Analysis and Dynamic Prediction of Ecological Environment Development Capacity of Qingshui River Basin

The Ecological Footprint and Development Capacity Model were used to analyze the ecological environment development capability of the Qingshui River Basin from 2000 to 2015. On this basis,the ecological environment development capacity of the Qingshui River Basin from 2016 to 2020 was dynamically predicted using the GM( 1,1) model. The results showed that the Qingshui River Basin has a strong capacity for sustainable development of the ecological environment,but it is increasingly stressed by the ecological carrying capacity. The potential unsustainability of the ecological environment is facing severe challenges. In the next 5 years,the development capacity of the ecological environment will show a growth trend,but the increase is not large,reflecting the limited development potential. Its capacity for sustainable development needs to be improved.

2015–2022年漓江流域12天时间分辨率地表水体面积数据集

喀斯特地貌在广西地区分布广泛,具有汛期降水强度大、水文过程迅速且时空异质性高等特点。水是重要的生态基础和自然资源,及时、准确地获取地表水体的时空变化特征,对于水资源的保护与管理、旱涝灾害的快速评估以及实现各个经济产业的可持续发展等具有现实意义。本数据集以广西桂林漓江流域为研究区域,针对当前地表水体监测频次低、水体提取方法受限于样本信息以及在复杂地形区域内提取精度较低等问题,结合Sentinel-1雷达和Sentinel-2光学等多源遥感数据,基于雷达和光学传感器成像原理的不同,提出了一种基于经验阈值进行矢量分类的方法,剔除了绝大部分地物阴影的干扰,构建了2015–2022年漓江流域时间分辨率为12天、空间分辨率为10米的地表水体面积数据集,共包括196期地表水体矢量数据。通过对数据集的空间分布和定量精度验证,结果表明:本数据集对河流、湖泊和水库的入、出水口以及复杂地形区域内小型水体等的提取精度较高,总体精度达到92.73%,Kappa系数为0.85。本数据集可用于支撑漓江流域水资源保护和生态环境的可持续管理,能够为应急管理、灾害防治、水利开发和经济发展等领域的决策提供可靠数据。

The controls on the composition of biodegraded oils in the Liuhua11-1 Oilfield, Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea

(1) The geochemical characteristics of extracted oils in three oil columns from the Liuhua11-1 Oilfield in the Pearl River Mouth Basin of South China Sea were analyzed in detail. The results show that the oil of Liuhua 11-1 Oilfield is generated from a single source rock, and belongs to maturate oil and their maturities have little difference.(2) The characteristics of saturated hydrocarbon gas chromatography,bulk composition, concentrations of biomarkers and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry of saturated hydrocarbon indicate that all samples studied were biodegraded, and the maximal level of biodegradation is less than PM level 6.(3) Bulk composition and the degree of biodegradation presented excellent gradient variations in the oil columns, and the highest degradation rates occurred at or near the oil–water contact(OWC). The key biomarkers of steranes and terpanes and maturity parameters of saturated hydrocarbon were not affected by degradation, which means that they are stable in slight to moderately biodegraded oils. Across the oilfield, the degree of biodegradation of LH11-1-3 was higher than that of LH11-1-1A and LH 11-1-4 in general.(4) We infer that the strong hydrodynamic conditions(tectonic control) and high reservoir temperatures(50–65 °C) are the primary controllers of the degree of oil biodegradation in the Liuhua 11-1 Oilfield and the late hydrocarbon accumulation may also have an important effect. The bulk composition and degree of biodegradation with excellent gradient variations in the oil columns were obviously controlled by the vertical distance from its in situ place to OWC. The highest supply of nutrient at the OWC results in high abundance of microorganisms and the highest degradation rate. And the lateral variation in level of biodegradation across the oil reservoir may be mainly control by the salinity of bottom water, the supply of nutrient and the energy of the bottom water.

