Establishment of the Agricultural Knowledge Management System in the Knowledge-oriented Government

In order to optimizing the process of the government agricultural decision-making, based on the theories and technologies of the knowledge management, the meaning of the knowledge-based government is firstly analyzed. Combining with the detailed requirements of government for agricultural knowledge management, an agricultural knowledge management system including the agricultural knowledge sharing system, the agricultural Web data-mining system and the agricultural expert decision system is established in the paper.

The Planning, Organization and Management of Post-disaster Reconstruction of the Lushan Earthquake Based on the Local as the Main Body

A new organization and management mechanism with the local government as the main body was created during the post-disaster reconstruction of the "4. 20 " Lushan earthquake,in which the experiences and lessons were drawn from the "5. 12"Wenchuan earthquake. Correspondingly, the local government conducted an exploration of the organization and management mode in the field of planning and construction. The effective experiences have been accumulated, including working out a full coverage planning,taking the leading part in the urban-rural planning,and exercising whole space control over the disaster area. An innovation management mode named as "Five Generals Pattern"was implemented in the construction projects. In view that the rural housing reconstruction was a weak link, a new approach to improving the construction management was investigated,by means of strengthening on-site supervision,establishing a technical platform,and bolstering public participation.

Three Models of English Education in China＇s Universities ——-A Historical Perspective

In the present paper, a comparison is made of the three formats in the history of EECU （English education in China＇s universities）. In the first period （1904-1949）, English education was conducted separately in government-managed educational institutions and in institutions sponsored by church-related organizations; English education was well-knit with both general education and specialty education; and self-motivating learning was encouraged. In the second period （1950-1966）, almost everything was tinted with a shady color of politics： A halt was addressed drastically to EEC （English education in China） in 1952. In the gradual recovery that started four years later, the second format was sawed and hammered, showing the following features： All non-government-mamaged institutions vanished from the stage; English was taught solely as a language or a system of verbal parts, almost deprived of all cultural loading. The third period （1978 onwards） has witnessed a barrier-free and rapid development of over three decades, resulting in the unprecedented pervasion of EECU. Yet in the third tbrmat, learners＇ efforts have turned wholly test-oriented, degenerating into the saddening disintegrity of learning as a process into isolated charges to the target of a test at a time; the ignorant reduction of the learning methods to ＂Vocabulary Booklets Plus Collections of Test Papers＂. Such a comparison not only provides a multi-dimensional perspective of EECU and a better understanding of it, but also offers some important experiences and lessons for the search of an effective solution to the pervasive problem of＂Time-Consumingness and Low-Efficiency＂.

Local Government Debt Management Solutions

Two rounds of leveraging-up have led to a high debt ratio in the Chinese economy, triggered liquidity mismatch and increased systemic financial risks. The key causes of local government liabilities are soft budget constraints and non-market-based factor allocation. Currently, the risks of local government liabilities are generally controllable. This paper concludes that the long-term solution to managing local government liabilities is to enhance budget constraint and institutional assurance and proposes countermeasures in the reform of urban construction investment and ftnancing mechanisms.

Legal Impediments to Proper Cultural Heritage Management in Ethiopia： An Assessment on Three Proclamations

This article examines the legal impediments to proper cultural heritage management in Ethiopia in light of three successive Ethiopian governments’ proclamations on cultural heritage conservation. It provides a brief overview of the meaning and types of cultural heritages as well as the evolution of the concept and practice of the protection and preservation of cultural heritages. Having critically analyzed the basic essences of the legal provisions of the cultural heritage conservation proclamations of the Imperial, the Military （Derg）, and the reigning governments, the article argues that the decrees issued mainly reflect the political philosophy of the three respective regimes. As a result, the second legal provision is not better than the first one, and within the same logic, the third is more expected to mitigate the problems related to cultural heritage management than the second one. Nevertheless, it is an open secret that the destruction and loss of cultural heritages in Ethiopia are increasing from time to time. Finally, the article provides conclusions consisting of recommendations to address the legal impediments to proper cultural heritage management in Ethiopia.

