Population attributable risks of cigarette smoking for deaths of all causes, all cancers and other chronic diseases among adults aged 40-74 years in urban Shanghai, China

Objective： To evaluate the population attributable risks （PARs） between cigarette smoking and deaths of all causes, all cancers, lung cancer and other chronic diseases in urban Shanghai. Methods： In total, 61,480 men aged 40-74 years from 2002 to 2006 and 74,941 women aged 40-70 years from 1997 to 2000 were recruited to undergo baseline surveys in urban Shanghai, with response rates of 74.0% and 92.3%, respectively. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to estimate relative risks （RRs） and 95% confidence intervals （95% CIs） of deaths associated with cigarette smoking. PARs and 95 % CIs for deaths were estimated from smoking exposure rates and the estimated RRs. Results： Cigarette smoking was responsible for 23.9% （95% CI： 19.4-28.3%） and 2.4% （95% Ch 1.6- 3.2%） of all deaths in men and women, respectively, in our study population. Respiratory disease had the highest PAR in men [37.5% （95% CI： 21.5-51.6%）], followed by cancer [31.3% （95% Ch 24.6-37.7%）] and cardiovascular disease （CVD） [24.1% （95% CI： 16.7-31.2%）]. While the top three PARs were 12.7% （95% CI： 6.1-19.3%）, 4.0% （95% CI： 2.4-5.6%）, and 1.1% （95% CI： 0.0-2.3%）, for respiratory disease, CVD, and cancer, respectively in women. For deaths of lung cancer, the PAR of smoking was 68.4% （95% CI： 58.2- 76.5%） in men. Conclusions： In urban Shanghai, 23.9% and 2.4% of all deaths in men and women could have been prevented if no people had smoked in the area. Effective control programs against cigarette smoking should be strongly advocated to reduce the increasing smoking-related death burden.

Residential smoking restrictions are not associated with reduced child SHS exposure in a baseline sample of low-income, urban African Americans

Second hand smoke exposure (SHSe) relates to many chronic and acute illnesses. Low income African American (AA) maternal smokers and their children have disproportionately higher tobacco-use and child SHSe-related morbidity and mortality than other populations. While public health officials promote residential smoking restrictions to reduce SHSe and promote smoking cessation, little is known about the impact of restrictions in changing smoking behavior and SHSe in this population. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine associations between residential smoking restrictions, maternal smoking, and young children’s SHSe in the context of other factors known to influence low income AA mothers’ smoking behavior. For this study, we used cross-sectional, baseline data from 307 AA maternal smokers’ pre-treatment interviews completed as part of a subsequent behavioral counseling trial to reduce their young (< 4 years old) children’s SHSe. Residential smoking restriction was dichotomized as 0 = no restrictions and 1 = some restrictions. Child urine cotinine provided a biomarker of SHSe. Mothers reported cigarettes/day smoked, cigarettes/day exposed to child, and intention to quit. Multivariate regressions modeled effects of restriction as the primary predictor of smoking and exposure outcomes. Maternal smoking patterns such as cigarettes per day (β = 0.52, p < 0.001) and years smoked (β = ?0.11;p = 0.03) along with presence of additional smokers in the home (β = 0.10;p = 0.04), but not residential restriction (β = ?0.09, p = 0.10), predicted reported SHSe. Restriction did not relate to baby cotinine or maternal intention to quit. Thus, residential smoking restrictions may contribute to efforts to reduce children’s SHSe and promote maternal smoking change;but alone, may not constitute a sufficient intervention to protect children. Multi-level intervention approaches that include SHSe-reduction residential smoking policies plus support and cessation assistance for smokers may be a necessary approach to smoke-free home adoption and adherence.

