Numerical Investigation on 1,3-Butadiene/Propyne Co-pyrolysis and Insight into Synergistic Effect on Aromatic Hydrocarbon Formation

A numerical investigation on the co-pyrolysis of 1,3-butadiene and propyne is performed to explore the synergistic effect between fuel components on aromatic hydrocarbon formation. A detailed kinetic model of 1,3-butadiene/propyne co-pyrolysis with the sub-mechanism of aromatic hydrocarbon formation is developed and validated on previous 1,3-butadiene and propyne pyrolysis experiments. The model is able to reproduce both the single component pyrolysis and the co-pyrolysis experiments, as well as the synergistic effect between 1,3- butadiene and propyne on the formation of a series of aromatic hydrocarbons. Based on the rate of production and sensitivity analyses, key reaction pathways in the fuel decomposition and aromatic hydrocarbon formation processes are revealed and insight into the synergistic effect on aromatic hydrocarbon formation is also achieved. The synergistic effect results from the interaction between 1,3-butadiene and propyne. The easily happened chain initiation in the 1,3-butadiene decomposition provides an abundant radical pool for propyne to undergo the H-atom abstraction and produce propargyl radical which plays key roles in the formation of aromatic hydrocarbons. Besides, the 1,3-butadiene/propyne co-pyrolysis includes high concentration levels of C3 and C4 precursors simultaneously, which stimulates the formation of key aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene and naphthalene.

Reaction Mechanism of One-Step Conversion of Ethanol to 1,3-Butadiene over Zn-Y/BEA and Superior Catalysts Screening

The one-step conversion of ethanol to 1,3-butadiene has achieved a breakthrough with the development of beta zeolite supported dual metal catalysts.However,the reaction mechanism from ethanol to butadiene is complex and has not yet been fully elucidated,and no catalyst screening effort has been done based on central metal atoms.In this work,density functional theory(DFT)calculations were employed to study the mechanism of one-step conversion of ethanol to butadiene over ZnY/BEA catalyst.The results show that ethanol dehydrogenation prefers to proceed on Zn site with a reaction energy of 0.77 eV in the rate-determining step,and the aldol condensation to produce butadiene prefers to proceed on Y site with a reaction energy of 0.69 eV in the rate-determining step.Based on the mechanism revealed,six elements were selected to replace Y for screening superior combination of Zn-M/BEA(M=Sn,Nb,Ta,Hf,Zr,Ti;BEA:beta polymorph A)for this reaction.As a result,Zn-Y/BEA(0.69 eV)is proven to be the most preferring catalyst compared with the other six ones,and Zn-Zr/BEA(0.85 eV),Zn-Ti/BEA(0.87 eV),and Zn-Sn/BEA(0.93 eV)can be potential candidates for the conversion of ethanol to butadiene.This work not only provides mechanistic insights into one-step catalytic conversion of ethanol to butadiene over Zn-Y/BEA catalyst but also offers more promising catalyst candidates for this reaction.

Simulation of 1,3-Butadiene Production Process by Dimethylfomamide Extractive Distillation

Nowadays, extractive distillation is the main technique to produce 1,3-butadiene. This study simulated the 1,3-butadiene production process with DMF extractive distillation by Aspen Plus. The solvent ratio is the most important parameter to the extractive distillation process. The article has given out the proper solvent ratios, reflux ratios, distillate ratios, and bottom product ratios of the columns. It also discusses the thermal loads of several columns. The results of simulation are consequently compared with the plant data, which shows good accordance with each other.