珠江口盆地陆丰13-1油田恩平组产层电阻率下限计算方法及应用

珠江口盆地陆丰13-1油田的主力产油层段古近系恩平组储层属于典型的低电阻率产层,其产层电阻率下限不清给油水层判别造成了很大困难。在储层参数研究的基础上,对比了常用测井解释模型中含油饱和度与地层电阻率的关系,选择Indonesia公式从测井解释的角度理论上分析了影响地层电阻率大小的因素,提出了恩平组不同物性条件下及各个深度点处产层电阻率下限的计算方法。结果表明:①储层泥质含量越高、孔隙度越大、地层水电阻率越低、含水饱和度越高,则产层电阻率值越低。②恩平组在储层最差物性条件下,产层的电阻率最高下限为4.6Ω·m;在储层平均物性条件下,产层的电阻率平均下限为3.2Ω·m;在储层最优物性条件下,产层的电阻率最低下限为2.5Ω·m。③在不同的深度点处,油层、油水同层和水层的电阻率测井值与下限计算值之比分别为大于0.85、0.7~0.85和小于0.75。

Sediment transport following water transfer from Yangtze River to Taihu Basin

To meet the increasing ：need of fresh water and to improve the water quality of Taihu Lake, water transfer from the Yangtze River was initiated in 2002. This study was performed to investigate the sediment distribution along the river course following water transfer. A rainfall-runoff model was first built to calculate the runoff of the Taihu Basin in 2003. Then, the flow patterns of river networks were simulated using a one-dimensional river network hydrodynamic model. Based on the boundary conditions of the flow in tributaries of the Wangyu River and the water level in Taihu Lake, a one-dimensional hydrodynamic and sediment transport numerical model of the Wangyu River was built to analyze the influences of the inflow rate of the water transfer and the suspended sediment concentration （SSC） of inflow on the sediment transport. The results show that the water transfer inflow rate and SSC of inflow have significant effects on the sediment distribution. The higher the inflow rate or SSC of inflow is, the higher the SSC value is at certain cross-sections along the ：river course of water transfer. Higher inflow rate and SSC of inflow contribute to higher sediment deposition per kilometer and sediment thickness. It is also concluded that a sharp decrease of the inflow velocity at the entrance of the Wangyu River on the river course of water transfer induces intense sedimentation at the cross-section near the Changshu hydro-junction. With an increasing distance from the Changshu hydro-junction, the sediment deposition and sedimentation thickness decrease gradually along the river course.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ATMOSPHERIC HEATING SOURCE/SINK ANOMALIES OF ASIAN MONSOON AND FLOOD/DROUGHT IN THE YANGTZE RIVER BASIN IN THE MEIYU PERIOD

NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and a 30-year precipitation dataset of observed daily rainfall from 109 gauge stations are utilized in this paper.Using the REOF we analyzed the spatial distribution of precipitation in the 109 stations in the Yangtze River Basin in Meiyu periods from 1978 to 2007.The result showed that the spatial distribution of precipitation in the Yangtze River Basin can be divided into the south and north part.As a result,relationships between an atmospheric heating source(hereafter called <Q_1>) over the Asian region and the precipitation on the south and north side of Yangtze River in Meiyu periods were separately studied in this paper.The results are shown as follows.The flood/drought to the north of Yangtze River(NYR) was mainly related to the <Q_1> over the East Asia summer monsoon region:when the <Q_1> over the Philippines through Western Pacific and the south China was weakened(strengthened),it would probably result in the flood(drought) in NYR;and the precipitation on the south side of Yangtze River(SYR)was related to the <Q_1> over the east Asia and Indian summer monsoon region:when the <Q_1> over the areas from south China to the northern East China Sea and Yellow Sea and south-eastern Japan was strengthened(weakened),and the <Q_1> over the areas from the Bay of Bengal to south-eastern Tibetan Plateau was weakened(strengthened),it will lead to flood(drought) in SYR.

Hydro-hypsometric analysis of tropical river basins,Southwest Coast of India using geospatial technology

The key aspect in planning and management of water resources is to analyze the runoff potential and erosion status of the river basin.For the detailed investigation of hydrological response freely available Cartosat-1(IRS-P5) data was used for the preparation of digital elevation model(DEM).The runoff potential and type of erosive process of 22 river basins originating in the global biodiversity hotspot of Western Ghats,was inferred through hypsometric analysis.Several parameters like Hypsometric integral(HI),maximum concavity(Eh),coordinates of slope inflection point(I) given by a* and h* and normalized height of hypsometric curve(h) were extracted from the hypsometric curves and used for understanding the hydrological responses.From the hypsometric curves,the landform evolution processes were inferred.Contribution of diffusive and fluvial processes in slope degradation of the river basins was understood.Basins with lesser area(<100 km^2) were found to have a positive correlation between hypsometric integral and basin area,whereas for large basins no such correlation exists.Based on the study,river basins can be prioritized for the appropriate conservation measures.

