Effect of Internal Ethylene and 1-Methylcyclopropene on Ethylene Metabolism and Membrane Lipid Peroxidation in Papaya Fruit

[Objective] This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of 1-methylcy- clopropene （1-MCP） on fruit firmness, and the activity of the enzymes involved in ethylene metabolism and membrane lipid peroxidation. [Method] The nearly ripe fruits of the papaya cultivar Risheng were randomly assigned to one of four groups. Two groups were treated under hypobaric and hypoxic （HH） atmosphere condition for six hours, and immediately soaked in deionized water （HH alone）, or fumigated with 2.0 mg/L 1-MCP （HH＋I-MCP） for 24 h. The other two groups untreated under HH condition were also soaked in deionized water （negative control）, or fumigated with 2.0 mg/L 1-MCP （1-MCP alone） for 24 h. After that, the fruits of all the four treatments were stored at room temperature （23＋1） ℃. Cell membrane permeability, fruit firmness, respiration rate, ethylene release rate, SOD activity, POD activity, CAT activity, MAD content and LOX activity were measured once every three days during storage. [Result] Treatment with 1-MCP delayed the occurrence of the peaks of respiration rate and ethylene release rate, significantly reduced the accumulation of malondialdehyde （MDA）, and inhibited the decrease in papaya fruit firmness. Compared with the control, 1-MCP treatment significantly increased the SOD （su- peroxide dismutase）, POD （peroxidase） and CAT （catalase） activity, reduced the ac- tivity of lipoxygenase （LOX）, a product of lipid peroxidatlon in membranes, and in- hibited ethylene biosynthesis, thus delaying the aging process and prolonging the storage life of papaya fruits. [Conclusion] The results will provide a theoretical basis for analvzina the key factors controllinq postharvest maturity and aging of papaya fruits.

Current progress in application of 1-Methylcyclopropene to improve postharvest quality of cut flowers

Floral senescence or petal abscission that determine cut flower quality and longevity are primarily caused by the regulation of endogenous ethylene and perception of endogenous and exogenous ethylene in floral organs(such as the petals and gynoecium),in ethylene-sensitive species.Several attempts have been made to prolong flower quality and longevity using silver ions and other chemicals that inhibit ethylene production and perception in floral organs.Among the available compounds,1-methylcyclopropene(1-MCP)has been increasingly used as ethylene-action/perception inhibitor because of its ability to inhibit ethylene action/perception and it is environmentally safe.Although 1-MCP has been used in several cut flower crops for about 25 years,there has been no review yet that critically emphasizes the benefits or difficulties of using this compound for the prolongation of cut flower quality and longevity.Here,we outline the role of 1-MCP in inhibiting ethylene action/perception and petal senescence in cut flowers through the blocking of receptor binding sites,and we discuss how various factors affecting efficacy of 1-MCP(such as concentration,treatment time and temperature,genotype,and flower stage)are involved in the achievement of flower longevity.Moreover,we highlight the advantages of applying nonvolatile and liquid 1-MCP formulation types,as opposed to using the conventional 1-MCP treatment(powder formulation type).We expect that this review will provide useful information for the future utilization of 1-MCP for the maintenance of cut flower longevity.

Effect of Internal Ethylene and 1-methylcyclopropene on Ripening of Papaya Fruit(Carica papaya L.)

With papaya fruit （ Carica papaya ） as an experimental material, variations of its physiological indices were investigated through hypobaric hypoxia （HH, 10 kPa, 1.5 kPa O 2） treatment followed by fumigation with 1-methylcyclopropene （1-MCP）, so as to discuss the effect of interaction between 1-MCP and internal ethylene on ripening of papaya fruit during postharvest storage. The results indicated that HH treatment significantly reduced internal ethylene concentration （IEC） by 57.6%. However, there were no remarkable differences in other physiological indices between various treatments and control （CK）. The 1-MCP and HH＋1-MCP treatments could significant postpone the softening process and color change of papaya fruit. The two treatments achieved the effects of significantly inhibiting the occurrence of fruit disease and the increase of pericarp cell membrane permeability, effectively delaying the variation of soluble solid and Vc contents, and better maintaining soluble solid and Vc contents in fruit, thereby better keeping nutritional substances and flavor quality in fruit in later storage period and prolonging the storage time of fruit.

