人源蓝氏贾第虫(Giardia lamblia)病毒部分基因的克隆及序列分析

目的 从我国蓝氏贾第虫 (Giardialamblia)中寻找贾第虫病毒。方法 对人源贾第鞭毛虫北京株进行了体外纯培养 ,将其总核酸电泳 ,并用DNA酶和RNA酶处理。根据已发表的蓝氏贾第虫病毒基因序列合成一对引物并进行RT PCR ,将产物回收后连接到Pmd18 T载体上进行克隆并测序 ,通过BLAST对GenBank进行同源性搜索。结果 在贾第虫总核酸电泳图谱上观察到一个分子量约 7 0kb的片段。该核酸不能被DNA酶 (10 0 μg/ml)降解。但可被RNA酶 (10 μg/ml)降解。经RT PCR扩增后得到 1条预计 85 6bp的片段 ,所得序列与蓝氏贾第虫病毒基因同源性为 98%。结论 在我国人源贾第鞭毛虫北京株中发现贾第虫病毒 。

In vivo study of pomegranate(Punica granatum) peel extract efficacy against Giardia lamblia in infected experimental mice

Objective: To investigate the efficacy of pomegranate(Punica granatum) peel extract as an alternative treatment on the white laboratory mice against giardiasis.Methods: Experimental animals were divided into five groups, including Group A:control(infected untreated), Group B: infected and fed with pectin 7 days before infection, Group C: infected and fed with pectin starting from 7th day of infection,Group D: infected and fed with pomegranate peel extract 7 days before infection, and Group E: infected and fed with pomegranate peel extract starting from 7th day of infection.Results: Results from this study revealed that the prevention rate in the experimental groups reached approximately 50% by the 10 th day of using pomegranate peel extract.Moreover, stool cyst counts of groups showed a significant reduction in the shedding of cysts approximately 75.6% by day 20 post-infection. ELISA test showed a reduction in Giardia antigen in the stools of the experimental groups which received pomegranate peel extract. The cure rate of these groups was approximately 97.4% by 28 th day of infection.Conclusions: Our present findings indicated that the pomegranate peel extract proved to be valuable in prevention and treatment of Giardia lamblia infection. Further studies are required to determine the effective dose of pomegranate peel extract against Giardia lamblia infection.

Construction and characterization of a full-lengh cDNA library from non-fresh Giardia lamblia

Objective:To construct rapidly a full-length cDNA library from nanogram amounts total RIMA of Giardia lamblia(G.lamblia) trophozoites stocked in RNA stabilization reagent.Methods:Total RNA of Giardia was extracted using Trizol reagent.A full-length cDNA library of G.lamblia trophozoites was constructed by a long-distance PCR(LD-PCR) method.The recombinant rate and the coverage rate of full-length clones of the library were evaluated.The inserted fragments were identified and sequenced by PCR amplification.Results:The titer of cDNA library was 3.85×10~7 pfu/mL.The length of inserted fragments ranged from 0.4 to 2.5 kb,and the recombination efficiency accounted for 100%(20/20).The coverage rate of full-length clones is high(17/20). Conclusions:The RNA stabilization reagent may be used to fix the cells and prevent the RNA in cells even though delivered under normal atmospheric temperature.The long-distance PCR can be used to construct a full-length cDNA library rapidly and it needs less RNA than the traditional method from mRNA.

Human leukocyte antigen class-Ⅱ DRB1 alleles and Giardia lamblia infection in children: A case-control study

Objective:To compare the genotype frequencies of HLA class-ⅡDRB1 alleles in Giardia(G.)lamblia-infected children.Methods:A total of 490 Egyptian children aged 2-16 years were subjected to microscopic stool examination to detect G.lamblia infection,and to exclude other intestinal pathogens.On the basis of their microscopic findings,a group of 80 children were chosen as giardiasis cases,another 80 children were confirmed as Giardia free control group by immunochromatographic test,and the remaining children were excluded.Both giardiasis and control groups were then subjected to blood examination to identify their genetic type of HLA-DRB1 alleles.Results:HLA class-ⅡDRB1*03:01 and DRB1*13:01 alleles were significantly associated with G.lamblia infection(P<0.001 for each variable).On the other hand,HLA class-ⅡDRB1*04:02,DRB1*10:01,DRB1*14:01 and DRB1*15:01 alleles were significantly demonstrated in Giardia free children.However,other HLA-DRB1 alleles did not show any significant association with giardiasis.Conclusions:HLA class-ⅡDRB1*03,DRB1*13,DRB1*04,DRB1*10,DRB1*14 and DRB1*15 alleles may be involved in the establishment of host immune response to G.lamblia infection.