Conversion of ethanol to 1,3-butadiene over Ag-ZrO_(2)/SiO_(2) catalysts:The role of surface interfaces

A series of Ag-ZrO_(2)/SiO_(2) catalysts with different metal-support interfaces were synthesized in an effort to elucidate the roles of specific interfaces in controlling the ethanol to 1,3-butadiene conversion and selectivity.According to the results of detailed characterizations(e.g.CO/pyridine-DRIFTS,XPS,TEM,NH3-TPD,and ^(1)H MAS NMR),it was found that the Ag-O-Si interfaces significantly enhanced the dehydrogenation of ethanol while the presence of ZrO_(2) improved the interaction between Ag and ZrO_(2)/SiO_(2),creating more Ag^(δ+)active sites.The high dispersion of ZrO_(2) on SiO_(2) generated abundant Zr-O-Si interfaces with medium and weak Lewis acidity,promoting the condensation of acetaldehyde to crotonaldehyde.These Zr-O-Si interfaces in close interaction with Ag^(δ+)species played a critical role in the enhanced H transfer during the MPV reduction of crotonaldehyde to crotyl alcohol.The synergies among the interfaces resulted in retarded ethanol dehydration reactivity,balanced ethanol dehydrogenation and condensation reactions,and a subsequent high 1,3-butadiene yield.

In Situ IR Spectroscopic Study on the Hydrogenation of 1,3-Butadiene on Fresh Mo_2C/γ-Al_2O_3 Catalyst

The surface species formed from the adsorption of 1,3-butadiene and 1,3-butadiene hydrogenation over the fresh Mo2C/γ-Al2O3 catalyst was studied by in situ IR spectroscopy. It is found that 1,3-butadiene adsorption on the Mo2C/γ-Al2O3 catalyst mainly forms π-adsorbed butadiene(πs and πd) and σ-bonded surface species. These species are adsorbed mainly on the surface Moδ+(0<δ<2) sites as evidenced by co-adsorption of 1,3-butadiene and CO on the fresh Mo2C/γ-Al2O3 catalyst. The IR spectrometric analysis show that hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene over fresh Mo2C/γ-Al2O3 catalyst produces mainly butane coupled with a small portion of butene. The selectivity of butene during the hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene over fresh Mo2C/γ-Al2O3 catalyst might be explained by the adsorption mode of adsorbed 1,3-butadiene. Additionally, the active sites of the fresh Mo2C/γ-Al2O3 catalyst may be covered by coke during the hydrogenation reaction of 1,3-butadiene. The treatment with hydrogen at 673 K cannot remove the coke deposits from the surface of the Mo2C/γ-Al2O3 catalyst.

Coupling effect of bifunctional ZnCe@SBA-15 catalyst in 1,3-butadiene production from bioethanol

A series of bifunctional Zn Ce@SBA-15 catalysts with different Zn/Ce ratios were prepared by a solid-state grinding strategy and used in the conversion of ethanol to 1,3-butadiene(ETB).For the supported metal oxides,Zn O serves as the active sites for the dehydrogenation of ethanol,and CeO_(2) promotes the aldolcondensation reaction.Based on the results of Py-FTIR and NH_(3)-TPD,it suggests that the yield of 1,3-butadiene is positively correlated with the number of weak Lewis acid sites on the catalyst surface,given their benefit for aldol-condensation reactions.The catalyst with an optimal Zn/Ce ratio of about 1:5 has the highest concentration of weak Lewis acid.Coupling with the Zn O sites,it contributes to a 98.4%conversion of ethanol and a 45.2%selective of 1,3-butadiene under relatively mild reaction conditions(375°C,101.325 k Pa,and 0.54 h^(-1)).

Selective hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene on iridium nanostructures:Structure sensitivity, host effect, and deactivation mechanism

A systematic study on the structure sensitivity,host effect,and the deactivation mechanism of Ircatalyzed selective hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene,a key process in the purification of alkadiene for the upgrading of C4 cut,is presented by coupling steady-state catalytic testing,in-depth characterization,kinetic evaluation,and density functional theory calculations.We reveal that:(i) 1,3-Butadiene hydrogenation on iridium is structure-sensitive with the optimal particle size of about 2 nm,and the H_(2) dissociation energy is a reliable activity descriptor;(ii) The nature of the NC hosts exerts a critical impact on the catalytic performance,and balanced nitrogen content and speciation seem key for the optimized performance;and (iii) Different deactivation mechanisms occur:fouling by coke deposition on the catalysts with a high N:C ratio (>1),and site blockage due to the competitive adsorption between 1-butene/cis-2-butene and 1,3-butadiene.These molecular insights provide valuable guidelines for the catalyst design in selective hydrogenations.

