Catalytic Reaction Kinetics of Propylene Dimerization to 4-Methyl-1-Pentene Using Cu-K/K_(2)CO_(3) Solid Base Catalyst

The catalysis technology of propylene dimerization to form 4-methyl-1-pentene(4MP1)using a Cu-K/K_(2)CO_(3) solid base catalyst is a well-known heterogeneous catalytic reaction.In this study,the intrinsic kinetics of propylene dimerization were studied in a fixed-bed continuous reactor.Internal and external diffusion during the dimerization reaction experiments were eliminated by adjusting the flow rate of the carrier gas and the particle size of the catalyst support.Then,the concentration changes of each substance at the outlet of the catalyst bed under different residence times were investigated.Moreover,the suitable reaction kinetics equations was derived using the Langmuir Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson kinetic model.Finally,the activation energy for each reaction involved in the dimerization reaction was calculated.The activation energies of 4MP1,branched by-products,and 1-hexene were 115.0,150.8,and 177.4 kJ/mol,respectively.The effect of process conditions on propylene dimerization with solid base catalysts was studied through kinetic model simulation.By comparing the theoretical values obtained from the simulation with the experimental results,the applicability and accuracy of the kinetic model were verified.

Regulation of Propylene and 1-Methylcyclopropene on Expressions of ACS and ACO Genes in Persimmon Fruits

The regulation of postharvest treatment with propylene and 1-MCP on ethylene release rate and expressions of 1- aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid synthase （ACS） and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase （ACO） genes in Fuping Janshi persimmon （Diospyros kaki L.） fruit were investigated. Fruits were treated with propylene and 1-MCP, then stored at 20℃, ethylene release rate of the treated fruits was measured at regular intervals and RNA was extracted for Northern blotting analysis. The results suggested that treatment with propylene accelerated the expressions of ACS and ACO genes and then enhanced the ethylene biosynthesis, while treatment with 1-MCP inhibited the expressions of two genes and their ethylene biosynthesis. Furthermore, different effects on expressions caused by treatments with propylene and 1-MCP existed in various fruit tissues, the inhibitory effect on ACS and ACO genes by 1-MCP was the strongest in pericarp, followed by pulp and core tissues, in the area near fruit stalk, the inhibitory effect was the weakest. While the enhanced effect on ACS and ACO genes by propylene increased from pulp, core, and pericarp to the area near fruit stalk. Expression of each member of ACS and ACO families in various tissues was also completely different, in control and propylene treatment, DKACS3 gene just expressed in the area near fruit stalk and did not express in other tissues, but DKACS2 gene expressed in four tissues by treatment with propylene.

Effects of the Amount of Tetrapropyl Ammonium Hydroxide in Synthesis on TS-1 Properties and Catalytic Performance in Epoxidation of Propylene

Titanium silicalite-1(TS-1) was synthesized by a hydrothermal synthesis method with different amounts of tetrapropyl ammonium hydroxide(TPAOH) as template.The as-prepared TS-1 was characterized by scanning electron microscopy,X-ray powder diffraction,Fourier-transform infrared resonance spectroscopy,ultravioletvisible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and nitrogen physical adsorption and desorption,and studied in the propylene epoxidation with hydrogen peroxide in a fixed bed reactor.The results showed that the amount of TPAOH had a strong influence on the grain morphology,the amount of framework Ti,and the average particle sizes of TS-1.With the increase of TPAOH amount in the synthesis(the molar ratio of TPAOH/SiO_2 increasing from 0.25 to 0.45),the morphology changed gradually from ellipsoids to cubes,the particle sizes of TS-1 decreased slightly,the amount of the framework Ti increased appreciably,and the catalytic stability in the propylene epoxidation increased markedly.Moreover,all the catalysts had the same selectivity to propylene epoxide.However,when the molar ratio of TPAOH/SiO_2 was further increased to 0.55,the particles became large hexagons with the size distribution in a wide range,and the catalytic stability decreased sharply although the amount of the framework Ti increased further,which can be attributed to the long diffusion paths of the reactants in the zeolite.

