Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor activation:anti-inflammatory effects in the brain

The glucagon-like peptide 1 is a pleiotropic hormone that has potent insulinotropic effects and is key in treating metabolic diseases such as diabetes and obesity.Glucagon-like peptide 1 exerts its effects by activating a membrane receptor identified in many tissues,including diffe rent brain regions.Glucagon-like peptide 1 activates several signaling pathways related to neuroprotection,like the support of cell growth/survival,enhancement promotion of synapse formation,autophagy,and inhibition of the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines,microglial activation,and apoptosis during neural morphogenesis.The glial cells,including astrocytes and microglia,maintain metabolic homeostasis and defe nse against pathogens in the central nervous system.After brain insult,microglia are the first cells to respond,followed by reactive astrocytosis.These activated cells produce proinflammato ry mediators like cytokines or chemokines to react to the insult.Furthermore,under these circumstances,mic roglia can become chro nically inflammatory by losing their homeostatic molecular signature and,consequently,their functions during many diseases.Several processes promote the development of neurological disorders and influence their pathological evolution:like the formation of protein aggregates,the accumulation of abnormally modified cellular constituents,the formation and release by injured neurons or synapses of molecules that can dampen neural function,and,of critical impo rtance,the dysregulation of inflammato ry control mechanisms.The glucagonlike peptide 1 receptor agonist emerges as a critical tool in treating brain-related inflammatory pathologies,restoring brain cell homeostasis under inflammatory conditions,modulating mic roglia activity,and decreasing the inflammato ry response.This review summarizes recent advances linked to the anti-inflammato ry prope rties of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor activation in the brain related to multiple sclerosis,Alzheimer’s disease,Parkinson’s disease,vascular dementia,or chronic migraine.

A Retrospective Analysis of Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists in Treating Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Complicated by Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Background: The objective of this study was to compare and analyze the variations in clinical indices before and after treatment of type 2 mellitus (T2DM) combined with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) that were treated with glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs). Methods: The electronic medical record system was utilized to search for a total of 16 patients with type 2 diabetes complicated by NAFLD who were hospitalized at the First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University from October 2022 to April 2023 and treated with GLP-1RA for the first time. The clinical indices were compared before and after 12 weeks of treatment with GLP-1RA. Results: The liver-spleen CT ratio (L/S), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in all patients treated with GLP-1RA after 12 weeks were significantly different (P 0.05). The patients were categorized into two groups based on the types of GLP-1RAs. The changes in L/S, TC, TG, and LDL-C in the long-acting group after treatment were statistically significant (P Conclusions: GLP-1RAs can improve liver function, regulate lipid metabolism, and reduce the severity of fatty liver in patients with T2DM complicated by NAFLD, which demonstrates the importance of clinical applications.

Practical guide:Glucagon-like peptide-1 and dual glucosedependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in diabetes mellitus

Practical guide:Glucagon-like peptide-1 and dual glucosedependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in diabetes mellitus common second-line choice after metformin for treating T2DM.Various considerations can make selecting and switching between different GLP-1 RAs challenging.Our study aims to provide a comprehensive guide for the usage of GLP-1 RAs and dual GIP and GLP-1 RAs for the management of T2DM.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists as a possible intervention to delay the onset of type 1 diabetes:A new horizon

Type 1 diabetes(T1D)is a chronic autoimmune condition that destroys insulinproducing beta cells in the pancreas,leading to insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia.The management of T1D primarily focuses on exogenous insulin replacement to control blood glucose levels.However,this approach does not address the underlying autoimmune process or prevent the progressive loss of beta cells.Recent research has explored the potential of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists(GLP-1RAs)as a novel intervention to modify the disease course and delay the onset of T1D.GLP-1RAs are medications initially developed for treating type 2 diabetes.They exert their effects by enhancing glucose-dependent insulin secretion,suppressing glucagon secretion,and slowing gastric emptying.Emerging evidence suggests that GLP-1RAs may also benefit the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with T1D.This article aims to highlight the potential of GLP-1RAs as an intervention to delay the onset of T1D,possibly through their potential immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects and preservation of beta-cells.This article aims to explore the potential of shifting the paradigm of T1D management from reactive insulin replacement to proactive disease modification,which should open new avenues for preventing and treating T1D,improving the quality of life and long-term outcomes for individuals at risk of T1D.