Integrated Water Management for Aflaj System in Oman——Different Approach

The study addressed the question about modernization of Aflaj＇s administration, and pointed out the pros and cons of both traditional and modern methods. The traditional management seems powerless and is not eligible to follow the social and economic development, however this development even begins to reflect negatively on the administration of Aflaj. The traditional management system of Falaj by rural communities is still an independent management of the state. However, regardless the efficiency of the traditional management system in the past, this traditional management can not take in consideration waters development projects in their region, considering that the concept of local administration is differing with the concept of integrated water management. Therefore, the questions revolve around the future of traditional administration and the role of modern administration of the Aflaj water system to maximize the use of water. Hence, the need for the use of modern methods of the management of Falaj has become a leading supplier key demand to keep up with challenges. This method begins in the basic data onto the role and importance of water in the area of Falaj and pass through the definition of the region Falaj, wondering about an administrative boundary and the importance of the basin of Falaj and how is developing the database, like data network density of rainwater. The importance here is to choose the appropriate and required methods of the development and optimization of Falaj system management, as well as the scientific levels required by specialists, technicians and observers to Falaj administration. Otherwise, it is difficult, in the 21st century, to defme the priorities of geographical surroundings and study the future of Aflaj.

Government Management Innovation in the Age of Big Data

Both opportunities and challenges are currently faced by government management innovation in the age of ＂big data＂. Traditionally, relative studies view the management of governments as the effective means to improve governmental services, without really understanding the structural influence of big data and network technology on governmental mode of thinking. Against such backdrop, this paper tries to conduct critical analysis based upon traditional outcomes in this regard, trying to make full use of the function of big data technology. With these efforts, this paper contributes to the building of an interaction theory that could promote transparency of information and customization and segmentation of the policies. By constructing a mode in which management could be carried out based on the law of big data, by building an information management system in which balance could be achieved between responsibility and freedom, by promoting the rebalancing among public power, online civil society and civil rights, the innovation of governmental management would be achieved.

An Easy to Implement Sustainability Index for Flexible Pavements

This paper proposes a simple low cost SIR （sustainability index for roads） that can be easily implemented by any local government that has a flexible pavement road network. The SIR includes the three pillars of sustainability, economic, social and environmental. The economic pillar is development from a new perspective of pavement deterioration from the Snowy Mountains Engineering Corporation＇s Pavement Management System. The new perspective is easily seen when the deterioration is plotted in three dimensions. This new exponential curve provides an equation for the return on investment in a road network, in terms of a future pavement condition index versus the annual rehabilitation budget. The environmental pillar will be developed by determining which road rehabilitation treatments cause the most environmental damage and recreating the new curve with these treatments being incrementally removed. The resulting curves will provide the annual cost of minimizing environmental damage and the loss of pavement condition index for minimizing environmental damage. The social pillar is, consultation with the community on what pavement condition index they are willing to fund, that is, balancing annual cost, environmental damage and desired pavement condition. This more efficient reporting conforms with the USA Government Accounting Standards Board requirements but not necessarily with the International Financial Reporting Standards. This new SIR reduces the current financial reporting requirement for local govemments in Queensland, Australia and can greatly improve comparability of financial reporting, where local governments calibrate the pavement deterioration factors in their Pavement Management Systems and use the newly developed regional rulebase.

Polluter Pays Principle： Who Pays for Industrial Waste in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Rapid industrialization in Vietnam has resulted in the difficult task of finding means to properly manage the generation of industrial waste. In an attempt to deal with this problem, the Vietnamese government revised the Law on Environmental Protection of 2005, with which it imposed strict regulations on industrial waste generators and the waste they discharge. However, questions remain about the current industrial solid waste management system because of the discrepancy between the ideals embodied in the Law and the actual practices occurring in industry. We report here on the effectiveness of governmental policies, focusing on environmental performance in industrial zones in Ho Chi Minh City （HCMC）, Vietnam. We examined government records, and reports from waste generators, as well as waste treatment methods at sites. In addition, on-site surveys were carried out at 44 companies in HCMC in 2009 and 2010 to obtain a better understanding of the companies＇ handling of and attitude toward the industrial waste they produced. Our results show that the incoherence of the revised Law and regulations in industrial waste management has caused a serious pressure on domestic landfills. We conclude that there is a strong need for change in the current regulatory and management system in order to increase the effectiveness of environmental management for future sustainable development.

Ethical Standards for Employers in the Local Administration Units： Republic of Macedonia

The extensive research on public ethics in the local administration is more than necessary. This paper identifies the basic values of and the challenges to Macedonian Legal System in this area, and explains the key ethical aspects, which should be implemented in practice by civil servants, who increasingly have to learn how to perform in accordance with ethical values. In this paper I will analyze the ethical values of civil servants laid down by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development （OECD） and the Civil Servants Agency in Macedonia, upon which the ethical principles for civil servants in the local administration units are intended to be set. This paper deals with the ethics of civil servants, assessment of best practices, and evaluation of positive and negative indicators. The paper concludes with a few recommendations for the next steps in this process; and some criteria for the consideration of future developments are suggested.