Polymerization of 1,3-Butadiene with Catalysts Based on Cobalt Dichloride Complexes with Aminophosphines: Switching the Regioselectivity by Varying the MAO/Co Molar Ratio

Several novel cobalt dichloride complexes with amino-phosphine bidentate ligands were synthesized and characterized.For some of them single crystals were obtained and their molecular structure was determined by X-ray diffraction method.All the complexes were then used in combination with MAO for the polymerization of 1,3-butadiene,obtaining polymers with different structures(i.e.,predominantly 1,2 or cis-1,4)mainly depending on the type of ligand and on the MAO/Co molar ratio.The behavior of these novel catalysts was compared with that exhibited,in the polymerization of the same monomer,by the systems CoCl_(2)(PR3)2-MAO and CoCl_(2)(PRPh2)2-MAO(R=alkyl or cycloalkyl group),and by the systems based on cobalt dichloride complexes with various bi-and tridentate ligands(e.g.,diphosphines,bis-imines,pyridyl-imines,bis-iminopyridines).The comparison between the different systems allowed us to make some clarity about the actual and effective role played by the various types of ligands in the polymerization of conjugated dienes with catalytic systems CoCl_(2)(L)-MAO,in which L=mono-,bi-,or tri-dentate ligand.

卤素交换法绿色合成1,3-二溴丙酮——推荐一个基础有机合成教学实验

基于有机合成方法学研究的一般过程,围绕“科学问题为目标导向”的实验教学指导原则,本文将1,3-二溴丙酮的绿色合成工艺开发为有机化学基础教学实验,首次将卤素交换反应应用于实验教学中。以1,3-二氯丙酮和溴化锂为原料,采用二氯甲烷和丙酮组成的混合溶剂(体积比10:1)打破卤素交换反应平衡,有效促进正向反应进行。在此基础上,本文使用3.5当量溴化锂,40℃回流反应1.5 h,以97%的分离产率实现了1,3-二溴丙酮的绿色合成,纯度高于97%,精制后纯度为98.8%。本实验所用试剂环境友好,安全性高,教学时长约为4 h,不仅涉及多种有机化学实验的基本操作,还包含反应监测、结构表征、纯度分析等重要环节,非常适合用于有机化学基础实验教学。同时,以本实验方案为蓝本,结合有关卤素交换反应发展历史和1,3-二溴丙酮应用发展的微课学习和拓展练习,实现理论知识与合成实践之间的互动,提升化学专业本科生解决有机合成问题的综合能力,夯实化学类人才的培养质量。

全氟-2,2-二甲基-1,3-二氧环戊烯-四氟乙烯共聚物平均分子量、分子量分布和流变特性

全氟-2,2-二甲基-1,3-二氧环戊烯-四氟乙烯(PDD-TFE)共聚物是高性能含氟聚合物,开展PDD-TFE共聚物平均分子量(MW)、分子量分布(MWD)和流变特性研究对拓展其加工应用有重要意义。鉴于溶液法测定PDD-TFE共聚物MW及MWD存在难度,建立了由动态流变法和动态黏弹法获得PDD-TFE共聚物MW及MWD的改进方法。根据Fox方程、共聚物结构和性能参数得到了PDD-TFE共聚物的零切黏度与MW之间的关系;通过Carreau-Yasuda方程拟合PDD-TFE共聚物的复数黏度与频率之间的关系,得到了零切黏度。在实验测定PDD-TFE共聚物的储能模量与频率关系基础上,应用动态黏弹法得到其MW及MWD,并进一步研究了220℃时PDD-TFE共聚物的MW及MWD对共聚物熔体流变特性的影响,发现共聚物的MWD越宽,共聚物熔体的“剪切变稀”行为越明显;随着共聚物MW增大,共聚物熔体的非牛顿性越强。