Diabetes and high-glucose could upregulate the expression of receptor for activated C kinase 1 in retina

BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is a major ocular complication of diabetes mellitus,leading to visual impairment.Retinal pigment epithelium(RPE)injury is a key component of the outer blood retinal barrier,and its damage is an important indicator of DR.Receptor for activated C kinase 1(RACK1)activates protein kinase C-ε(PKC-ε)to promote the generation of reactive oxygen species(ROS)in RPE cells,leading to apoptosis.Therefore,we hypothesize that the activation of RACK1 under hypoxic/high-glucose conditions may promote RPE cell apoptosis by modulating PKC-ε/ROS,thereby disrupting the barrier effect of the outer blood retinal barrier and contributing to the progression of DR.AIM To investigate the role and associated underlying mechanisms of RACK1 in the development of early DR.METHODS In this study,Sprague-Dawley rats and adult RPE cell line-19(ARPE-19)cells were used as in vivo and in vitro models,respectively,to explore the role of RACK1 in mediating PKC-εin early DR.Furthermore,the impact of RACK1 on apoptosis and barrier function of RPE cells was also investigated in the former model.RESULTS Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats showed increased apoptosis and upregulated expression of RACK1 and PKC-εproteins in RPE cells following a prolonged modeling.Similarly,ARPE-19 cells exposed to high glucose and hypoxia displayed elevated mRNA and protein levels of RACK1 and PKC-ε,accompanied by an increases in ROS production,apoptosis rate,and monolayer permeability.However,silencing RACK1 significantly downregulated the expression of PKC-εand ROS,reduced cell apoptosis and permeability,and protected barrier function.CONCLUSION RACK1 plays a significant role in the development of early DR and might serve as a potential therapeutic target for DR by regulating RPE apoptosis and barrier function.

Neuroprotective effects of G9a inhibition through modulation of peroxisome-proliferator activator receptor gamma-dependent pathways by miR-128

Dysregulation of G9a,a histone-lysine N-methyltransferase,has been observed in Alzheimer’s disease and has been correlated with increased levels of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress.Likewise,microRNAs are involved in many biological processes and diseases playing a key role in pathogenesis,especially in multifactorial diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease.Therefore,our aim has been to provide partial insights into the interconnection between G9a,microRNAs,oxidative stress,and neuroinflammation.To better understand the biology of G9a,we compared the global microRNA expression between senescence-accelerated mouse-prone 8(SAMP8)control mice and SAMP8 treated with G9a inhibitor UNC0642.We found a downregulation of miR-128 after a G9a inhibition treatment,which interestingly binds to the 3′untranslated region(3′-UTR)of peroxisome-proliferator activator receptor γ(PPARG)mRNA.Accordingly,Pparg gene expression levels were higher in the SAMP8 group treated with G9a inhibitor than in the SAMP8 control group.We also observed modulation of oxidative stress responses might be mainly driven Pparg after G9a inhibitor.To confirm these antioxidant effects,we treated primary neuron cell cultures with hydrogen peroxide as an oxidative insult.In this setting,treatment with G9a inhibitor increases both cell survival and antioxidant enzymes.Moreover,up-regulation of PPARγby G9a inhibitor could also increase the expression of genes involved in DNA damage responses and apoptosis.In addition,we also described that the PPARγ/AMPK axis partially explains the regulation of autophagy markers expression.Finally,PPARγ/GADD45αpotentially contributes to enhancing synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis after G9a inhibition.Altogether,we propose that pharmacological inhibition of G9a leads to a neuroprotective effect that could be due,at least in part,by the modulation of PPARγ-dependent pathways by miR-128.