Logic and Trends behind Chinese Bovernment Reform

From the perspective of public administration, China＇s government re tbrm coincides with China＇s 30 years of reform and opening-up. Therefore, government reform, in particular central government reform, provides us another perspective to look at the past 30 years of reform and opening-up. Although China＇s central government has gone through six rounds of reform over the past three decades, goverument reforms still face major challenges. Approached from the relationship between the transformation of the social order and government reform, this paper tries to understand the basic logic behind China＇s government reform. By reviewing the history of institutional reform and analyzing current restrictions that confront China＇s government reform, this paper points out the trends of China＇s government reform. In this paper, the authors try to study the micro and macro motivations of China＇s governmental reform by using public choice theory, and briefly comment on the ＂super ministry system.＂ .

Investigation Report on the Development Status of Creative Industry Park in Pudong New Area, Shanghai

As the core of the Yangtze River Delta cultural and creative industrial cluster, Shanghai regards the development of cultural and creative industrial clusters as an important measure for promoting a new round of economic development and building advanced culture. With its long-standing cultural heritage and forward-looking development vision, Shanghai has created a lot of cultural and creative parks. At present, these industrial clusters have begun to take shape, forming a certain concentration of creative design. In this investigation, we focused on the investigation of the creative industrial park in the Pudong New Area. We found several typical cases of good development in Beijing, Hangzhou and other old districts in Pudong New Area. Through these successful and typical investigations, we will gain effective experience in property fights protection, institutional design, government supervision, service enhancement, etc., in addition to providing advice on intellectual property rights for the three-in-one bureaus that are exploring ways of working, and also related to The management department provided suggestions from other relevant parties and worked together to contribute to the creation of the Shanghai ＂International Creative Industry Center＂ program.

Defect and Innovation of Water Rights System

The rare deposition of water resources conflicts with its limitless demand. This determined the existence of the water rights transaction system. The implementation of the water rights transaction system requires clarifying the definition of water resource right above all distinctly. At present, it is a kind of common right system arrangement which needs the Chinese government to dispose of water resources. Though a series of management systems guaranteed the government＇s supply of water resource, it hindered the development of the water market seriously and caused the utilization of water resources to stay in the inefficient or low efficient state for a long time. Thus, we should change the government＇s leading role in the resource distribution and really rely on the market to carry on the water rights trade and transaction. In this way, the water rights could become a kind of private property right relatively, and circulate freely in the market. As a result of this, we should overcome the defects of common right, make its external performance internalized maximally and achieve the optimized water resource disposition and use it more effectively.

University Social Responsibility from the Perspective of the Different Stakeholders

The objective of this research is to analyze social responsibility from the stakeholder’s perspective to establish whether universities have advanced in their conception. The research is exploratory and conclusive descriptive of the cross-sectional sample. The internal and external stakeholders of the public universities domiciled in Quito were taken into account. The results showed that university managers relate this concept with actions of connection with community, the relevance of the academic offer and the accountability, while students relate this concept with teaching in values and philanthropic activities. For administrative personnel instead, university social responsibility （USR） is related to work benefits. On the other hand, the business sector relates this concept with the answer to their needs of innovation. As expected, representatives of government agencies highlight the university’s responses that are necessary to become the engine of economic, productive and social transformation of the country. It is concluded that USR is applied in a partial way, which translates into management models that do not incorporate it as an explicit variable of their actions.

Research on the efficiency of government regulation in Shanghai

The party＇s Third Plenary Session of the eighteen proposed to fully and properly perform the functions of the government, stressed that the government management to prior approval is more things in the post regulation, the implementation of the ＂Wide into standard＂. From the current regulation, there exists a single way, too microcosmic law enforcement problems, can not meet the needs of the development of society and economy. Regulators should take to promote the benefits of a socialist market economy as the goal to improve administrative efficiency as a means of regulatory authorities. Highly centralized regulatory approach taken by improving the legal system, refme the regulatory content, improve government regulation.