1-MCP处理对磨盘柿货架期果实保脆效果的影响

以磨盘柿为试验材料,利用1-MCP(1-methylcyclopropene)和PVC自发气调保鲜袋综合处理技术,观察室温条件下的柿果实货架保脆效果。结果表明:1-MCP处理可以明显控制果实的转软率及生理病害的发生,有效延缓了果实的后熟和衰老进程,明显抑制柿果实硬度、可溶性固形物含量、Vc含量、可溶性单宁含量及乙烯和呼吸强度的变化,但对可滴定酸含量变化影响不明显,采用0.50μL.L-1 1-MCP和0.03mm厚PVC自发气调保鲜袋综合处理技术可使柿果实常温货架期延长2周左右。

1-MCP处理期不同成熟度‘霞晖8号’桃果实贮藏中品质和生理生化特性的影响

桃作为跃变型果实,其贮藏时间较短且极易发生冷害、木质化。1-MCP作为采后果蔬保鲜效果较好的化学处理方法,在新鲜果蔬采后应用。本实验以两种成熟度‘霞晖8号’桃果实为试材,采用10μL/L 1-甲基环丙烯(1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP)密闭处理果实12 h,探索20℃1-MCP对贮藏期间不同成熟度桃果实品质和生理生化变化的影响。结果表明,1-MCP处理均能抑制两种成熟度果实的呼吸强度和乙烯释放。贮藏第4 d时,1-MCP处理低和高两成熟度果实的呼吸强度分别较对照低12.16 mg·kg^(−1)·h^(−1)和12.82 mg·kg^(−1)·h^(−1),乙烯释放量峰值较对照分别降低了18.43%和15.88%。1-MCP处理果实的硬度、还原型抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽含量均高于同时间的对照果实,处理能够抑制果实丙二醛的积累,在贮藏末期,低成熟度处理和对照组MDA含量分别为2.35和2.54μmol·g^(−1) FW。另外,与对照相比,贮藏末期高成熟度处理果实琥珀酸脱氢酶和细胞色素氧化酶活性较高,分别为0.47和2.80 U·min^(−1)·g^(−1)FW,低成熟度处理果实过氧化物酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性上升时间受到延迟,琥珀酸脱氢酶和细胞色素氧化酶活性分别提高了32.50%和20.30%,表明1-MCP处理可以延缓‘霞晖8号’桃果实成熟衰老进程,保持其品质,且以较低成熟度处理效果更好。

“1-甲基环丙烯＋蓄冷剂＋保温包装”模拟运输蓝莓鲜果研究

为研究"1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)+蓄冷剂+保温包装"模式模拟运输蓝莓鲜果效果,以蓝莓(粉蓝)鲜果为对象,经1-MCP(1.0μL/L、(26±2)℃)熏蒸4 h、预冷12 h后装入泡沫箱,并加入蓄冷剂,35℃外环境下以100 km/h的速度模拟振荡,分别于24、48 h后开箱,并取出果实放入PE保鲜袋,4℃下进行192 h货架期实验,每隔48 h进行各项指标检测。结果表明,模拟运输期放入相同重量蓄冷剂条件下,模拟运输24 h,使用1-MCP处理组在货架末期的腐烂率(MP24)分别比模拟运输48 h对照组(CK48)、模拟运输24 h对照组(CK24)、模拟运输48 h 1-MCP处理组(MP48)低18.99%、14.03%和14.11%,硬度分别比CK48、MP48、CK24高14.20%、9.93%和4.67%,能维持果胶酶活性最低,并保持花色苷、总酚、V_C、GSH含量。因此,"1-MCP处理+蓄冷剂+保温包装"短期运输,是一种低成本、高效的蓝莓鲜果物流模式。