Influence of Angiotensin II on α1-Adrenergic Receptors Function in Rat Aorta and Expression in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Angiotensin II (Ang II) is the main mediator of the Renin-Angiotensin-System acting on AT1 and other AT receptors. It is regarded as a pleiotropic agent that induces many actions, including functioning as a growth factor, and as a contractile hormone, among others. The aim of this work was to examine the impact of Ang II on the expression and function of α1-adrenergic receptors (α1-ARs) in cultured rat aorta, and aorta-derived smooth muscle cells. Isolated Wistar rat aorta was incubated for 24 h in DMEM at 37˚C, then subjected to isometric tension and to the action of added norepinephrine, in concentration-response curves. Ang II was added (1 × 10−5 M), and in some experiments, 5-Methylurapidil (α1A-AR antagonist), AH11110A (α1B-AR antagonist), or BMY-7378 (α1D-AR antagonist), were used to identify the α1-AR involved in the response. Desensitization of the contractile response to norepinephrine was observed due to incubation time, and by the Ang II action. α1D-AR was protected from desensitization by BMY-7378;while RS-100329 and prazosin partially mitigated desensitization. In another set of experiments, isolated aorta-derived smooth muscle cells were exposed to Ang II and α1-ARs proteins were evaluated. α1D-AR increased at 30 and 60 min post Ang II exposure, the α1A-AR diminished from 1 to 4 h, while α1B-AR remained unchanged over 24 h of Ang II exposure. Ang II induced an increase of α1D-AR at short times, and BMY-7378 protected α1D-AR from desensitization.

Deregulation of interferon-gamma receptor 1 expression and its implications for lung adenocarcinoma progression

Interferon-gamma(IFN-γ)plays a dual role in cancer;it is both a pro-and an antitumorigenic cytokine,depending on the type of cancer.The deregulation of the IFN-γcanonic pathway is associated with several disorders,including vulner-ability to viral infections,inflammation,and cancer progression.In particular,the interplay between lung adenocarcinoma(LUAD)and viral infections appears to exist in association with the deregulation of IFN-γsignaling.In this mini-review,we investigated the status of the IFN-γsignaling pathway and the expression level of its components in LUAD.Interestingly,a reduction in IFNGR1 expression seems to be associated with LUAD progression,affecting defenses against viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.In addition,alterations in the expression of IFNGR1 may inhibit the antiproliferative action of IFN-γsignaling in LUAD.

Accurate Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 JN.1 by Sanger Sequencing of Receptor-Binding Domain Is Needed for Clinical Evaluation of Its Immune Evasion

Background: Omicron JN.1 has become the dominant SARS-CoV-2 variant in recent months. JN.1 has the highest number of amino acid mutations in its receptor binding domain (RBD) and has acquired a hallmark L455S mutation. The immune evasion capability of JN.1 is a subject of scientific investigation. The US CDC used SGTF of TaqPath COVID-19 Combo Kit RT-qPCR as proxy indicator of JN.1 infections for evaluation of the effectiveness of updated monovalent XBB.1.5 COVID-19 vaccines against JN.1 and recommended that all persons aged ≥ 6 months should receive an updated COVID-19 vaccine dose. Objective: Recommend Sanger sequencing instead of proxy indicator to diagnose JN.1 infections to generate the data based on which guidelines are made to direct vaccination policies. Methods: The RNA in nasopharyngeal swab specimens from patients with clinical respiratory infection was subjected to nested RT-PCR, targeting a 398-base segment of the N-gene and a 445-base segment of the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 for amplification. The nested PCR amplicons were sequenced. The DNA sequences were analyzed for amino acid mutations. Results: The N-gene sequence showed R203K, G204R and Q229K, the 3 mutations associated with Omicron BA.2.86 (+JN.1). The RBD sequence showed 24 of the 26 known amino acid mutations, including the hallmark L455S mutation for JN.1 and the V483del for BA.2.86 lineage. Conclusions: Sanger sequencing of a 445-base segment of the SARS-CoV-2 RBD is useful for accurate determination of emerging variants. The CDC may consider using Sanger sequencing of the RBD to diagnose JN.1 infections for statistical analysis in making vaccination policies.