The Effects of Smoking Ban in Closed Public Spaces on the Status of Smoking

Smoking Ban in Closed Public Spaces went into effect in Turkey on May 19, 2008. We aimed at investigating the status of smoking among hospital staff following the ban. The study was conducted with the staff of the university hospital other than physicians. A questionnaire form investigating the status of smoking among hospital staff, the effects of the ban on smoking in closed public spaces, their thoughts that might affect their decisions to quit smoking or to decrease the number of cigarettes smoked was implemented. Prior to each interview, the participants read and signed the informed consent form. Mean and percentage distributions were used in the evaluation of the data. Of 60 individuals, 68% were female, mean age was 40.72 ~ 7.25. Of them 50% were active smokers. After the ban 55% of the smokers declared a decrease in the number of cigarettes they smoked, 37% said no change. The ban had no effect on smokers＇ decisions about quitting smoking. Social leadership and role model characteristics of healthcare professionals should be taken into consideration and the habit of smoking should be handled as a disease, and medical approaches including behavioral therapy should be given the necessary significance they deserve.

Implementation of Smoking Ban in Mental Hospitals： Views of Patients, Relatives and Staff

The Law on Tobacco Control of the Republic of Lithuania （issued in 1996） prohibits smoking in health care facilities. The security implementation is particularly problematic in psychiatric hospitals, where patients with adaptation problems are used to smoking feeling anxiety. Meanwhile, experts and scholars do not agree on the benefits or harm of smoking for individuals suffering from mental disorder. Republican Vilnius Psychiatric Hospital undertook an investigation of the attitudes of those mostly concerned--the patients, their relatives and the staff of the hospital, also of their views on the ways and feasibility to reduce smoking in the hospital. It was concluded that the main cause of patients＇ smoking is addiction, and hospital staff recognize that mental disorders contribute to the increase in dependency. Other reasons--smoking reduces tension, facilitates adaptation to environments, enhances contacts. Most patients and their relatives believe that smoking should not be banned, while the staff believes it should be prohibited in part by a variety of increasing of constraints. The most effective means to reduce smoking in the hospital would be rich leisure activities, education and professional help.

Role of Media in Provoking Cigarette Smoking among Adolescents in Urban Nepal

At current era of globalization, media is the double edged sword that is important both for health education as well as the stimulation of unhealthy behaviour. In Nepal, though there is ban on most forms of advertising, it is not clear about placement of tobacco advertisement in TV, films and other forms of media. Studies about cigarette smoking and its association with media are inadequate in Nepal. The objective of this study was to explore the role of media in cigarette smoking habit of adolescents in Nepal. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 394 adolescent students by using questionnaire method in 3 randomly selected colleges of Kathmandu district, Nepal. Data were analysed by using bivariate and multinomial logistic regression analysis. Statistically significant relationship at 95% CI was found between cigarette smoking status and media related variables like: seeing cigarette advertisement, reading fashion magazine, attending musical program sponsored by cigarette companies, watching movies in cinema hall, liking heavy metal/hard rock music, television watching time and desire to smoke if favourite artist smokes. Multinomial logistic regression showed that those with high receptivity to cigarette advertisement were likely to be current smokers (OR = 71.416, CI: 8.796 - 579.823) and ever smokers (OR = 9.582, CI: 2.201 - 41.714) compared to never smokers. About 79% of respondents agreed that media teaches different ways of smoking to its audiences. Different forms of media including cinema, music, magazines, television, games and music sponsorship are found to be important predictors for smoking status of college students in urban Nepal. Thus smoking prevention activities should consider role of media in smoking provocation among adolescents.

The Public Health VS the People＇s Autonomy： Banning Smoking in Orthodox Jewish Community

Smoking is a worldwide problem. Research in recent years has shown us that smoking and second hand smoking can cause many diseases1. As a result of the understanding of the results of smoking, the house of legislator in Israel decided to legislate a law that people under the age of 18 cannot smoke and, a couple of years later, it decided to ban smoking in public places. The problem begins when the law is affecting the person＇s autonomy and the person＇s culture. More than four decades ago when the smoking habit began in Israel, no one knew what the influence would be. Now, although that information is available, the orthodox community in Israel is not exposed to the knowledge. Smoking in this community begins from Purima or from the Bar-Mitzvah3 and from the will of the young orthodox to rebel. This law raises a question： Is it ethical to deprive the young orthodox of the right to smoke？ Alternatively, is there a better way to stop the orthodox from smoking than only the regulation？ In this paper, the author will try to show that regulation alone will not help in the orthodox community, and we need to think on more options to make the orthodox more informed to smoking problems. The author thinks that the best way will be to educate the orthodox community from young age.

