及周边省份流行的PPR疫情可能通过不同途径在贺兰山野生动物种群中扩散蔓延,需加强PPR等野生动物疫源疫病监测。

小反刍兽疫病毒液滴式数字PCR检测方法的建立及应用

为实现小反刍兽疫病毒(Peste des petits ruminants virus,PPRV)的快速、准确、定量检测,以国内PPRV Clone 9疫苗株N基因为靶位点设计特异性引物及探针,建立了液滴式数字PCR(Droplet digital PCR,ddPCR)方法,并对其特异性、敏感性及重复性进行评价。将所建立的ddPCR方法与实时荧光定量PCR(Fluorescence quantitative PCR,qPCR)方法的灵敏度进行比较分析并应用于PPRV(Clone 9株)核糖核酸标准物质的定量。结果显示,所建立的ddPCR方法特异性好,仅PPRV检测结果为阳性,其他羊源病毒类生物制品及毒种检测结果均为阴性;敏感性高,基因拷贝数检出限度为4.33拷贝/μL,比qPCR方法的灵敏度(57.3拷贝/μL)高10倍;重复性好,重复性试验的变异系数为1.8%;定量准确,具有一定资质的9家单位各组测量数据组间变异系数小于5%。试验建立的ddPCR方法能够有效地对PPRV核酸进行快速检测,为PPRV的诊断及绝对定量提供了有效方法。

湖羊小反刍兽疫母源抗体消长规律及其对羔羊首免日龄的影响

为了评估湖羊小反刍兽疫母源抗体消长情况及其对羔羊首次疫苗免疫接种效果的影响,采用商品化小反刍兽疫病毒阻断ELISA抗体检测试剂盒检测健康母羊产羔当天的母羊血清中、产后不同时间初乳和乳中以及所产羔羊不同时间血清中小反刍兽疫抗体水平;并选取2批羔羊,分别于羔羊21日龄和42日龄或50日龄时,免疫接种小反刍兽疫活疫苗(Clone 9株),监测免疫后不同时间的抗体水平。结果表明:羔羊吮吸初乳后抗体迅速转阳,到49日龄抗体阳性率几乎均为100%,但抗体滴度缓慢下降;母羊乳汁中抗体阳性率5 d时接近70%,7—10 d时抗体阳性率分别为42.9%和53%;母羊生产当天的血清抗体水平与其初乳和乳中抗体水平及其所产羔羊的母源抗体水平均呈正相关(r值分别为0.866±0.128和0.933±0.058)。羔羊免疫试验表明,免疫接种后21 d内,组间的抗体水平无差异,但21—28 d时,A组(50日龄免疫组)及C组(42日龄免疫组)的抗体水平较高,显著优于21日龄免疫组(B组、D组)。湖羊母羊一次免疫接种小反刍兽疫活疫苗后,其所产羔羊母源抗体保护水平至少可维持49 d以上,且母羊生产当天的血清抗体水平与其初乳和乳中抗体水平及其所产羔羊的母源抗体水平均呈正相关;在存在母源抗体的情况下,羔羊过早免疫接种疫苗会严重干扰疫苗接种后的免疫抗体水平及持续时间,故羔羊免疫应根据母源抗体监测情况调整羔羊首免日龄,以保证免疫效果。

小反刍兽疫病毒竞争ELISA抗体检测方法的建立

为建立一种能准确、灵敏地检测小反刍兽疫病毒(Peste des petits ruminants virus,PPRV)抗体的ELISA方法,通过诱导BL21(DE3)-pET-30a-PPRV N表达菌种获得PPRV N蛋白,将纯化的PPRV N蛋白免疫Balb/c小鼠,通过杂交瘤技术获得1株能够高效表达、稳定分泌和具有较好竞争效果的抗PPRV单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株(命名为1G2)。以纯化的PPRV N蛋白为包被抗原,HRP标记的1G2单克隆抗体(1G2-HRP)作为竞争抗体,建立了小反刍兽疫病毒竞争ELISA(competitive ELISA,cELISA)抗体检测方法。经优化反应条件确定最佳抗原包被浓度为1.0μg/mL,待检血清最佳稀释条件为4倍稀释,1G2-HRP酶标抗体最佳工作浓度为250 ng/mL;当阻断率(PI值)小于42%,判定为抗体阴性;阻断率大于或等于42%,判定为抗体阳性。该方法最低可检测128倍稀释的PPRV抗体阳性血清,具有较高的敏感性;仅能检测PPRV抗体,与羊源常见病原和pET-30a-BL21(DE3)的抗体阳性血清无交叉反应,具有较好的特异性;批内、批间变异系数均小于15%,具有良好的重复性。该方法与血清中和试验的阳性符合率为87.80%(95%CI:73.80,95.92),阴性符合率为94.95%(95%CI:88.61,98.34),总符合率为92.86%(95%CI:84.11,97.64),Kappa值为0.83(95%CI:53.10,112.50),具有较高的符合率。表明建立的ELISA方法在我国PPRV的流行病学调查、疫苗免疫效果评估方面具有良好的应用前景。