Glucagon-like-peptide-1 receptor agonists and the management of type 2 diabetes-backwards and forwards

This editorial is stimulated by the article by Alqifari et al published in the World Journal of Diabetes(2024).Alqifari et al focus on practical advice for the clinical use of glucagon-like-peptide-1(GLP-1)receptor agonists(GLP-1RAs)in the management of type 2 diabetes and this editorial provides complementary information.We initially give a brief historical perspective of the development of GLP-1RAs stimulated by recognition of the‘incretin effect’,the substantially greater insulin increase to enteral when compared to euglycaemic intravenous glucose,and the identification of the incretin hormones,GIP and GLP-1.In addition to stimulating insulin,GLP-1 reduces postprandial glucose levels by slowing gastric emptying.GLP-1RAs were developed because native GLP-1 has a very short plasma half-life.The majority of current GLP-1RAs are administered by subcutaneous injection once a week.They are potent in glucose lowering without leading to hypoglycaemia,stimulate weight loss in obese individuals and lead to cardiovascular and renal protection.The landscape in relation to GLP-1RAs is broadening rapidly,with different formulations and their combination with other peptides to facilitate both glucose lowering and weight loss.There is a need for more information relating to the effects of GLP-1RAs to induce gastrointestinal symptoms and slow gastric emptying which is likely to allow their use to become more effective and personalised.

白细胞介素1受体颉颃剂抑制脂多糖促奶牛外周血单个核细胞氧化应激损伤作用的研究

试验以脂多糖(LPS)为刺激源,以细胞活力、抗氧化指标和炎症因子为判断指标,探讨白细胞介素1受体颉颃剂(IL-1Ra)通过抑制白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)的活性,对LPS诱导外周血单个核细胞(Peripheral blood mononuclear cells,PBMCs)氧化损伤的缓解作用。试验采用单因子完全随机设计,PBMCs被随机分为7个组(每组6个重复),分别给予不同的处理:第1组是阴性对照组(Neg组),完全培养基培养30 h;第2组损伤组(Dam组),是在完全培养基中培养6 h后,再经10μg/mL的LPS工作液培养24 h;第3至7组(R0.25、R0.5、R1、R5组和R10组)细胞分别经浓度为0.25、0.5、1、5、10 ng/mL的IL-1Ra培养6 h,接着经10μg/mL的LPS工作液培养24 h。结果表明:与Neg组相比,Dam组的细胞活力、抗氧化相关酶[包括总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)以及总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)和硫氧还蛋白还原酶(TrxR)]的活性显著降低,丙二醛(MDA)浓度、炎症因子白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和IL-1β含量以及诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)活性、一氧化氮(NO)含量均显著升高(P≤0.05)。与Dam组相比,R1组显著逆转了氧化损伤引起的上述抗氧化活性的降低和炎症因子浓度的升高,其他IL-1Ra处理组对上述指标的逆转效果不同程度地低于R1组(P≤0.05)。上述结果说明,LPS通过诱发PBMCs产生大量IL-1β进而导致细胞氧化损伤,IL-1Ra剂量依赖性地缓解了LPS引起的氧化损伤,添加剂量以1 ng/mL为宜。