Infectious causation of chronic disease:Examining the relationship between Giardia lamblia infection and irritable bowel syndrome

AIM: To evaluate whether a higher prevalence of Giardia lamblia infection is associated with an increase in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) prescriptions at the county level in Michigan. METHODS: The Michigan Disease Surveillance System (MDSS) was used to ascertain both the numbers of Giardia lamblia infections as well as the total number of foodborne illnesses per population by county in Michigan during 2005. This was compared with Blue Cross Blue Shield (BCBS) of Michigan numbers of drug prescriptions for IBS per one thousand members per county in 2005. These data were also analyzed for associations with per capita income by county and the number of refugees entering each county in 2005. RESULTS: There were a total of 786 confirmed cases of Giardia lamblia reported to MDSS in 2005. During the same time period, the number of prescriptions for IBS varied from 0.5 per 1000 members up to 6.0 per 1000 members per month. There was no trend towards higher numbers of IBS prescriptions in the counties with more Giardia lamblia infections. Per capita income was not associated with either IBS prescriptions or Giardiasis. There was a significant linear association between the number of refugees entering each county, and the number of Giardia lamblia cases per 100 000 population. CONCLUSION: In this ecological study, there was no association found between BCBS prescriptions for IBS and Giardia lamblia infections in Michigan counties. Our findings may have been influenced by the disparate number of refugees admitted per county.

Identification, characteristic and phylogenetic analysis of type II DNA topoisomerase gene in Giardia lamblia

The genes encoding type II DNA topoisomerases were investigated in Giardia lamblia genome, and a type IIA gene,GlTop 2 was identified. It is a single copy gene with a 4476 bp long ORF without intron. The deduced amino acid sequence shows strong homology to eukaryotic DNA Top 2. However, some distortions were found, such as six insertions in the ATPase domain and the central domain, a -100 aa longer central domain; a ~200 aa shorter C-terminal domain containing rich charged residues. These features revealed by comparing with Top 2 of the host, human, might be helpful in exploiting drug selectivity for antigiardial therapy. Phylogenetic analysis of eukaryotic enzymes showed that kinetoplastids, plants, fungi, and animals were monophyletic groups, and the animal and fungi lineages shared a more recent common ancestor than either did with the plant lineage; microsporidia grouped with fungi. However, unlike many previous phylogenetic analyses, the ''amitochondriate'' G. lamblia was not the earliest branch but diverged after mitochondriate kinetoplastids in our trees. Both the finding of typical eukaryotic type IIA topoisomerase and the phylogenetic analysis suggest G, lamblia is not possibly as primitive as was regarded before and might diverge after the acquisition of mitochondria. This is consistent with the recent discovery of mitochondrial remnant organelles in G. lamblia.

Effect of <i>Commiphora molmol</i>(Myrrh) Extract on Mice Infected by <i>Giardia lamblia</i>

Objective: To investigate the efficacy of (Commiphora molmol(Myrrh)) extract as alternative treatment in hamsters against giardiasis. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the new compound (Commiphora molmol(Myrrh)), as agent a natural product extracted from the roots of Zingiber officinal, on Giardia lamblia infection as anti-protozoal and to study the parasitological and Histopathological impact of this treatment on the duodenal mucosa of infected hamsters. Fifty hamsters were divided into five groups: Group (A): normal control. Group (B): Giardia lamblia infected and untreated hamsters served as control. Group (C): infected with Giardia lamblia and treated with metronidazole in dose (120 μg/kg body weight twice daily for 7 successive days). Group (D) Giardia lamblia infected and orally treated with Myrrh (500 mg/Kg for 1 week). Group (E): Giardia lamblia infected and orally treated with combination 1/3 dose of (120 μg/kg body weight) metronidazole and Myrrh (250 mg/Kg) for 1 week). After 2 weeks of the treatment, hamsters were sacrificed. The highest percentages of reduction in the number of Giardia lamblia cysts and trophozoites were in the group receiving combined metronidazole and myrrh. Histopathological examination revealed complete healing of intestinal mucosa after the combined treatment, while partial healing of the lining epithelium of the intestine was noticed after metronidazole and either myrrh plant treatment.