Effect of TS-1 Treatment by Mixed Alkaline on Propylene Epoxidation

Titanium silicate-1(TS-1) was treated with a mixed alkaline of tetrapropyl ammonium hydroxide(TPAOH) and NaOH. It was characterized by XRD, nitrogen physical adsorption, SEM, FT-IR, UV-Vis and ICPOES, and studied in propylene epoxidation. The mixed alkaline treatment with TPAOH/NaOH solution did not destroy the MFI structure of TS-1. With increasing NaOH concentrations, the relative crystallinity and the framework titanium decreased to some extent while the mesopore volume, mesopore diameter, and extra-framework titanium increased appreciably. When NaOH concentration was 0.0333 mol L^(-1), the best catalytic performance was obtained.

Zn–Ca–Al mixed oxide as efficient catalyst for synthesis of propylene carbonate from urea and 1,2-propylene glycol

A series of Zn–Ca–Al oxides with different CaO and ZnO contents have been prepared and evaluated in the synthesis of propylene carbonate(PC) from 1,2-propylene glycol(PG) and urea in a batch reactor. The effect of catalyst composition, basicity and reaction process parameters such as temperature, catalyst dose, molar ratio of PG to urea, purge gas flow and reaction time has been studied to find suitable reaction conditions for the PC synthesis. The PC selectivity and yield under the desired conditions could reach 98.4% and 90.8%, respectively. The best performing catalyst also exhibited a good reusability without appreciable loss in the PC selectivity and yield after five consecutive reaction runs. In addition, a stepwise reaction pathway involving a 2-hydroxypropyl carbamate intermediate was proposed for the urea alcoholysis to PC in the presence of Zn–Ca–Al catalysts, according to the time dependences of reaction intermediates and products.

TLC Identification and Extraction Process of Rubiasin-1-methyl Ether from Yao Medicine Chuanlianzhu

[Objectives]To establish a thin-layer chromatography(TLC)method for the determination of rubiadin-1-methyl ether in Yao Medicine Chuanlianzhu(Damnacanthus giganteus).[Methods]A silica gel G thin-layer plate was adopted for TLC.Petroleum ether(60-90℃)-chloroform-methanol-water(7:15:3:1)was used as the developing solvent and inspected under ultraviolet lamp(365 nm).The content was determined by Inertsil ODS-3 C 18 column(4.60 mm×250 mm,5μm),mobile phase:acetonitrile-0.2%phosphoric acid gradient elution,detection wavelength 277 nm,flow rate 1.0 mL/min,column temperature 30℃,injection volume 10μL.[Results]The spots of 10 Chuanlianzhu samples from different origins showed the same color at the same position as the control,and the spots were clear and specific.The injection volume of rubiadin-1-methyl ether showed a good linear relationship in the range of 2.90-145μg(R=0.9996).The average recovery rate of rubiadin-1-methyl ether in the low,medium and high dose groups of Yao Medicine Chuanlianzhu was 98.72%,and RSD=1.78%.[Conclusions]This method can effectively identify Yao Medicine Chuanlianzhu medicinal materials and accurately determine the content of rubiadin-1-methyl ether in the medicinal materials.It provides a scientific basis for the development and utilization of Yao Medicine Chuanlianzhu medicinal resources.

Catalytic cracking of 1-butene to propylene by Ag modified HZSM-5

Silver modified HZSM-5 （AgHZ） zeolite catalysts were prepared by ion exchange method and their catalytic properties in the l-butene cracking reaction were measured. The catalysts were characterized by infrared spec- troscopy with pyridine adsorption （Py-IR）, N2 adsorption and X-ray diffraction （XRD）. The effects of Ag loading and steaming treatment on catalytic performances were studied. It is found that the activity ofHT_SM-5 （HZ） catalyst significantly decreases with the steaming time, whereas AgHZ catalysts show stable activity in the steaming time of 24-48 h and their activities increase with the Ag loading. When the steaming time is 24-48 h, the yield of propylene over HZ catalyst significantly decreases, whereas it is stable over AgHZ catalysts. The AgHZ catalysts with Ag loadings of 0.28%-0.43% （by mass） show similar propylene yields （-30%）, which are higher than that over the AgHZ catalyst with a Ag loading of 0.55% （by mass）. These results indicate that the steam-treated AgHZ catalysts with optimum Ag loadings have higher yield of propylene and are more stable than the steam- treated HZ catalyst. The regeneration stability measurement in butene cracking also shows that the AgHZ catalyst steam-treated under a suitable condition has better stability than the HZ catalyst.