青藤碱可有效抑制白细胞介素1β介导的髓核细胞凋亡

背景:椎间盘退变是导致脊柱退行性疾病的基础,然而目前尚无有效的治疗药物。目的:探讨青藤碱是否可以抑制白细胞介素1β诱导的髓核细胞凋亡及其分子机制。方法:采用胰酶联合Ⅱ型胶原酶消化法体外培养大鼠髓核细胞,并绘制细胞生长曲线,采用CCK-8法筛选合适的青藤碱药物浓度。将髓核细胞分为对照组、青藤碱组、白细胞介素1β组、青藤碱+白细胞介素1β组、锌原卟啉(血红素氧合酶1抑制剂)组、锌原卟啉+青藤碱组、锌原卟啉+白细胞介素1β组、青藤碱+锌原卟啉+白细胞介素1β组。分别检测各组髓核细胞增殖活性、活性氧含量、凋亡率及血红素氧合酶1的表达情况。结果与结论:①体外培养的大鼠髓核细胞呈现多角形、三角形、短楔形等形态,其呈现“S”型曲线生长,接种第1-3天生长缓慢,第4-6天生长迅速,第七八天生长速度缓慢,进入“平台期”,细胞数量不再增加;②当青藤碱的浓度≤80μmol/L时,髓核细胞的增殖活性不会受到显著影响(P>0.05);③白细胞介素1β可以显著降低髓核细胞的增殖活性,增加活性氧含量,导致细胞凋亡(P<0.01);④当采用青藤碱干预后,不仅可以促进血红素氧合酶1的表达(P<0.05),而且可以抑制白细胞介素1β诱导的髓核细胞增殖活性降低、活性氧含量和凋亡率增加(P<0.05),其作用可被锌原卟啉逆转(P<0.01)。

达格列净联合胰高血糖素样肽-1受体激动剂对2型糖尿病的疗效研究

目的探讨达格列净联合胰高血糖素样肽-1受体激动剂(GLP-1 RAs)对2型糖尿病患者血液流变学及胰岛素抵抗的影响。方法将2020年11月—2022年10月泉州市中医院收治的102例2型糖尿病患者随机分为2组,每组51例。对照组给予达格列净治疗,研究组采用达格列净联合GLP-1 RAs(利拉鲁肽)的治疗方案。比较2组临床疗效、血糖指标[空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 hPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)]、空腹胰岛素(FINS)及胰岛素抵抗[胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、胰岛素分泌指数(HOMA-β)]、血脂指标[总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)]、血液流变学指标[红细胞聚集指数(EAI)、红细胞压积(HCT)、红细胞变形指数(EDI)、血浆黏度(PV)]和不良反应。结果研究组总有效率为94.12%,高于对照组的80.39%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组和对照组治疗后FBG、2 hPG、HbAlc、BMI均低于治疗前,且研究组治疗后FBG、2 hPG、HbAlc水平低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,研究组FINS、HOMA-β水平高于对照组,HOMA-IR水平低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组和对照组治疗后HDL-C均高于治疗前,TC、TG、LDL-C水平均低于治疗前;研究组治疗后HDL-C水平高于对照组,TC、TG、LDL-C水平低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,研究组和对照组EAI、HCT、EDI、PV水平均低于治疗前,且研究组EAI、HCT、EDI、PV水平低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组不良反应总发生率为11.76%,与对照组的9.80%比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论达格列净联合GLP-1 RAs(利拉鲁肽)治疗2型糖尿病的疗效确切,可有效调节患者血糖及血脂水平,缓解胰岛素抵抗,改善血液流变学指标。