Prevalence of Two Gastrointestinal Parasites <i>Entamoeba histolytica</i>and <i>Giardia lamblia</i>within Samarra City, Iraq

The prevalence of two gastrointestinal parasites the Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia parasites and their impact on some blood parameters, i.e. packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb%) and total protein (TP) of a total 780 patients (children and adults) admitted to Samarra General Hospital were assessed. Samples of fresh feces were collected in normal physiological saline and examined using Olympic microscopes. The frequency of the parasite E. histolytica was 12.8% (46.3% male and 53.6% female). The highest frequency of infection of E. histolytica (13.8%) was found at age group (1 - 5 years old) followed by <1 year old children while the lowest (7.4%) was at ages (>41 years old). The highest rate of infection (33.9%) was found in September and the lowest (2.2%) in January. Similarly, the general infection frequency of the parasite G. lamblia was 3.9% with the highest rate at ages 1 - 20 years old and the lowest rate was 7.3% for >50 years old. The monthly, highest rate of infection (5.2%) was in August and least (2.2%) in January (2.2%). The frequency of total protein (TPD) in the blood relevant to the presence of parasite E. histolytica and G. lamblia was 4.6% and 1%, respectively. It is concluded that the above two parasites are the most common gastrointestinal parasite in Iraq whose pathogenesis to be which is likely to escalate during the summer seasons and at low hygienic services environment. There has been an irrelevance neither to anemia nor total protein deficiency. It is recommended that Ministry of Health in Iraq should not share the global idea of defining the giardiasis as a neglected disease.

The detection of nuclear matrix in most primitive presentexisting eukaryote, Giardia lamblia

The nuclear matrix of diplomonad Giardia lamblia was detected for the first time with DGD embedmentsectioning- embedment free electron microscopy after a series of specific extractions. The result showed that archaezoa Giardia lamblia already possessed nuclear matrix within its two nuclei. The finest fibrils of the nuclear matrix of Giardia lamblia were measured to be about 11 to 13 nm in thickness. However, the nuclear lamina and nucleolus have never been observed. These results seem to suggest that nuclear matrix is an indispensable intranuclear structural component even in the primitive nucleus.

Impact of seasonality on the prevalence and risk factors of Giardia lamblia infections among the aborigines

Objective: To determine the prevalence and risk factors of Giardia(G.) lamblia infections among the aboriginal community during the wet and dry seasons. Methods: A total of 473 stool samples from the aborigines in Temerloh, Pahang, Malaysia were collected during wet(n=256) and dry seasons(n=217). Smear of all the PVA-preserved stool samples were subjected to Trichrome staining and microscopic examination under 1 000 伊magnification(Nikon eclipse E100) for the detection of G. lamblia. Positivity was recorded based on the presence of G. lamblia in trophozoite and/or cyst forms. Results: The prevalence of giardiasis was 12.10% and 8.29% during the wet and dry season, respectively. Age of less or equal to 15 years old and presence of other family members with G. lamblia infection were found to be the significant risk factors to acquire G. lamblia infections during both seasons. Untreated water supply was the significant risk factor of giardiasis during the dry season. This study highlighted the possibility of anthroponotic transmission of G. lamblia during both seasons and waterborne transmission during the dry season in the aboriginal community. Conclusions: This study suggests that seasonal variation plays an important role in the prevalence and risk factor of G. lamblia infection in the aboriginal community. Therefore, close contact with Giardia-infected family members and water-related activities or usage of untreated water must be avoided to reduce the burden of G. lamblia infection in this community.