Does Smoking Weaken the Immune System: A Narrative Review

Smoking has a complex impact on the immune system, affecting both innate and adaptive immunity. It can exacerbate pathogenic immune responses and attenuate defensive immunity, leading to a higher susceptibility to infections and certain diseases. The chemicals in cigarette smoke, such as nicotine and carbon monoxide, can alter immune cell functions and inflammatory responses. Smoking can also have long-term effects on the immune system, with some changes persisting even after quitting [1]. According to a Penn Medicine Physician, the Medical Oncologist Dr. David Porter, “People who are smokers tend to get sicker from infections”, “It may be that smoking impacts the immune system’s ability to respond appropriately”. Thus, such individuals within smoking exposure history might be considered as immunocompromised due to the altered and weakened immune system. Cigarette smoking is a prevalent habit with far-reaching health implications. Among its many adverse effects, smoking significantly alters the immune system’s functionality [1].

Inhibition of the NF-κB Signaling Pathway Improves Cigarette Mainstream Smoke-Induced Lung Injury and Gut Microbiota Disturbance

Currently,cigarette smoke(CS)remains a major contributor to disease morbidity and mortality.CS can be divided into cigarette mainstream smoke(CMS)and side-stream smoke,depending on where it is produced by burning tobacco^([1]).CMS is inhaled by smokers from the filter end during cigarette combustion and is strongly associated with the development of several diseases^([2-4]).

Exploring the Impact of Alcohol Consumption and Smoking on Primary Open Angle Glaucoma: A Mendelian Randomization Study

Objective: Utilizing Mendelian Randomization, this study employs Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) as instrumental variables to explore the causal relationships between bibulosity, smoking, and Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG). Methods: GWAS data for bibulosity, smoking, and POAG were obtained from the Social Science Genetic Association Consortium website and the IEU OpenGWAS Project website, respectively. Using a P-value threshold of −8, a linkage disequilibrium coefficient (r2) of 0.001, and a linkage disequilibrium region width of 10,000 kb, the data were aggregated, resulting in 6 SNPs for bibulosity and 253 SNPs for smoking. Three regression models, MR-Egger, Weighted Median Estimator (WME), and Random-Effects Inverse-Variance Weighted (IVW) were applied to analyze the causal impact of bibulosity and smoking on POAG. Results: The GWAS data for alcohol consumption and smoking were derived from European populations, while the GWAS data for Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (POAG) were sourced from East Asian populations, with no gender restrictions. Analysis using three different regression models revealed that neither excessive alcohol consumption nor smoking significantly increased the risk of developing POAG. Specifically, the odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals for the alcohol consumption group were 0.854 (0.597 - 1.221) in MR-Egger regression, 0.922 (0.691 - 1.231) in WME regression, and 0.944 (0.711 - 1.252) in IVW regression. For the smoking group, the odds ratios were 1.146 (0.546 - 2.406) in MR-Egger regression, 0.850 (0.653 - 1.111) in WME regression, and 0.939 (0.780 - 1.131) in IVW regression. Given the significant heterogeneity in the SNPs associated with smoking, the focus was primarily on the results from the IVW regression model. Conclusion: Alcohol consumption and smoking are not significant risk factors for the development of POAG.