Highly Effective Propylene Epoxidation over TS-1/SiO_(2) Hydrothermally Treated

The propylene epoxidation over TS-1/SiO2 catalyst hydrothermally treated was investigated. It was found by EPR characterization that two types of Ti (IV)-superoxide radicals, A (gz=2.0271; gy=2.0074; gx=2.0010) and B (gz=2.0247; gy= 2.0074; gx= 2.0010), were observed for TS-1/SiO2. The superoxo species A converted to B after TS-1/SiO2 catalyst was hydrothermally treated. The results show that over TS-1/SiO2 catalyst hydrothermally treated at 170℃, about 95% conversion of H2O2 with above 94% PO selectivity is obtained during continuous running for 300 h under the conditions of reaction temperature 45℃, 0.5 h-1WHSV of propylene.

^(13)C NMR Study of Ethylene/propylene/octene-1 Terpolymers Synthesized with TiCl_4/MgCl_2/ i -Bu_3Al as the Catalyst

The theory of chemical shift effect of substituent was applied to the assignment of the 13 C NMR spectra of the ethylene/propylene and ethylene/octene 1 copolymers. Using the parameters derived above and the DEPT technique, we then entirely assigned the 13 C NMR spectra of the ethylene/propylene/octene 1 terpolymers synthesized in the presence of the same heterogeneous supported Ziegler Natta catalyst, TiCl 4/MgCl 2/ i Bu 3Al. The present paper also covers the terpolymer composition and the monomer sequence distributions of a series of ethylene/propylene/octene 1 terpolymers.

Selective propylene epoxidation in liquid phase using highly dispersed Nb catalysts incorporated in mesoporous silicates

Selective propylene epoxidation to propylene oxide(PO) with hydrogen peroxide(H_2O_2) was carried out in a catalytic semi-batch reactor.High propylene epoxidation activity(44 h^(-1)) was observed over Nb based mesoporous silicate materials Nb-TUD-1 under mild operating conditions.The physical and chemical properties of the Nb based silicates characterized using BET,FTIR,TPD,TEM and UV–Vis revealed that the site isolation and surface acidity are crucial for PO production.Catalyst synthesis methods were investigated for their effects on PO productivity,PO selectivity and H_2O_2 utilization efficiency.It is found that Nb-TUD-1 material synthesized by the sol–gel method is more active and selective than impregnated materials for liquid phase propylene epoxidation.Surface characterization confirms that thus synthesized Nb-TUD-1 catalysts have more Lewis acidity and less Bronsted acidity compared to the catalysts by impregnation.

Design and optimization of an integrated process for the purification of propylene oxide and the separation of propylene glycol by-product

It is difficult to separate the methanol and hydrocarbons in the propylene oxide(PO)purification process due to their forming azeotrope.As for this,a novel PO separation process,in that the deionized water is employed as extractant and 1,2-propylene glycol(MPG)that is formed from the PO hydrolysis reaction is recovered,is presented in this work.The salient feature of this process is that both the non-catalyzed reactions of PO hydrolysis to form MPG and dipropylene glycol(DPG)are simultaneously considered and MPG by-product with high purity is obtained in virtue of the deionized water as reflux liquid and side take-off in MPG column.In addition,the ionic liquid(IL)extractant is screened through the conductorlike screening model for segment activity coefficient(COSMO-SAC)and the comparisons of separation efficiency between the IL and normal octane(nC_(8))extractant for the separation of PO and 2-methylpentane are made.With the non-random two-liquid(NRTL)thermodynamic model,the simulation and optimization design for the full flow sheet are performed and the effects of the key operation parameters such as solvent ratio,theoretical stages,feeding stage etc.on separation efficiency are detailedly discussed.The results show that the mass purity and the mass yield of PO can be up to 99.99%and 99.0%,and the condenser duty,reboiler duty and PO loss in the process with IL extractant can be decreased by 69.66%,30.21%and 78.86%compared to ones with nC_(8).The total annual cost(TAC)calculation also suggests that the TAC would be significantly reduced if using IL in replace of nC_(8) for the investigated process.The presented results would provide a useful guide for improving the quality of PO product and the economic efficiency of industrial plant.