珠江口盆地开平南大型深水深层油田发现与认识创新

开平凹陷是珠江口盆地地质条件最复杂的凹陷之一,也是重要的深水油气勘探区,由于洼陷结构、烃源分布及成藏规律认识不清,长期制约勘探进程。基于三维地震资料精细解释,开展成盆机制、烃源发育、源汇体系及成藏主控因素等研究,近期在开平南获得了大型轻质油田勘探发现。为进一步指导勘探,分析了开平凹陷油气成藏条件,总结了油气成藏模式。结果表明:(1)开平凹陷是南海北部强伸展陆缘背景下发育的“拆离-核杂岩”型凹陷,裂陷期经历“断陷—拆离—断拗”3幕演化过程;(2)开平凹陷发育文昌组优质湖相烃源岩,分布范围广、生烃潜力大,总体处于成熟至高成熟阶段;(3)开平凹陷油气运移受“源-断-脊”耦合控制,开平凹陷南部3大鼻状构造带是油气有利汇聚区,总体具有“近源强势充注-断脊差异运聚-晚期快速成藏”的模式。开平南古近系大型轻质油田的发现实现了开平凹陷勘探重大突破,开辟了珠江口盆地深水区油气勘探的新区、新领域,同时为“拆离-核杂岩”型含油气盆地的勘探提供了借鉴。

基于Budyko假设的清水河和白河流域径流变化及其影响因素分析

[目的]综合分析清水河流域和白河流域的年径流变化及其主导因素,进一步揭示永定河流域和潮白河流域实际径流的变化及其影响因素,旨在为张家口地区水资源规划与管理提供理论依据。[方法]基于Budyko模型以永定河上游的清水河流域和潮白河上游的白河流域为研究对象构建流域水热耦合平衡方程,精确计算潜在蒸散发对主要气象因子的敏感系数,再通过敏感系数计算径流对主要气象因子的弹性系数,进一步计算气候变化和人类活动对径流变化的贡献率。[结果](1)近年来清水河流域和白河流域各气象因子的弹性系数呈现增加的趋势,这种趋势揭示了这两个流域日益增强的气候—水文耦合关系。和白河流域相比,清水河流域的水文过程对气候变化更加敏感。(2)人类活动对清水河流域和白河流域的径流量变化起主导作用。清水河流域和白河流域人类活动对径流变化的影响率分别是65.37%和83.90%。(3)较之于Fu,Choudhury-Yang和Wang-Tang公式,Zhang公式在清水河流域和白河流域具有更好的适用性,能较好地模拟流域的实际蒸散发量,R~2达到0.97。[结论]人类活动对研究区径流变化的影响率为65.37%~83.90%,气候因素的影响率为16.10%~34.63%,今后应同时考虑气候和人类活动的影响,继续加强水分限制区的径流蒸散过程机理研究,以保障水资源安全。

基于GF-1影像的东江流域面向对象土地利用分类

针对东江流域地物斑块破碎、湖泊河流众多等因素影响其地物分类精度的问题,该文以GF-1遥感影像为数据源,采用面向对象的分类方法,结合模糊分类和CART决策树分类法获取研究区土地利用分类信息。根据近红外波段均值的模糊范围(480~2 200)选择模糊小于隶属函数对水体与非水体进行区分,近红外波段均值小于480确定为水体,大于2 200确定为非水体;在水体类别中,采用长宽比指数模糊范围(1.53~4.32)调用模糊大于函数对河流与水库进行了区分,长宽比指数小于1.53确定为水库,大于4.32确定为河流;在非水体类别中,采用归一化植被指数NDVI(normalized difference vegetation index)特征值模糊范围(0.21~0.62)调用模糊大于函数区分植被与非植被,NDVI指数小于0.21确定为非植被,大于0.62确定为植被,最后采用面向对象的CART决策树分类法分出河流、水库、园地、林地、耕地、灌草地、未利用地、建设用地。与极大似然分类法、非监督分类法应用到GF-1遥感影像相比,基于面向对象的CART决策树分类方法的效果最好,总体分类精度高达93.27%,Kappa系数高达0.92。该方法可以作为东江流域获取较高土地利用信息的有效方法,为研究流域生态环境变化提供更准确的数据支持。