Determinants of intentions to quit smoking among adult smokers in Bangladesh:findings from the International Tobacco Control(ITC)Bangladesh wave 2 survey

Background:With about 22 million adult smokers,Bangladesh needs strong measures that would promote smoking cessation.Using data from Wave 2 of the International Tobacco Control(ITC)Survey,this study examined the factors associated with intention to quit smoking among Bangladeshi smokers.Methods:Data from Wave 2 of the International Tobacco Control(ITC)Survey in Bangladesh,a face to face survey of adult smokers,were analysed.In the ITC survey,households were sampled using a stratified multistage design and interviewed using a structured questionnaire.Results:Of the respondents(N=2982),most were male(96%),married(80%),and Muslim(83%);33%were illiterate and 54%were aged below 40.Almost two-thirds were from areas outside Dhaka,78%smoked cigarettes exclusively;and 36%had an intention to quit smoking in the future.This study identified several predictors,comparable to other international studies,of intention to quit smoking:area of residence,number of cigarettes smoked daily,previous quit attempt,visiting a doctor in the past,having child aged 5 or below at home,perceived benefit from quitting,being worried about own health,knowledge of SHS,not enjoying smoking and workplace smoking policy.Conclusions:These findings suggest that the prevalence of intention to quit smoking is lower among Bangladeshi smokers than those among smokers in developed countries.However,the factors relating to quit intentions among Bangladeshi smokers are comparable to those found in Western countries.Population based tobacco control programs and policies should consider these predictors in the design of interventions to increase quitting among smokers in Bangladesh.

The Prevalence of Smoking in Caribbean Towns and Correlation with Disease States: A Survey

Background: Smoking continues to be one of the most popular recreational practices despite its known harmful effects. Aim: The purpose of this survey was to assess the prevalence of smoking in the Caribbean and the correlation of smoking with the disease states of high blood pressure, diabetes and high cholesterol whose risk is known to be higher among smokers. Findings: Our study found a smoking prevalence of 22% in the population, similar to that reported by the World Health Organization (20%) and a positive correlation between smoking and diabetes. Conclusion: The survey shows that smoking numbers within the population are still high and that smoking increases the risk of certain disease states within smokers. Aggressive global efforts to reduce smoking should continue so as to minimize the negative impact of smoking on health.

Net Effect of Short-Term Smoking Cessation on Mental Health Changes:Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting and Difference-in-Differences Method

Background:In response to the need for research clearly demonstrating the net effect of smoking cessation on mental health status,considering the causal relationship between smoking cessation and changes in mental health status,this study was undertaken.Thus,this study aimed to examine the net effect of short-term smoking cessation on five specific mental health metrics and the overall mental health status score.Methods:We used data from the first wave of the Korean Health Panel(KHP)Survey(2011–2013,2016–2018)and focused on men aged 19 years and older,to explore the effects of smoking cessation.We compared mental health status before and after cessation among current non-smokers who had quit smoking and continuous smokers.We ensured homogeneity between the two groups via inverse probability of treatment weighting(IPTW)and employed a difference-in-differences(DID)analysis to assess changes in mental health status.This study controlled for factors that could influence mental health and explored the net effect of short-term smoking cessation through difference-in-differences model using multiple regression analysis.Results:The results showed that short-term smoking cessation significantly alleviated mental and physical stress(p<0.1),reduced experiences of frustration(p<0.01),and improved the overall mental health status score(p<0.1).Conclusion:Thus,these results highlight a meaningful link between positive health behavior changes,such as smoking cessation,and enhanced mental health.Moreover,the application of temporal variables further improved the understanding of the causal relationship between health behaviors and mental health.