河南省和河北省部分地区狐狸和貉十二指肠贾第虫和芽囊原虫感染情况分析

为了解狐狸和貉的十二指肠贾第虫和芽囊原虫感染情况以及相关影响因素,本试验从河南省(新乡和鹤壁)和河北省(秦皇岛)部分地区采集狐狸和貉的新鲜粪便样品共893份(其中狐狸312份、貉581份),提取粪便全基因组DNA,并分别基于贾第虫β-贾第虫素(BG)和芽囊原虫小亚基核糖体RNA(SSU rRNA)基因位点对粪便DNA样品进行PCR扩增,对阳性产物进行测序,经序列比对鉴定贾第虫和芽囊原虫基因亚型,构建系统进化树分析遗传进化关系。结果显示,狐狸和貉的十二指肠贾第虫和芽囊原虫总感染率均为1.79%(16/896);在来自新乡、鹤壁和秦皇岛的样品中,来自鹤壁的样品未检测出十二指肠贾第虫,来自新乡和秦皇岛的样品感染率分别为2.04%(11/540)和2.59%(5/193),3个地区均检测出芽囊原虫,感染率分别为1.48%(8/540)、1.25%(2/160)和3.11%(6/193);不同宿主间十二指肠贾第虫感染率存在显著差异(P<0.05);不同年龄段貉的芽囊原虫感染率存在显著差异(P<0.05);鉴定出的十二指肠贾第虫基因型主要为集聚体B~E;芽囊原虫基因型主要为ST1、ST2、ST3、ST5和ST7,且鉴定出的所有基因型均具有人兽共患性。本试验结果提示,狐狸和貉感染的十二指肠贾第虫和芽囊原虫存在人兽共患传播风险,具有重要的公共卫生意义。

马属动物源十二指肠贾第虫流行研究进展

十二指肠贾第虫(Giardia duodenalis)是一种呈世界性分布的人兽共患寄生性原虫,主要寄生于人和多种哺乳动物的肠道内,造成宿主腹泻及生长发育迟缓等,严重危害畜牧养殖业发展和人体健康。加强对于十二指肠贾第虫的研究具有重要的公共卫生意义。论文对马属动物源十二指肠贾第虫的流行病学情况进行了总结,分析了不同地区、年龄、性别和养殖方式的马属动物感染十二指肠贾第虫的分布情况,阐明了不同风险因素对十二指肠贾第虫的流行率和基因型分布的影响,以期更好的了解十二指肠贾第虫在马属动物中的流行情况,为贾第虫病的综合防控提供参考。

北京地区猫4种肠道原虫流行病学调查

隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫等原虫不仅可寄生于猫的肠道,同时可引起人类感染。为掌握北京地区猫肠道常见原虫的感染情况,本调查于2021年6—12月共采集628份北京市不同区域猫的粪便样本并提取核酸,对胎儿三毛滴虫ITS1-5.8S rRNA-ITS2基因、蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫核糖体RNA小亚基(SSU rRNA)基因、隐孢子虫SSU rRNA基因和囊等孢球虫线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶亚基Ⅰ(mtCOI)基因进行PCR扩增和测序,并统计分析这4种肠道原虫的感染率和感染风险因素;针对蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫阳性样本,根据蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫的β-贾第素(bg)、谷氨酸脱氢酶(gdh)和磷酸丙糖异构酶(tpi)基因以及隐孢子虫的60 kDa糖蛋白(gp60)基因对其进行分子分型。结果显示,北京地区猫肠道原虫的总感染率为20.22%(127/628),混合感染率为16.54%(21/127);其中,胎儿三毛滴虫感染率为10.19%(64/628)、蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫感染率为6.69%(42/628)、隐孢子虫感染率为4.46%(28/628)、囊等孢球虫感染率为3.03%(19/628)。蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫基因型为集聚体B(26/41)、F(12/41)、C(1/41)、AⅠ(1/41)和A/F(1/41),隐孢子虫均为猫隐孢子虫,包括XIXa(23/25)和XIXc(2/25)亚型家族。经分析,纯种猫更易感染胎儿三毛滴虫和蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫(P<0.05),患猫的主要临床症状是腹泻或软便(P<0.01);年龄小于1岁、雌性和未绝育的猫更易感染隐孢子虫(P<0.05或P<0.01);年龄小于1岁、未绝育、未免疫和未驱虫的猫更易感染囊等孢球虫(P<0.01)。结果表明,北京地区猫感染的原虫存在人兽共患基因型,包括蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫集聚体A和B以及猫隐孢子虫亚型家族XIXa和XIXc,有潜在的人兽共患风险。