1-丁烯/丙烯共聚物的合成及结晶行为

使用最新开发的负载型Ziegler-Natta催化剂合成1-丁烯/丙烯共聚物,催化剂活性可达9 kg/(g·h)以上。采用13C NMR,IR,XRD,DSC等方法对所得共聚物的组成、链结构和结晶行为进行表征。实验结果表明,1-丁烯/丙烯共聚物中连续排列的丙烯单元结构含量少,IR谱图和XRD谱图中未出现聚丙烯晶体对应的特征峰,表明丙烯很好地参与了共聚反应;^(13)C NMR谱图分析计算结果表明,共聚物中丙烯含量为3.3%~18.9%(x)。在实验条件范围内,共聚单体丙烯的引入可加速共聚物由晶型Ⅱ向晶型Ⅰ转变,当丙烯含量不低于7.8%(x)时,晶型Ⅱ在48 h内基本转变为晶型Ⅰ(占比不低于96.2%);当丙烯含量不低于12.6%(x)时,晶型Ⅱ在24 h内基本转变为晶型Ⅰ(占比不低于96.1%)。

Effects of Al(i-Bu)_3 on Propylene Polymerization and Copolymerization by rac-Me_2Si(Ind)_2ZrCl_2/MAO

The effects of adding Al(i-C_4H_9)_3 (TBA) to rac-Me2Si(Ind)2ZrCl2/ MAO catalyzed propylene-1-octene copolymerization were studied. At TBA /MAO (Al/AI mole ratio) of about 0.6, the polymerization activity was found to be much higher than the system without TBA. Increases of polymer molecular weight and 1-octene content from addition of TBA were also observed.

Interaction of N-(2-Methyl Thio Phenyl)-2-Hydroxy-1-Naphthaldimine with Tin Dioxide Nanoparticles: A Spectroscopic Approach

The interaction of N-(2-methyl thiophenyl)-2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldimine (NMTHN) with tin dioxide nanoparticles (SnO2 NPs) has been investigated by spectroscopic tools such as absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. Absorption spectroscopy reveals the formation of ground state complex. Fluorescence spectroscopy has been used to study the signatures of fluorescence quenching. SnO2 NPs are found to quench the intrinsic fluorescence of NMTHN via static and dynamic quenching. The deviation from linearity in the Stern-Volmer plot has been observed.

双模板剂调控SAPO-34对1-丁烯催化裂解的影响

利用水热合成法,通过调控模板剂吗啡啉和四乙基氢氧化铵物质的量比[n(MOR)∶n(TEAOH)]合成出不同SAPO-34分子筛。采用XRD、SEM、NH_(3)-TPD等测试方法对合成样品进行表征,并考察其在1-丁烯催化裂解制丙烯反应中的催化性能。结果表明,双模板剂相比单模板剂制得的SAPO-34分子筛具有不同的酸性和颗粒尺寸,适宜的[n(MOR)∶n(TEAOH)]可以协同SAPO-34分子筛有更弱的酸强度和B酸酸位,从而抑制裂解过程中氢转移反应的发生。当n(MOR)∶n(TEAOH)=2.0∶0.5时可以最大程度的提升丙烯产率和选择性,在1-丁烯催化裂解制丙烯中具有最高的丙烯产率和丙烯选择性,分别为37.03%和45.78%,可以有效应用于1-丁烯催化裂解反应。