1-甲基环丙烯、纳他霉素处理对富士苹果贮后货架品质和风味的影响

以不同糖度富士苹果为实验材料,研究1-甲基环丙烯(1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP)(1μL/L)、纳他霉素(800 mg/L)对贮后常温货架期果实的贮藏品质和生理变化的影响,并利用电子鼻、顶空固相微萃取/气相色谱质谱联用(headspace solid phase micro-extraction/gas chromatography mass spectrometry,HS-SPME/GC-MS)对不同处理货架期间的苹果风味进行分析。结果表明:与对照组相比,利用1-MCP处理后2种糖度富士苹果较好地减缓了果实失重率增加和硬度的下降、保持了果实可滴定酸含量和可溶性固形物含量,同时抑制呼吸强度和乙烯生成速率的增加,有效地延缓果实衰老,1-MCP处理低糖度富士苹果保鲜效果更明显。而纳他霉素处理除减少果实的失重率外,其他指标均逊于1-MCP处理,但优于对照。电子鼻结合HS-SPME/GC-MS分析显示:高、低糖度富士苹果在贮后货架期线性判别式分析法(linear discriminant analysis,LDA)累计贡献率分别为91.19%、82.39%,低糖度富士苹果的3种处理在货架期内可以完全区分开,但高糖度苹果在货架20 d时纳他霉素处理与对照组有交叉,其中1-MCP处理与对照组椭圆距离最大;在整个货架期间1-MCP组中醛类物质中具有清香、果香味的反式-2-己烯醛相对含量最高,说明利用1-MCP保持了果实的品质以及风味。因此,不同处理对富士苹果保鲜效果比较,1-甲基环丙烯>纳他霉素>对照,且不同处理对低糖度的作用效果优于高糖度苹果。

Influences of 1-methylcyclopropene-containing papers on the metabolisms of membrane lipids in Anxi persimmons during storage

Objectives:The aim of this work was to analyse the effects of 1-methylcyclopropene(1-MCP)treatment on the metabolisms of membrane lipids in postharvest Anxi persimmons during storage.Materials and methods:Anxi persimmon(Diospyros kaki L.f.cv.Anxi)fruits were treated by paper containing 1-MCP with a concentration of 1.35μl/l.The cellular membrane permeability was analysed by the electric conductivity meter.The activities of lipoxygenase(LOX),phospholipase(PLD)and lipase were determined by spectrophotometry.The component and relative amounts of membrane fatty acids were determined using gas chromatograph(GC).Results:The 1-MCP-treated Anxi persimmons manifested a lower electrolyte leakage rate,lower LOX,PLD and lipase activities,higher levels of unsaturated fatty acids(USFAs),higher ratio of USFAs to saturated fatty acids(SFAs)(U/S),higher index of USFAs(IUFA),but lower levels of SFAs.Conclusions:The degradation and the metabolisms of membrane lipids could be suppressed by 1-MCP treatment,which might be accountable for the delaying softening of postharvest Anxi persimmons during storage.

不同物流方式对芒果货架期间生理品质及挥发性物质的影响

以＂红玉＂芒果为试材,进行采后1-甲基环丙烯（1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP）（1μL/L）处理,通过快递空运和快递陆运2种方式从海南运至天津,在常温（25-28℃）条件下存放,测定不同处理芒果各项品质指标及挥发性物质的变化规律。结果表明：快递空运结合1-MCP处理显著延长了芒果的货架期,降低了果实腐烂率和转黄指数,维持了较高的TSS含量、可滴定酸及Vc含量,延缓了果实硬度的下降,明显抑制了芒果果皮相对电导率的上升。从挥发性物质看,1-MCP处理组芳樟醇和α-松油醇含量高于CK对照组,快递空运处理组醇类、醛类和烃类总含量高于快递陆运处理组,有效保持了主要挥发性物质的含量。实验结果说明快递空运结合1-MCP处理是最适合芒果采后电商销售的处理方式。

Effects of salt stress on rice growth, development characteristics, and the regulating ways： A review

Rice （Oryza safiva L.） is highly susceptible to the rhizosphere salinity than other cereals. High sensitivity has been ob- served, mainly at vegetative and reproductive stages in rice. It is the duty of plant physiologists to comprehend the growth, development, and physiological processes of rice plants under stress. This paper includes the overview of rice growth and developmental processes influenced by salt stress and the regulation pathways involved in these processes. It also includes the promising salt tolerance strategies, i.e., genetic modification techniques, agronomic practices to improve rice growth, yield; and role of phytohormones and their management, especially inhibition of ethylene biosynthesis by using inhibitors 1-methylcyclopropene （1-MCP）. Rice cultivation may be a first choice for improvement of salt tolerance through plant growth regulators and improved cultivation techniques. This study will significantly improve the understanding toward low rice grain yield and poor rice resistance under salt stress and will also stream scientific knowledge for effective utilization of salt affected soils by using different regulating ways.