小反刍兽疫病毒非结构蛋白C单克隆抗体的制备与鉴定

为制备小反刍兽疫病毒(PPRV)非结构蛋白C单克隆抗体,根据PPRV C基因编码多肽链氨基酸序列抗原性分析,设计合成一条含20个氨基酸的抗原肽(CRSGKPRGETPGPLLPEIMQ)和一条含21个氨基酸的筛选抗原多肽(PLRAGERGLAPQAVQHRTLIK),将它们分别与钥孔血蓝蛋白(keyhole limpet hemocyanin, KLH)和生物素羧基蛋白(biotin carboxyl carrier protein, Biotin)交联,制备获得免疫原和筛选抗原。用免疫原肌肉注射5只8~12周龄、体重约20 g的无特定病原体(specific pathogen free, SPF)级BALB/c雌性小鼠,第1次免疫后分别间隔7 d进行第2次免疫和第3次免疫,三免后21 d进行冲击免疫,冲击免疫后第3天采集血液分离血清,采用间接酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测得1只免疫小鼠血清抗体效价为1∶312 500,2只为1∶62 500。取3只小鼠脾细胞与骨髓瘤细胞SP2/0经聚乙二醇(PEG)融合制备杂交瘤细胞,通过间接ELISA筛选出26株阳性淋巴杂交瘤细胞,进一步经克隆化培养筛选出46株单克隆细胞株。通过Western blot(WB)筛选获得2株能稳定分泌特异性抗PPRV C蛋白单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株,WB、间接免疫荧光(indirect immunofluorescence assay, IFA)鉴定显示,制备的单克隆抗体具有较好的灵敏性和病毒反应性。研究结果为进一步阐明C蛋白在PPRV生命周期中的作用奠定了基础,也为小反刍兽疫(PPR)诊断提供了有效的诊断试剂。

小反刍兽疫LAMP反应结果可视化检测方法比较研究

环介导等温扩增(loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP)技术是一种可应用于各种病原体检测、基因分型等领域的等温扩增技术。该技术所需设备简单且易于操作,因此具有较大的发展潜力。根据目前已经存在的判定LAMP结果的可视化方法,以可能对野生小反刍动物造成威胁的小反刍兽疫病毒(Peste des petits ruminants virus,PPRV)cDNA为检测对象,选择合适的引物组,比较评估均可在日光或紫外光下区分阴阳性结果的SYBR Green I、SYBR Safe Stain和羟基萘酚蓝(hydroxy naphthol blue,HNB)3种指示剂方法的适用性与灵敏度。结果表明:3种方法的灵敏度都很高,均与琼脂糖凝胶电泳相当。其中,SYBR Green I结果区分度高、不受体系成分影响且无须额外设备,但成本较高;SYBR Safe Stain具有良好的结果区分度,成本相对较低,但需要额外的紫外照射设备;HNB成本最低,但颜色区分度较低,且易受多种因素影响。建议在选择LAMP指示剂时,综合考虑成本、使用便利性、结果准确性及实验条件,通过充分的体系优化和验证,确保LAMP检测的准确性和可靠性。研究结果突显了不同方法的特征和适用场景,为研究人员根据不同场所与条件选择高效、便捷的LAMP反应结果可视化方法提供参考。

渭南市羊小反刍兽疫监测与分析

为评估渭南市羊小反刍兽疫的免疫抗体水平及病毒感染状况,对2019-2022年在渭南市采集的2 499份血清学样品和606份病原学样品,分别采用阻断ELISA方法和荧光RT-PCR方法进行免疫抗体检测和病毒核酸检测。结果显示,小反刍兽疫免疫抗体个体合格率为88.24%,区域场群合格率为91.99%,不同区域免疫抗体水平合格率均高于农业农村部的免疫要求(≥70%)。分类统计不同年份和不同场点类型的免疫抗体合格率均达到国家免疫效果评估要求。病原学样品病毒核酸均为阴性。结果表明渭南市小反刍兽疫防控效果较好,但仍需持续做好小反刍兽疫的强制免疫及监测,确保养殖安全。

2018—2022年云南省新平县小反刍兽疫抗体监测分析

为了解新平县小反刍兽疫(PPR)的免疫效果,科学防控小反刍兽疫。采用多阶段抽样方法,2018—2022年,共采集免疫山羊血清样品2046份,利用抗体阻断ELISA检测方法,进行小反刍兽疫免疫抗体检测与分析。结果显示:小反刍兽疫平均抗体阳性率80.89%(1655/2046);其中:规模场个体免疫阳性率84.72%(981/1158),散养户个体免疫阳性率75.90%(674/888);公羊免疫抗体阳性率84.39%(1043/1236),母羊免疫抗体阳性率75.56%(612/810);“小反刍兽疫弱毒活疫苗(Clone9株)”免疫抗体阳性率80.95%(799/987);“小反刍兽疫—山羊痘二联活疫苗”免疫抗体阳性率80.83%(856/1059)。结果表明:规模场个体免疫阳性率高于散养户,差异显著(P<0.05);公羊抗体阳性率高于母羊,差异显著(P<0.05);小反刍兽疫弱毒(Clone9株)单苗和二联活苗抗体阳性率差异不显著(P>0.05)。

2021—2023年云南临沧市小反刍兽疫病原学和免疫抗体检测分析

[目的]为全面掌握临沧市小反刍兽疫免疫效果,科学评估其感染状况。[方法]随机采集2021—2023年来自规模场和散养户的羊血清4 524份、羊眼鼻棉拭子1 000份,采用阻断ELISA方法进行小反刍兽疫抗体检测,病毒核酸荧光RT-PCR进行病原学检测。[结果]小反刍兽疫免疫抗体合格率,2022年比2021年提高了7.44百分点,2023年比2022年提高了3.11百分点,病原学未检测出小反刍兽疫病毒核酸阳性样品。[结论]临沧市以“人病兽防、关口前移”各项防控措施为抓手,小反刍兽疫的免疫效果总体较好。