珠江口盆地荔湾3-1气田珠江组深水扇沉积相分析

根据已钻井取芯段岩相分析,从荔湾3-1气田珠江组深水扇沉积体系中划分出巨厚层和厚层块状砂岩相、厚层正粒序砂岩相、厚层逆粒序砂岩相、平行—板状斜层理砂岩相、滑塌变形砂岩相、薄层砂岩夹层相、薄层(粉)砂岩与泥岩互层相、厚层粉砂岩相、厚层泥岩相和层状深水灰岩相等10种岩相类型和识别出砂岩相组合、泥岩相组合、(粉)砂岩与泥岩互层相组合、粉砂岩相组合和深水灰岩相组合等5种岩相组合类型,在此基础上,从珠江组深水扇沉积体系中进一步识别出内扇主水道、中扇分支水道、水道间、天然堤—溢岸、外扇和盆地等微相类型,将珠江组下部确定为以砂岩相组合为主的盆底扇内扇和斜坡扇内-中扇沉积组合,其中内扇主水道和中扇分支水道是最有利储层发育的沉积微相。中、上部确定为以泥岩相组合为主的外扇和盆地沉积组合,具有随海侵扩大,深水扇最终被远洋所取代的沉积演化特征。

河控浅水三角洲平原亚相沉积模式探讨——以鄂尔多斯盆地S59区块山西组一段为例

鄂尔多斯盆地S59区块山一段,整体具有构造稳定、地势平坦、古水深较浅、湖平面频繁升降、物源充足等特点,发育浅水三角洲沉积体系。本文在前人研究的基础上,通过对取心井岩心分析及侧井相分析,探讨了浅水三角洲的沉积特征,建立了浅水三角洲平原亚相沉积模式。研究结果表明,山西组山一段为河控浅水三角洲沉积,浅水三角洲的陆上部分沉积过程与曲流河沉积具有一致性,发育边滩、“渐弃型”废弃河道、决口扇和洪泛平原等微相,平面上河道在凹岸不断侵蚀,凸岸不断堆积形成边滩微相。此外在凹岸发育一定规模的废弃河道,河道砂体呈南北向分布,发育少量的决口扇沉积,在河道间发育细粒沉积洪泛平原亚相。三角洲平原亚相沉积模式的建立为预测优质砂体发育位置提供地质依据。

珠江口盆地PY30-1气田陆相石英砂岩储集层成岩作用研究

珠江口盆地发现的PY30-1气田其规模储量在300亿m3以上。依据岩心、薄片、扫描电镜、X衍射等资料,详细研究该气田PY30-1-3井储集层特征及成岩作用,按照最新碎屑岩成岩阶段划分标准,该区主力气层SB13.8层处于开启性弱碱型水(pH值为7.53)循环环境,胶结作用不强烈,成岩作用较弱,处于早成岩B期;主力气层MFS18.5层处于中成岩A期,属于相对封闭性弱酸型水(pH值为6.41)循环环境,温度的增加催化了溶蚀作用的进程,为次生孔隙带的发育提供了条件。据此建立了陆相石英砂岩类储集层的成岩模式。

基于RADARSAT-1影像的洪涝评估方法

RADARSAT-1雷达卫星因其全天时、全天候、多种地面分辨率的下垫面信息采集能力迅速在防洪减灾领域得到应用。本文基于淮河流域2007年梅雨期的RADARSAT-1影像,利用遥感影像处理软件ENVI的改进型弗罗斯特滤波器对其进行滤波运算,消除其噪音斑点。然后基于ENVI的决策树分类器,对下垫面进行水体和非水体的划分。把RADARSAT-1影像上的水体区域减去背景SPOT5影像的水体后,获得了本次洪涝的区域范围。最后根据洪涝范围内的高精度数字地形图、人口分布和耕地分布等基础数据,估算出主要行蓄洪区的淹没耕地面积和影响人口等灾情,从而为防洪减灾工作提供了信息支持。

玛纳斯河流域山区雪粒径HJ-1卫星反演

雪粒径是影响雪面能量收支和表征积雪状态的重要参数,利用遥感手段定量反演雪粒径信息对雪水当量估算、流域水资源管理和局地气候变化研究等具有重要意义.针对新疆玛纳斯河流域山区积雪表层粒径地遥感反演,以渐近式辐射传输模型为基础建立雪粒径反演模型,利用HJ-1卫星多光谱数据得到玛纳斯河流域山区冬季积雪期和春季融雪期的雪粒径反演结果,并利用地面实测数据对反演结果进行验证,最后分析雪粒径随海拔的分布特征.结果表明:建立的雪粒径反演模型能够较好地描述雪粒径与卫星遥感信号间的定量关系;雪粒形状对反演结果影响较大,当选择适当的雪粒形状时,雪面粒径反演值与实测值较为吻合;海拔对雪面粒径的分布影响较大.