软骨细胞中SIRT1基因敲减后作用状态不明确信号通路及对相关疾病或功能的影响

背景:沉默信息调节因子1以去乙酰化的方式调控软骨细胞中相关蛋白的功能,参与软骨细胞增殖分化,促进软骨缺损修复。目的:利用高通量技术筛选软骨细胞中沉默信息调节因子1基因敲减后作用状态不明确的信号通路以及产生变化的疾病或功能。方法:取处于对数生长期的小鼠ATDC5软骨细胞,分2组转染:对照组转染沉默信息调节因子1基因敲减阴性对照慢病毒,实验组转染沉默信息调节因子1基因敲减慢病毒。转染72 h后,利用小鼠基因表达谱芯片GeneChip®Mouse Genome 4302.0 Array检测mRNA的基因层面变化情况,应用生物信息学技术筛选激活或抑制不明确的信号通路以及这些信号通路相关因子,并分析疾病或功能模块的富集情况。结果与结论:①沉默信息调节因子1基因敲减后,小鼠ATDC5软骨细胞中激活或抑制状态不明确的信号通路有245条;②根据-log(P-value)排序选择排前20的激活或抑制状态不明确信号通路中的因子情况进行报道,包括IGFBP4、TGFBR1、CTGF、COL4A5、LHX2、IL1RL1、KLF6等;③根据-log(P-value)进行排序,细胞生长和增殖、生物体存活和细胞死亡与存活等14个疾病和功能密切相关模块明显变化;根据差异基因数量排序,生物体损伤和异常、癌症和细胞死亡与存活3个疾病和功能密切相关模块明显变化;根据-log(P-value)与差异基因数量综合排序,固有免疫应答这一疾病和功能模块被显著激活。

NRG1、HER3在前列腺癌组织中的表达及其与临床病理特征和预后的关系

目的研究前列腺癌(PC)组织中神经调节蛋白1(NRG1)、人表皮生长因子受体3(HER3)表达与临床病理特征及预后的关系。方法选取2015年2月—2020年2月吉林省人民医院泌尿外科诊治PC患者96例,免疫组织化学检测组织中NRG1、HER3表达;Kaplan-Meier曲线(Log-Rank检验)比较不同NRG1、HER3表达对PC患者预后的影响;COX回归分析PC患者预后的影响因素。结果PC癌组织中NRG1、HER3阳性率分别为78.13%(75/96)、75.00%(72/96),高于癌旁组织6.25%(6/96)、8.33%(8/96)(χ^(2)/P=101.670/<0.001,87.771/<0.001)。TNM分期Ⅲ期、Gleason评分>7分及术前PSA水平≥20μg/L患者癌组织中NRG1、HER3阳性率大于TNM分期Ⅰ~Ⅱ期、Gleason评分≤7分及术前PSA水平<20μg/L(χ^(2)/P=6.181/0.013,8.533/0.003;7.731/0.005,6.769/0.009;6.508/0.011,7.376/0.007)。NRG1阳性组、HER3阳性组3年累积无进展生存率分别低于NRG1阴性组、HER3阴性组(χ^(2)/P=4.267/0.039,5.499/0.019)。TNM分期Ⅲ期、Gleason评分>7分、术前PSA≥20μg/L、NRG1阳性,HER3阳性是影响PC患者预后的独立危险因素[OR(95%CI)=1.448(1.118~1.875),1.401(1.138~1.724),1.353(1.059~1.728),1.338(1.057~1.692),1.293(1.014~1.649)]。结论PC癌组织中NRG1、HER3表达升高,与PC不良临床病理特征相关,是新的评估PC预后的肿瘤标志物。