Participation in the Higher Education Chamber [CESJ of the National Education Council （：CNE） During the Administration of Fernando Henrique Cardoso

After the creation of the Law 9.394/96, which established the bases of Brazilian education, it is noted that government policies initiated at Fernando Henrique Cardoso （FHC） government reinforced the education decentralization process, combining higher education reform with state reform ruled by neoliberal policies. The literature about Higher Education contemporary problems points to three central themes： access to higher education, academic organization, and public universities privatization. Therefore, it is important to analyze the public space of relationship between state and civil society constituted for making decisions in this area because its deliberations directly affect public policy development. This paper aims to examine the capacity of Higher Education Chamber （CES） of the National Education Council （CNE） to consolidate civil society participation in decision-making issues concerning Higher Education in the period that includes 1997-2002, The CNE was selected because it is the highest forum for participation： it discusses the problems involved in national education, especially in higher education, whose decisions are taken by CES. The period 1997-2002 was defined because it is the period of President FHC government, after the creation of Law 9.394/96. The official documents and Council documents analysis showed that this public space consolidates the participation because there is an educational process of recognition of civil society issues, although there are restrictions imposed by the government.

The Problem Related With Community Radio Concept and Restarting of Community Radio in Sri Lanka

Community radio can be considered as an appropriate media of developing the knowledge and attitudes of listeners by clearly identifying their ideas. Community radio services aid to motivate the community participation in communication successfully, as well as to strength the cultural rights of community. It is a current necessity to use community radio services in the process of obtaining successful results through the currently activated developing projects in Sri Lanka. Many countries in the world use this system to succeed their development projects. In this background, there is a necessity to explore the developmental competencies of community radio in Sri Lanka. Community interests for restarting the community radio in Kothmale, Mahaelluppallama and Giradurukotte were identified by the field research. This research proposes a noval format to restarting and continuous implementation of community radio in Sri Lanka, with the factors revealed in the survey. This project is activated under several steps as a collaborative project of Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation （SLBC）, the Department of Mass Communication, University of Kelaniya and the community. Proposed community radio will be controlled by a co-administrative system of University of Kelaniya and community. Technical support and frequency will be taken from Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corperation. The content of programs for community radio will be selected by University of Kelaniya and the community. Financial support will be given by the University of Kalaniya for a period of one year. After that, community radio should get the responsibility for its sustainability. Funds will be obtained through various departmental projects, public services, state and non-governmental organization. Those organizations don＇t have a media to implement programs which focuses on rural development. This new radio format could be used for that purpose. This model named as Campus Community Radio （CCR）. It is important to discuss the restarting of community radio services in Sri Lanka, based on the facts such as the incapability of supplying the necessities of listeners in a background of hypermedia. In addition, failure of identifying the developmental expectations of listeners for the radio services in a national level and the usage of community radio services by many countries in the world such as Philippines and India for the success of their rural projects.

Applied Rainwater Harvesting Education： An Australian Case Study

Rainwater tanks have been an integral part of the Australian landscape given the vital role these tanks have played over the years in rural Australia. In the past Local government and Water Authorities actively discouraged the use of rainwater tanks and informing citizens that they were illegal and dangerous. Kogarah Council within the Sydney metropolitan area is a proactive Council, and became the first council in Sydney to adopt Total Water Cycle Management （TWCM） principles into its Sustainability Management Plan, integrating these principles into on-ground projects at a catchment level in a planned and strategic approach. Among it priority projects was the Rainwater Tanks in Schools. This paper outlines how this project assisted all 22 schools in the Kogarah LGA （The Local Government Association） to increase the efficiency of water use and install rainwater tanks to reduce potable water use in toilet flushing and irrigating school gardens. The rainwater harvesting reduced the amount of drinking water used for toilet flushing and/or irrigation. The rainwater tanks also act as a visual reminder to conserve water for the students. The project has equipped the next generation with the necessary tools to make informed decisions and undertake actions that will move towards achieving sustainability.

Analysis of Environmental Management for the Treatment of Plastic Waste in Mexico： Government Strategies

In Mexico, garbage represents a high pollution index according to national and international organizations; eighty percent of waste products stay in sanitary landfills, out of doors, where no tailings management exists. Plastic products represent 16% of this pollution （one and one-half kilos daily per person in a country with a population of 107 million people）. These sanitary landfills are methane deposits, and consequently emit gases and toxins that cause serious health problems. The object of this is to analyze governmental programs, strategies, policies and procedures which regulate both industrial sectors and society. Society and government share a responsibility since they must implement norms which include the separation, reduction, recycling and reuse of garbage. Results demonstrate that government strategies used to treat railings are complex and are directed more towards sanctions than to motivation. Furthermore these strategies discourage a cultural transformation toward industrial sustainability. Instead of reducing the garbage accumulation problem, they increase the difficulty.