Smoking cessation prior to elective total joint arthroplasty results in sustained abstinence postoperatively

BACKGROUND Tobacco use is a well-documented modifiable risk factor for perioperative complications.AIM To determine the tobacco abstinence rates of patients who made cessation efforts prior to a total joint arthroplasty(TJA)procedure.METHODS A retrospective evaluation was performed on 88 self-reported tobacco users who underwent TJA between 2014-2022 and had tobacco cessation dates within 3 mo of surgery.Eligible patients were contacted via phone survey to understand their tobacco use pattern,and patient reported outcomes.A total of 37 TJA patients participated.RESULTS Our cohort was on average 61-years-old,60%(n=22)women,with an average body mass index of 30 kg/m^(2).The average follow-up time was 2.9±1.9 years.A total of 73.0%(n=27)of patients endorsed complete abstinence from tobacco use prior to surgery.Various cessation methods were used perioperatively including prescription therapy(13.5%),over the counter nicotine replacement(18.9%),cessation programs(5.4%).At final follow up,43.2%(n=16)of prior tobacco smokers reported complete abstinence.Patients who were able to maintain cessation postoperatively had improved Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System(PROMIS)-10 mental health scores(49 vs 58;P=0.01),and hip dysfunction and osteoarthritis outcome score for joint replacement(HOOS.JR)scores(63 vs 82;P=0.02).No patients in this cohort had a prosthetic joint infection or required revision surgery.CONCLUSION We report a tobacco cessation rate of 43.2%in patients undergoing elective TJA nearly 3 years postoperatively.Patients undergoing TJA who were able to remain abstinent had improved PROMIS-10 mental health scores and HOOS.JR scores.The perioperative period provides clinicians a unique opportunity to assist active tobacco smokers with cessation efforts and improve postoperative outcomes.

Effect of smoking on the risk of gastrointestinal cancer after cholecystectomy: A national population-based cohort study

BACKGROUND The role of smoking in the incidence of colorectal cancer(CRC)or gastric cancer(GC)in populations undergoing cholecystectomy has not been investigated.AIM To evaluate the effect of smoking on CRC or GC development in cholecystectomy patients.METHODS A total of 174874 patients who underwent cholecystectomy between January 1,2010 and December 31,2017 were identified using the Korean National Health Insurance Service claims database.These patients were matched 1:1 with mem-bers of a healthy population according to age and sex.CRC or GC risk after cholecystectomy and the association between smoking and CRC or GC risk in cholecystectomy patients were evaluated using adjusted hazard ratios(HRs)and 95%CIs.RESULTS The risks of CRC(adjusted HR:1.15;95%CI:1.06-1.25;P=0.0013)and GC(adjusted HR:1.11;95%CI:1.01-1.22;P=0.0027)were significantly higher in cholecystectomy patients.In the population who underwent cholecystectomy,both CRC and GC risk were higher in those who had smoked compared to those who had never smoked.For both cancers,the risk tended to increase in the order of non-smokers,ex-smokers,and current smokers.In addition,a positive correlation was observed between the amount of smoking and the risks of both CRC and GC.CONCLUSION Careful follow-up and screening should be performed,focusing on the increased risk of gastrointestinal cancer in the cholecystectomy group,particularly considering the individual smoking habits.

Persuasive Technology for the Future of Smoking Cessation*

This paper explores the integration of persuasive technology into smoking cessation efforts through the development and evaluation of a mobile app, “No-Smoke.” Leveraging compelling features like social support, tracking, planning, and motivation, the app aims to augment user engagement and support the process of quitting smoking. The efficacy of these features has been substantiated through both automated testing and user feedback, highlighting their potential to enhance awareness, motivation, and behavior modification. Despite notable successes, limitations, including a limited user base and uncertainties regarding long-term efficacy, have been acknowledged, stemming from the inherent complexities of smoking cessation. Nevertheless, based on user experiences and feedback, “No-Smoke” represents a promising advancement in the use of technology for public health interventions, particularly in the realm of smoking cessation. To address existing challenges, future research is recommended to encompass a comprehensive, long-term study involving a larger and more diverse user base. Additionally, further investigation should focus on personalization enhancements and the integration of machine learning algorithms to better understand and respond to user behavior.