抑制lncRNA TUG1下调核苷酸结合寡聚结构域样受体蛋白1炎症小体在延缓阿尔茨海默病进展的作用

目的探讨敲低长链非编码RNA(lncRNA)牛磺酸上调基因1(TUG1)抑制核苷酸结合寡聚结构域样受体蛋白1(NLRP1)炎症小体在缓解阿尔茨海默病进展中的作用。方法选取9~10周龄遗传背景为C57/BL6的野生型小鼠(WT组,10只)或淀粉样前体蛋白(APP)/早老素1(PS1)转基因小鼠(30只)。APP/PS1转基因小鼠随机分为模型(model)组,模型+敲低lncRNA TUG1组[model+lncRNA TUG1短发夹RNA(shRNA)组]和model+shRNA非靶标(NT)组,每组10只。分别采集12周龄第1天(3月龄)和32周龄第1天(8月龄)小鼠外周血和脑皮质组织,并分离皮质中的原代小胶质细胞和原代星形胶质细胞,每个时间点每组5只小鼠。Real-time PCR分别测定3月龄和8月龄上述4个分组小鼠脑皮质组织和原代小胶质细胞中lncRNA TUG1和巨噬细胞移动抑制因子(MIF)mRNA的水平,以及原代星形胶质细胞中补体蛋白C1r和C1s mRNA的水平。ELISA法测定其外周血浆中MIF含量。对3月龄和8月龄小鼠脑皮质原代小胶质细胞和原代星形胶质细胞共培养。CCK-8法测定上述2种细胞的增殖能力。Western blotting分别测定3月龄和8月龄上述4个分组小鼠脑皮质组织中MIF、白细胞介素1β前体(pro-IL-1β)、凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(ASC)、Caspase-1(p20)、Caspase-1(full)、NLRP1及NLRP3蛋白的表达水平。采用免疫荧光染色法测定8月龄各分组小鼠脑皮质组织中β淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)表达。结果3月龄和8月龄时,与WT组小鼠相比,model组小鼠脑皮质组织和原代小胶质细胞中lncRNA TUG1和MIF相对表达水平显著上调,原代小胶质细胞和原代星形胶质细胞增殖能力增强(P<0.05)。与model组相比,model+lncRNA TUG1 shRNA组小鼠脑皮质组织和原代小胶质细胞中lncRNA TUG1和MIF的相对表达水平显著降低,原代小胶质细胞和原代星形胶质细胞增殖能力降低(P<0.05)。与WT组相比,model组小鼠外周血浆中MIF含量显著升高;小鼠脑皮质组织中pro-IL-1β、ASC、Caspase-1(p20)、Caspase-1(full)、NLRP1以及NLRP3的蛋白表达水平显著升高;Aβ免疫荧光强度明显增强(P<0.05)。与model组相比,model+lncRNA TUG1 shRNA组小鼠外周血浆中MIF含量显著降低;小鼠脑皮质组织中pro-IL-1β、ASC、Caspase-1(p20)、Caspase-1(full)和NLRP1的蛋白表达水平显著降低,Aβ免疫荧光强度明显降低(P<0.05),而NLRP3蛋白质的表达水平无明显变化(P>0.05)。与model组相比,model+shRNA NT组小鼠上述所有检测指标差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。结论APP/PS1转基因小鼠脑皮质组织和原代小胶质细胞中lncRNA TUG1和MIF因子表达上调与脑皮质内NLRP1炎症小体激活成正相关,敲低lncRNA TUG1可缓解阿尔茨海默病的进展。

食管癌术后肾上腺危象1例并文献复习

目的:探讨肾上腺危象(AC)的临床特征及诊疗要点,减少临床工作中的漏诊、误诊、误治。方法:回顾性分析1例食管癌术后合并AC的临床资料,总结AC的临床诊治经过。结果:患者为49岁男性,因食管癌术后3周出现发热入院,存在吻合口瘘,给予多种抗菌药物长时间抗感染治疗效果不佳,即使瘘口愈合后仍间断高热、血压下降。患者偶用激素退热治疗后效果较好,但减量停用后患者逐渐乏力、卧床。查增强计算机断层扫描(CT)未见肿瘤复发,皮质醇、促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)明显偏低,结合术前曾应用程序性死亡受体1(PD-1)抑制剂,明确诊断为免疫治疗相关垂体炎,进而导致了AC,补充醋酸泼尼松片后好转出院。结论:AC是一种危急的内科急症,临床表现缺乏特异性,极容易漏诊、误诊、误治,临床医生应加强对本病的认识,从而达到早期诊断并能及时给予糖皮质激素治疗的目的。

铁死亡加持PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂杀伤肿瘤细胞综述

恶性肿瘤发生发展的每一环节都与免疫调节息息相关,近年铁死亡及PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂杀伤肿瘤细胞方面的研究是一大热点,因其精准治疗肿瘤的效果被越来越多地应用于临床治疗。但目前尚无将PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂与铁死亡治疗肿瘤细胞结合的研究,本文将对铁死亡的相关机制、铁死亡与肿瘤的关系和PD-1/PD-L1免疫治疗肿瘤等方面进行综述。