基于1,3-双(羧甲基)咪唑鎓盐钡、锌配位聚合物的合成及其结构研究

使用两性离子配体1,3-双(羧甲基)咪唑鎓盐(HBCI)分别与金属钡盐和金属锌盐进行反应,在溶剂热条件下,合成两个新型配位聚合物[Ba(BCI)NO_(3)(H_(2)O)_(2)]_(n)和[Zn(BCI)_(2)]_(n).通过单晶X-射线衍射、元素分析、粉末X-射线衍射和热重分析对其进行表征.单晶X-射线衍射分析结果表明:配位聚合物[Ba(BCI)NO_(3)(H_(2)O)_(2)]_(n)属于单斜晶系,C c空间群,a=1.3162(11)nm,b=1.4944(11)nm,c=0.8517(7)nm,β=127.87°,Z=4;配位聚合物[Zn(BCI)_(2)]_(n)属于单斜晶系,C c空间群,a=1.7216(5)nm,b=0.7445(2)nm,c=1.2906(4)nm,β=106.53°,Z=4.配位聚合物[Ba(BCI)NO_(3)(H_(2)O)_(2)]_(n)以相邻Ba^(2+)通过BCI-配体羧基氧原子桥连,形成一维链状结构,进一步以BCI^(-)配体桥连,形成具有{4^(4)}拓扑的二维网状结构;配位聚合物[Zn(BCI)_(2)]_(n)由Zn^(2+)离子与BCI^(-)配体的羧基氧原子桥连,形成具有{4^(4);6^(2)}拓扑的二维网状结构.

β-1,3半乳糖基转移酶-1和β-1,3半乳糖基转移酶-2在乳腺癌中的表达及临床意义

目的检测β-1,3半乳糖基转移酶-1(β-1,3-galactosyltransferase-1,B3GALT1)和β-1,3半乳糖基转移酶-2(β-1,3-galactosyltransferase-1,B3GALT2)在乳腺癌组织及癌旁正常组织中的表达及其与临床病理特征之间的关系,并分析其相关通路。方法选取乳腺癌及癌旁组织标本132例,采用Western Blot法和免疫组化方法检测B3GALT1和B3GALT2在乳腺癌及癌旁正常组织中的表达,分析其临床意义。通过基因集富集分析法探索相关通路。结果乳腺癌组织中B3GALT1和B3GALT2表达均低于癌旁正常组织(P<0.05),二者表达呈正相关(r=0.635,P<0.001),且两者表达阳性患者与阴性患者的T分期和Ki-67比较,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。B3GALT1和B3GALT2均富集于JAK-STAT通路和Notch通路。结论B3GALT1和B3GALT2在乳腺癌中低表达,与乳腺癌的增殖、生长密切相关。

顶空-气相色谱-质谱法测定水中1,3-丁二烯和1-溴丙烷

建立顶空-气相色谱-质谱法测定水中1,3-丁二烯和1-溴丙烷。对平衡温度、平衡时间和盐析效应进行了优化。在顶空瓶中预先加入3.0 g氯化钠,加入10.00 mL水样,在65℃条件下平衡30 min,使用TG-624色谱柱分离,选择离子扫描方式进行分析。1,3-丁二烯和1-溴丙烷的质量浓度在2~100μg/L内与色谱峰面积线性关系良好,相关系数分别为0.996和0.998;方法检出限分别为0.6、0.8μg/L;样品加标平均回收率为101%~113%,相对标准偏差为4.5%~8.2%(n=6)。该方法环境友好,重复性好,准确度高,适合水中1,3-丁二烯和1-溴丙烷的痕量分析。