2020—2021年鄱阳湖及其河口渔业资源调查

调查鄱阳湖及其邻近河口水域渔业资源状况,为禁捕后长江流域通江湖泊的渔业资源养护提供科学依据。2020—2021年在鄱阳湖水域7个监测站位开展了84次渔业资源调查,获渔获物14333尾、10300.048 kg,经鉴定有93种。7个站位优势种分别为2~7种,其中湖口站位优势种仅2种,都昌站位和鄱阳站位优势种均为7种。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数和Pielou均匀度指数分别为2.158~2.909、4.265~6.459和0.617~0.822。与2012年相比,2021年主要经济鱼类的变化体现在3个方面,即体长更长,增幅为6.1%~61.26%;体重更大,增幅为15.14%~291.57%;年龄结构更优,1龄和2龄所占比例明显减少,3~4龄所占比例明显增加,其中鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)是禁捕下上述变化的代表性鱼类之一。需要特别指出的是,青鱼(My-lopharyngododon piceus)数量仍然较少,且未发现4龄及以上个体,但2龄所占比例明显增加。

不同结构参数下的半U形地下空间烟气运动参数的机器学习预测

结合火灾数值模拟(FDS)与机器学习方法,该文对半U形地下空间火灾时的烟气运动进行了深入分析。研究发现,在预测烟气回流长度及烟气最高温升方面,BP神经网络相比于支持向量机回归(SVR)展现了更高的精度,其决定系数超过了95%,而相对误差仅集中在20%以内,显著优于SVR方法。通过shap值解释机器学习模型,并结合FDS数值模拟的结果,揭示坡高是影响烟气回流长度的决定性因素,且坡高的增大、宽度的减小或热释放速率增大均会缩短烟气回流。同时,热释放速率是影响烟气最高温升的主要因素,受坡高影响较大,而宽度的减小虽能在一定幅度上降低最高烟气温升,但效果并不显著。该研究拓展了地下空间火灾烟气运动参数的预测方法,为地下空间火灾动力学行为预测及通风排烟系统的优化设计贡献了创新性的方法。

BAN逻辑的可靠性分析与改进

BAN逻辑的推理过程中可能引入错误的推理条件,导致不安全的协议被验证为安全的。为解决该问题,对消息的形式化描述方式进行改进,在消息含义推理规则中加上一个隐含但不能被忽略的条件,以增强验证的可靠性,通过对发送和推理的消息单元进行限定,使消息新鲜性判定规则适用于更多类型的协议安全性验证。

隧道内非对称双火源火焰特性及顶棚烟气最高温度研究

针对自然通风下隧道火灾非对称双火源协同作用下火焰特性和顶棚射流烟气最高温度开展研究。在缩尺寸隧道火灾模拟试验平台开展试验,结果表明,随着火源间距的增大,非对称双火源由完全融合到间歇融合,最后完全分离。火焰完全融合且火源热释放速率不同时,火焰呈现非对称形态,存在一个火焰高度,火焰高度主要由较大热释放速率火源决定。随着火源间距的增大,存在两个火焰高度,火焰高度最大值均大于对应工况火焰完全融合时的火焰高度。双火源一侧接收到的辐射热流随离开火源距离的增大而减小,固定水平位置处接收到的热辐射随着火源间距的变化会有波动,但整体变化不大。非对称双火源火羽流顶棚射流烟气最高温度整体随火源间距的增大而减小。当S/D<0.5时,烟气最高温度主要受两个火源热释放速率的影响,火源间距对烟气最高温度的影响较小;而当S/D≥0.5时,烟气最高温度主要受对应侧火源热释放速率的影响,而受临近火源热释放速率的影响较小。在此基础上,建立了非对称双火源顶棚射流烟气最高温度分段预测模型。

基于身份的TLS协议及其BAN逻辑分析

基于身份的密码体制(IBC)轻量、高效,密钥管理方式简单,但缺乏有效安全协议的支持限制了其应用。通过增加支持IBC的加密套件,引入IBC公钥代替RSA证书公钥,减少消息交换数量,提出支持IBC的、高效的基于身份的IB_TLS协议。使用BAN逻辑对其进行形式化分析,证明IB_TLS协议是安全的。