贾第虫研究──Ⅰ．西蒙氏贾第虫（Giardia simoni）滋养体和包囊对实验动物的感染

作者从自然感染西蒙氏贾第虫（Ｇｉａｒｄｉａｓｉｍｏｎｉ）的金黄地鼠肠道内和粪便中分离、收集滋养体和包囊，分别经口感染大鼠、小鼠、豚鼠和兔子。结果表明兔子和脉鼠均不感染，大鼠、小鼠均不同程度地感染该虫，且４周龄大鼠比８周龄大鼠更易感（Ｐ＜０．０５），而在小鼠中成年鼠与老年鼠对西蒙氏贾第虫的敏感性没有差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。滋养体在感染动物的肠道内主要分布于十二指肠前段，中前段和中段。同时观察到结肠和直肠内有包囊，这表明该虫在大鼠、小鼠体内完成了其生活史。作者还对感染前后的滋养体作了蛋白银和铁苏木精染色比较，二者在形态上完全相同。

基于gdh基因分析云南牛源十二指肠贾第虫感染情况

【目的】了解云南省牛感染十二指肠贾第虫(Giardia duodenalis)的情况和基因型分布,评估贾第虫病的传播风险。【方法】采用巢式PCR方法基于十二指肠贾第虫的谷氨酸脱氢酶(gdh)基因对云南省3个地区采集的258份牛新鲜粪便样品进行检测,计算不同地区、不同年龄、不同品种牛的十二指肠贾第虫阳性率;对阳性样品进行测序,将测序结果提交至NCBI比对进行基因型鉴定;使用MrBayes 3.1程序进行贝叶斯推理法分析,采用普通时间可逆(general time reversible, GTR)替换模型,构建系统进化树。【结果】258份牛粪便样品中有23份呈十二指肠贾第虫阳性,总阳性率为8.91%(23/258)。其中,不同地区牛十二指肠贾第虫阳性率差异极显著(P<0.01),大理鹤庆县阳性率最高,为20.75%(11/53,95%CI=9.47~32.04);西双版纳勐海县和昭通永善县阳性率分别为8.82%(6/68,95%CI=1.91~15.74)、4.38%(6/137,95%CI=0.91~7.85);不同年龄牛十二指肠贾第虫阳性率差异极显著(P<0.01),犊牛(<5月龄)阳性率(26.19%,11/42,95%CI=12.32~40.06)极显著高于成年牛(>24月龄)(5.56%,12/216,95%CI=2.48~8.64);不同品种牛十二指肠贾第虫阳性率差异极显著(P<0.01),荷斯坦奶牛十二指肠贾第虫阳性率最高,为20.75%(11/53,95%CI=12.00~39.17),黄牛、西杂牛(西门塔尔牛和本地黄牛的杂交品种)、西门塔尔牛阳性率较低,分别为17.86%(5/28,95%CI=2.73~32.98)、4.38%(6/137,95%CI=0.91~7.85)和2.50%(1/40,95%CI=0~7.56)。基于gdh基因序列分析23份十二指肠贾第虫阳性样品集聚体类型均是E型,但为7种不同基因亚型,其中6种亚型(E1、E12、E20、E30、E36和E38)与已知参考序列相似性为99.8%~100%,另一种亚型与未命名亚型参考序列相似性为99.8%。【结论】云南省牛存在十二指肠贾第虫感染,不同地区、不同年龄、不同品种牛的十二指肠贾第虫阳性率存在一定差异;集聚体主要为E型,且此类型在云南地区遗传多样性较高。

云南省部分地区牛的3种肠道原虫分子检测与鉴定

为了解云南省大理市和楚雄市规模化养殖场奶牛和肉牛的十二指肠贾第虫、芽囊原虫和毕氏肠微孢子虫的感染情况,随机采集该省两市规模化肉牛、奶牛养殖场牛新鲜粪样140份,通过PCR及DNA测序分析了贾第虫、芽囊原虫和毕氏肠微孢子虫的阳性率及基因型。结果显示,贾第虫有11份样品呈阳性,阳性率为7.86%。贾第虫基因型共鉴定出2种集聚体,集聚体E(n=10)为优势集聚体,有1份为集聚体A阳性的样品;芽囊原虫鉴定出ST5、ST10和ST14共3种基因型,ST10(n=28)为优势基因型,ST5检出6份,ST14检出3份;毕氏肠微孢子虫检出12份呈阳性,阳性率为8.57%,毕氏肠微孢子虫阳性样品中共鉴定出2种基因型,其中仅在奶牛场中检测到J型(n=1),BEB4型(n=11)仅在肉牛场中被检出。调查结果表明,贾第虫、芽囊原虫和毕氏肠微孢子虫在这些地区存在流行,可能对当地人畜健康存在潜在风险,应当加强牛肠道寄生原虫的防控。