铜绿假单胞菌脓毒症患者程序性细胞死亡受体1/程序性细胞死亡配体1信号通路相关蛋白与短期临床预后的相关性分析

目的探讨程序性细胞死亡受体1/程序性细胞死亡配体1(PD-1/PD-L1)信号通路相关蛋白对铜绿假单胞菌(PA)脓毒症患者短期临床预后的影响。方法选择2021年1月—2023年6月宁夏医科大学总医院收治的122例PA脓毒症患者为研究对象,均根据脓毒症治疗指南和实际病情开展治疗。收集患者临床资料、治疗前慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分;治疗前抽取外周静脉血测定T淋巴细胞水平(CD3^(+)、CD4^(+)、CD8^(+))以及血清PD-1和PD-L1水平。结果122例PA脓毒症患者入住急诊重症监护室及其他科室后28 d存活101例(82.79%,存活组),死亡21例(17.21%,死亡组)。存活组与死亡组患者高血压比率、慢性阻塞性肺病比率、慢性肝病比率、APACHEⅡ评分、CD4^(+)、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)、PD-1和PDL-1比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。单因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,基础疾病(高血压、慢性阻塞性肺病、慢性肝病)、APACHEⅡ评分、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)、PD-1和PD-L1均是PA脓毒症患者短期生存的影响因素(P<0.01)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,基础疾病(高血压、慢性阻塞性肺病、慢性肝病)、APACHEⅡ评分、PD-1和PD-L1均是PA脓毒症患者短期生存的影响因素(P<0.01)。结论PD-1/PD-L1信号通路对PA脓毒症患者的临床预后有影响,该通路相关蛋白表达上调可增加PA脓毒症患者短期临床预后不良的风险。

ITP患者PD-1/PD-L1表达特点及其在Treg与Breg细胞之间的相互作用机制分析

目的探讨原发免疫性血小板减少症(ITP)患者细胞程序性死亡受体-1(PD-1)/细胞程序性死亡配体1(PD-L1)表达特点及其在调节性T细胞(Treg)、调节性B细胞(Breg)间的相互作用。方法选取2018年12月—2022年1月在我院治疗的ITP患者106例作为观察组,其中轻度患者32例,中度患者44例,重度患者30例。同时选取同期健康志愿者100例作为对照组。检测两组Treg细胞百分比、Breg细胞百分比、Treg细胞表面PD-1阳性率、Breg细胞表面PD-L1阳性率等,同时分析观察组不同病情程度患者各指标差异。结果观察组Breg细胞百分比、Treg细胞百分比、TGF-β、IL-10和IL-4水平均明显低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组Treg细胞表面PD-1阳性率、Breg细胞表面PD-L1阳性率、可溶性程序性细胞死亡蛋白-1(sPD-1)和IL-17水平均明显高于对照组(均P<0.05);两组可溶性程序性细胞死亡蛋白配体-1(sPD-L1)水平比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组重度患者Breg细胞百分比、Treg细胞百分比均明显低于轻度和中度患者(均P<0.05),而Treg细胞表面PD-1阳性率、Breg细胞表面PD-L1阳性率均明显高于轻度和中度患者(均P<0.05)。Treg细胞表面PD-1阳性率与Breg细胞表面PD-L1阳性率呈正相关(r=0.446,P<0.05)。观察组治疗后Breg细胞百分比、Treg细胞百分比、TGF-β、IL-10和IL-4水平有所升高(P<0.05),而Treg细胞表面PD-1阳性率、Breg细胞表面PD-L1阳性率、sPD-1和IL-17水平有所降低(P<0.05),治疗前后sPD-L1水平比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论ITP患者Treg细胞表面PD-1和Breg细胞表面PD-L1阳性率明显升高,与患者病情严重程度呈正相关,同时Treg细胞表面PD-1和Breg细胞表面PD-L1表达之间存在相关性。