吹扫捕集/气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定饮用水水源地中的1,3-丁二烯和1-溴丙烷

使用吹扫捕集/气相色谱-质谱联用仪,采用SIM扫描模式对饮用水水源地中的1,3-丁二烯、1-溴丙烷进行了测定,并进行了方法学考察。结果表明,2种物质的线性范围良好,1,3-丁二烯、1-溴丙烷的相关系数分别为0.9999、0.9980;检出限分别为0.2和0.3μg/L,定量限分别为0.8和1.2μg/L;高、中、低3个浓度的相对标准偏差在2.6%~7.6%之间;高、中、低3个浓度实际样品的加标回收率在84.0%~122%范围内;替代物的加标回收率在70.4%~103%之间。该方法在本实验室具有较低的检出限、良好的线性和精密度、较高的正确度。

β-1,3/α-1,3-葡聚糖与益生菌复配物的润肠通便功能

为探讨β-1,3/α-1,3-葡聚糖与益生菌复配对便秘小鼠通便作用的影响,将小鼠随机分为5组:阴性对照组、模型组、β-1,3/α-1,3-葡聚糖与副干酪乳酸杆菌质量比1∶1组、β-1,3/α-1,3-葡聚糖与鼠李糖乳杆菌质量比1∶1组、β-1,3/α-1,3-葡聚糖与乳双歧杆菌质量比1∶1组。除对照组外,其余组别均采用盐酸洛哌丁胺建立小鼠便秘模型。观察各组小鼠首粒黑便排出时间、6 h黑便粒数、粪便质量、粪便含水量及小肠墨汁推进率。结果表明:与模型组相比,3组处理组均能显著缩短便秘小鼠的首粒黑便排出时间,显著增加粪便质量、粪便粒数、墨汁推进率及粪便含水量。其中β-1,3/α-1,3-葡聚糖与副干酪乳杆菌1∶1组改善便秘效果优于β-1,3/α-1,3-葡聚糖与鼠李糖乳杆菌、乳双歧杆菌质量1∶1组。研究表明,β-1,3/α-1,3-葡聚糖与益生菌复配能有效促进便秘小鼠肠道蠕动,促进排便,具有润肠通便作用。

高效液相色谱法测定婴幼儿配方奶粉中1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯

建立了婴幼儿配方乳粉中1,3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯(1,3-dioleyl-2-palmitoyl-glycerol,OPO)的检测方法。样品经氨水水解,用有机溶剂提取脂肪,氨基固相萃取柱净化,使用银离子色谱柱分离,以0.55%乙腈-正己烷为流动相洗脱,用高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测器检测。该方法实现了OPO和1,2-二油酸-3-棕榈酸甘油三酯的基线分离,可对OPO进行准确定性定量分析;方法在25~500μg/mL质量浓度范围内线性关系良好,决定系数R2=0.999 6,检出限和定量限分别为0.30、0.90 g/kg,加标含量为1~96 g/kg的范围内,OPO的平均回收率在97.1%~104.2%之间,相对标准偏差为1.2%~2.9%,精密度和正确度等方法学指标均符合要求;还通过了实验室间的协同性验证。调查分析了我国39份市售OPO强化婴幼儿配方奶粉,OPO含量仅为标签标示量的28.4%~59.7%,这主要是因为检测方法不一致。