高温下1-己烯在H-ZSM-5催化剂上的裂化反应机理和反应路径

采用固定床反应器考察了1-己烯在反应温度为500~750℃范围内在H-ZSM-5沸石和石英砂上的裂化反应。在此基础上,建立了催化/热裂化占比模型,定量地讨论了高温下催化裂化和热裂化反应的关系。另外,根据1-己烯在H-ZSM-5沸石上裂化反应的产物分布,对其反应路径进行了推导和估算。结果表明:1-己烯在H-ZSM-5沸石上的高温反应以催化裂化为主。即使在750℃高温下,1-己烯通过催化裂化反应进行转化的占比仍然高达91.32%。产物中甲烷、乙烯和丙烯等主要来源于催化裂化反应,而不是热裂化反应。对1-己烯裂化反应路径的估算发现,双分子齐聚裂化反应占比由500℃时的74%下降到700℃时的0。单分子直接裂化反应有利于生成乙烯和丙烯等小分子烯烃,而双分子齐聚裂化反应有利于生成较大分子烯烃。高温下乙烯和丙烯产率较高的原因可能是高温促进了1-己烯的单分子直接裂化反应。

丙烯/1-丁烯共聚合的工业化实践

一般的无规共聚聚丙烯通过共单体的引入破坏聚丙烯分子链的规整性,降低球晶尺寸实现聚合物的透明化,同时提高产品抗冲击性能。然而,当选用乙烯为共单体时,较低的刚性以及较高含量的正己烷抽提物使其无法满足卫生要求较高的食品和医疗用品领域。当选用1-丁烯作为共聚单体时,可有效克服乙烯作为共聚单体时的不足。通过对聚丙烯装置进行技术改造以及生产工艺控制和优化,开发出丙烯/1-丁烯共聚技术及其聚丙烯新产品,应用于食品包装、医疗卫生等领域。

反式-1-氯-3,3,3-三氟丙烯的合成工艺研究

对反式-1-氯-3,3,3-三氟丙烯[HCFO-1233zd(E)]的制备工艺进行了分析,HCFO-1233zd(E)的制备工艺有多种,认为以HCC-240fa及其衍生物为原料的制备路线工业化价值较高。

(2S)-1-[(2-噻吩基)苯氧基]-2-3-环氧丙烷的两步合成法

目的:以廉价、易得的(R)-环氧氯丙烷为起始原料构筑手性中心,合成(2S)-1-[(2-噻吩基)苯氧基]-2-3-环氧丙烷。方法:(R)-环氧氯丙烷与2-(噻吩-2-基)苯酚在弱碱性条件下反应生成中间体,再在强碱性条件下环合生成(2S)-1-[(2-噻吩基)苯氧基]-2-3-环氧丙烷。结果:经过两步比较温和的反应,生成双聚合杂质和手性异构体纯度约0.30%的粗品,经过重结晶得到高纯度目标化合物(双聚合杂质纯度0.02%,手性异构体纯度0.10%,单一杂质纯度<0.1%)。结论:(R)-环氧氯丙烷为起始原料构筑手性中心,产物容易分离、提纯,为(2S)-1-[(2-噻吩基)苯氧基]-2-3-环氧丙烷的工业化合成路径提供了有益参考。

硅胶负载硫酸铁催化合成香兰素1，2-丙二醇缩醛

以香兰素和1,2-丙二醇为原料,以硅胶负载硫酸铁(Fe2(SO4)3/S iO2)为催化剂,合成了香兰素1,2-丙二醇缩醛,考察了醛醇摩尔比、反应时间、催化剂用量及其稳定性对产率的影响。实验表明,硅胶负载硫酸铁是合成香兰素1,2-丙二醇缩醛的理想催化剂,较优反应条件为:香兰素0.1 mol,n(香兰素)∶n(1,2-丙二醇)=1.0∶2.4,催化剂的用量为反应物总质量的2.5%,带水剂环己烷12 mL,回流反应3.0 h,香兰素1,2-丙二醇缩醛的收率可达86.0%以上。