一起羊巴氏杆菌与链球菌混合感染的实验室诊断

羊多杀性巴氏杆菌病又称为出血性败血症,是一种高度接触性传染病,其病流行会给羊场造成重大的经济损失。羊链球菌感染可引起患畜出现发热、下颌及咽喉部肿胀、纤维素性肺炎等症状,甚至导致死亡。2023年3月中旬,湖南省浏阳市某羊场发生疫情,部分羊群出现发热、咳嗽和呼吸困难等症状,且病死率高。为确诊病因,采集组织病料送至湖南中科基因检测公司进行病原诊断。结果发现,送检病料样品中未检测出相关病毒核酸,但分离出了羊巴氏杆菌和羊链球菌。经药敏试验发现,羊巴氏杆菌对链霉素、头孢噻呋、庆大霉素、阿莫西林、四环素、头孢他啶、头孢曲松、恩诺沙星和复方新诺明等抗菌药敏感;链球菌对阿奇霉素、头孢噻呋、磺胺甲氧嘧啶、头孢他啶和头孢曲松高度敏感。实验室诊断结果表明,该场羊群发生疫情是羊巴氏杆菌和链球菌混合感染引起的,且不同病原菌对抗菌谱存在差异,其结果为羊场疾病的治疗与防控提供了参考。

A New Duplex Reverse Transcription PCR for Simultaneous Detection of Viable Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts and Giardia duodenalis Cysts

Objective To simultaneously detect viable Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and Giardia duodenalis cysts for the purpose of reducing time and cost spent. Methods A duplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） method was newly developed. Results Using duplex RT-PCR method for the hsp70 gene, viable （oo）cyst concentrations of 10^1 and l0^3 （oo）cysts/100 I.tL could be detected for C. parvum and G duodenalis, respectively. However, after heat-shock stimulation the expression of hsp70 mRNAs was detectable at 10^0 and 10^1 （oo）cysts/100 μL concentrations of C. parvum and G. duodenalis, respectively. Thus, the detection sensitivity was significantly increased when the viable （oo）cysts were exposed to heat shock. Conclusion This study describes a new duplex RT-PCR method for hsp70 gene to detect the viable （oo）cysts of the C. parvum and G duodenalis with less time consumed and at a lower cost. This newly developed duplex RT-PCR method may be used to detect these parasites not only in aquatic environments but also in clinical samples.

The Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia Infections Among Patients Reporting Diarrheal Disease in Chobe District, Botswana

Diarrheal disease is a chronic public health problem in Chobe District, Botswana. Acute diarrheal outbreaks occur annually with a bimodal seasonal pattern coinciding with major hydrological phenomena. Information is lacking regarding the etiology of reoccurring outbreaks. Cryptosporidium and Giardia are recognized as important waterborne causes of diarrheal disease with Cryptosporidium transmission potentially involving zoonotic reservoirs. In Chobe District, municipal water is obtained from the Chobe River after it exits the Chobe National Park where high concentrations of wildlife occur. Using the Giardia/Cryptosporidium QUIK CHEK rapid antigen cartridge test, we evaluate the occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium among patients (n = 153) presenting to medical facilities in Chobe District with diarrhea (August 2011-July 2012). Cryptosporidium was only identified in children less than two years of age (10%, n = 42, 95% CI 3% - 23%), with positive cases occurring during diarrheal outbreak periods. Infections were not identified in adults despite the high level of human immunodeficiency virus infection/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) in the region (n = 117). Although not significant, cases were predominately identified in the wet season outbreak (p = 0.94, 25%, n = 12, 95% CI 5% - 57%, dry season outbreaks 3%, n = 30, CI 95% 0% - 17%). Giardia infections occurred across age groups and seasons (7%, n = 153, 95% CI 4% - 10%). This is the first published report of human infections with Cryptosporidium and Giardia in this area of Africa. This study suggests that Cryptosporidium may be a potentially important cause of diarrheal disease in children less than 2 years of age in this region. Further research is required to identify pathogen transmission and persistence dynamics and public health implications, particularly the role of HIV/AIDS and vulnerability to waterborne disease.