3-羟基丙酸甲酯加氢合成1,3-丙二醇反应中La对Cu/SiO_(2)催化剂的修饰作用

[目的] 3-羟基丙酸酯加氢制备1,3-丙二醇(1,3-PDO)过程中存在β-羟基脱除等副反应,导致1,3-PDO的选择性和收率不高,其中高效催化剂的开发是解决该问题的关键.[方法]采用蒸氨法制备了不同添加量La修饰的20Cu/SiO_(2)催化剂,对其进行催化性能评价,并通过H_(2)程序升温还原(H_(2)-TPR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和N_(2)物理吸附-脱附对其进行表征.[结果] 20Cu-0.50La/SiO_(2)的催化性能最佳,它显著地提高了3-羟基丙酸甲酯(3-HMP)加氢制1,3-PDO的催化活性和稳定性,其中3-HMP转化率为91.8%,1,3-PDO的选择性和收率分别为85.2%和78.2%.这是在高液时空速(LHSV=0.10 h^(-1))的条件下取得的最佳结果.[结论] La的加入与Cu产生了强相互作用,增强了催化剂中Cu的分散性,同时提高了Cu^(+)物种表面浓度,使活性Cu的比表面积增加,从而提高了加氢反应的活性和稳定性.

葛根粉中1,2-丙二醇和1,3-丙二醇的测定

目的:建立气相色谱-氢火焰离子化检测法(Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector,GC-FID)和气相色谱-质谱法(Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry,GC-MS)同时检测葛根粉中1,2-丙二醇和1,3-丙二醇的分析方法。方法:试样经乙腈提取,提取液过滤后,上机测定。结果:采用GC-FID法和GC-MS法测定时,目标物质分别在0~50.00μg·mL^(-1)以及0~10.00μg·mL^(-1)线性范围内线性关系良好,相关系数r均大于0.9999;1,2-丙二醇的检出限分别为5 mg·kg^(-1)、1 mg·kg^(-1),1,3-丙二醇的检出限分别为8 mg·kg^(-1)、1 mg·kg^(-1);两种方法对应目标物质的平均加标回收率均≥89.2%,相对标准偏差均<5%。结论:GC-FID法与GC-MS法的灵敏度均较高、回收率高、重现性好,且操作简单快捷,适合于葛根粉中1,2-丙二醇和1,3-丙二醇的测定,可适应不同检测机构的需要。

土壤中1,3-丁二烯和1-溴丙烷的测定方法研究

采用吹扫捕集/气相色谱—质谱法测定土壤和沉积物中的1,3-丁二烯和1-溴丙烷,方法检出限分别为1.0μg/g和0.9μg/g,检出限能够满足生态环境标准的要求;1,3-丁二烯和1-溴丙烷的加标回收率范围分别为96.1%~110.0%和88.0%~93.6%,相对标准偏差范围分别为6.4%~8.6%和6.2%~7.2%。该方法前处理简单易行,回收率好,可以实现一次进样,同时分析土壤和沉积物中多种挥发性有机物,提高了工作效率。该方法可以为《新污染物治理行动方案》提供分析方法参考和技术支撑。

Synthesis and characterization of a 1,3-dibutylimidazolium azide([BBIm][N_(3)]) : A promising green energetic ionic liquid

In the pursuit of advancing imidazolium-based energetic ionic liquids (EILs),the current study is devoted to the synthesis and characterization of 1,3-dibutyl-imidazolium azide ([BBIm][N_(3)]),as a novel member in this ionic liquids class.The chemical structure of this EIL was rigorously characterized and confirmed using FTIR spectroscopy,1D,and 2D-NMR analyses.The thermal behavior assessment was conducted through DSC and TGA experiments.DSC analysis revealed an endothermic glass transition at T_(g)=-61℃,followed by an exothermic degradation event at T_(onset)=311℃.Similarly,TGA thermograms exhibited a one-stage decomposition process resulting in 100% mass loss of the sample.Furthermore,the short-term thermal stability of the azide EIL was investigated by combining the non-isothermal TGA data with the TAS,it-KAS,and VYA/CE isoconversional kinetic approaches.Consequently,the Arrhenius parameters(E_(a)=154 kJ·mol^(-1),Log(A/s^(-1))=11.8) and the most probable reaction model g(a) were determined.The observed high decomposition temperatures and the significantly elevated activation energy affirm the enhanced thermal stability of the modified EIL.These findings revealed that[BBIm][N_(3)]EIL can be a promising candidate for advanced energetic material application.