基于MIKE11与EFDC模型的突发性水污染事故预测模拟研究

通过对沈阳市浑河流域水环境的调查,基于Mike11与EFDC建立浑河流域沈阳段水动力-水质耦合模型,并对突发污染事故进行模拟研究。结果表明,Mike11与EFDC模型应用于浑河流域的预警模型在率定期和验证期的模拟结果均良好,所确定的参数能准确反映河道特征。因此,此预警模型可应用于浑河流域突发性水环境风险应急预测,并且能够对浑河污染物迁移转化过程进行准确模拟预测,模拟结果能够为区域水资源管理和保护提供技术支持,达到流域应急预警功能需求。

海河流域基于MODIS1B遥感数据反演水库库容及水深研究

采用MODIS 1B遥感数据对海河流域水库位置、面积及库容进行了分析和反演计算。建立了利用MODIS 1B数据提取水库面积的方法模型,同时根据水库库容—面积曲线反演了海河流域主要大型水库的实际库容,为利用遥感数据估计水库库容开辟了新的方法。此外,研究进一步发现:MODIS 1B数据中第二波段对于提取水深有着较好的敏感性,并利用此方法分析了海河流域大型水库的水深,同时建立了水深—反射率方程。

“诸子均分”财产继承制与乡村经济社会生活变迁(1872-1948)——以清水江流域陈氏家藏三代分关文书为中心

清水江流域遗存大量具有归户性特征的分关文书,乃是研究乡土社会经济文化不可多得的重要原始民间史料。白市镇对江村陈氏家藏三代连续完整的分关文书,反映了咸同兵燹后其家族经济生活变迁的一般情况,尽管表面简单的分家析产,仍涉及“诸子均分”“过继子嗣”“长子特权”“嫡庶有别”等诸多问题,均反映了乡村社会传统礼法制度及家族伦理的一般特征。其中尤值得注意者即“诸子均分”作为一种普遍的制度性原则,往往导致了地权分配或转移的分散化与零碎化,影响了土地的集中占有及阶层的社会分化,因而自耕农始终都是苗侗地方社会的主体,当地只能是小农化的土地分布与经营的社会经济形态,而非地主阶级土地所有制的社会经济形态。

从资源到资本:林业文化遗产类型、价值及转变——以清水江流域为考察中心

林业文化遗产作为特殊的遗产类型,在生态文明时代展现着突出和普遍的价值,剖析林业文化遗产的内涵及效用,可为林业文化遗产保护和研究提供新的视角和参考。以清水江流域为考察中心,对林业文化遗产的类型和形成、价值内涵、保护利用及增值逻辑进行分析和总结。结果表明:①林业文化遗产可归结为物种类、技术类、景观类、记忆类和工具类五大类,这些遗产以认识和利用森林资源为基础,与自然、生态、环境等紧密关联,是一种特殊的资源;②林业文化遗产由不同的要素和系统所构成的特性,决定了林业文化遗产具有产品供给、文化服务、社会网络建设以及生态智慧凝结等多重价值;③清水江流域在制度化保护、产业链延伸、旅游业发展以及生态理念传承4个方面将林业文化遗产盘活,使其蕴含的潜在价值转化为实在的经济、社会、生态和文化效益;④林业文化遗产在以保护为前提的框架下进行发掘和利用,是促进资源转化为资本,进而实现价值增值的理论逻辑。

山区复杂地形条件下GF-1卫星遥感雪面反射率计算

针对山区遥感影像计算雪面反射率的难点,采用各向异性校正与地形校正相结合的方法,将研究区不同坡面方向的雪面反射率归一化至平坦地表垂直观测方向上的雪面反射率,以消除地形影响.其中,各向异性校正采用二向反射分布函数(Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function,BRDF)模型;地形校正采用山地辐射传输模型.遥感影像选用新疆玛纳斯河流域的高分一号卫星(GF-1)宽幅相机数据.利用同步观测的积雪光谱数据对此方法的校正能力进行验证,结果表明此方法能够消除大部分地形和大气的影响;计算的雪面反射率在非阴影区与阴影区均与实测数据相一致;该方法可为山区积雪的光学遥感研究提供技术支撑.