红磷烟幕对10.6μm激光的消光系数测试研究

论述了红磷烟幕的成烟过程与遮蔽特性。在烟幕试验柜中测试了红磷烟幕对两种入射功率10.6μm激光的质量消光系数和红磷烟幕的粒度分布规律;根据米氏散射理论计算了单个红磷烟幕粒子对10.6μm激光的吸收效率因子、散射效率因子和消光效率因子。结果表明:红磷烟幕对入射功率分别为0.552、1.032 W的10.6μm激光的平均质量消光系数分别为0.6027、0.5739 m2/g。成烟5 min时红磷烟幕粒子的平均直径为2.47μm。研究表明,红磷烟幕对10.6μm激光的消光作用以吸收效应为主,其质量消光系数随浓度的增加而下降。同等条件下入射光的功率越大或空气的相对湿度越小,则红磷烟幕的消光系数就越小。

10.6μm激光辐照下光学薄膜的微弱吸收测量

建立了表面热透镜技术测量光学薄膜微弱吸收的实验装置,对10.6μmCO2激光辐照下镀制在Ge基底上的不同厚度的单层ZnS,YbF3薄膜,以及镀制在Ge基底上不同膜系的(YbF3/ZnSe)多层分光膜的弱吸收进行了测量,并对实验结果作了分析和讨论。实验结果表明,利用本实验系统已测得的待测样品的最低吸收为2.87×10-4,测量系统的灵敏度为10-5。

超细赤磷的安定性及发烟剂烟幕对10.6μm激光的消光性能

采用无机-有机双层微胶囊包覆法对超细赤磷进行处理,研究其安定性,将处理后的超细赤磷与氧化剂等混合配制成发烟剂,测定其烟幕对激光的消光性能。结果表明,超细赤磷包覆后安定性大大提高,其烟幕对10.6μm激光具有优异的遮蔽效果,透过率降到14%以下。

10.6μm激光对红外成像系统干扰特性研究

针对10.6μm激光照射某型红外成像系统所产生的干扰效应开展研究。运用ABCD矩阵变换法实现了激光在红外光学系统每个物镜前后和激光到达探测器表面的功率密度计算;通过研究10.6μm激光对红外成像系统的作用机理,深入分析了激光照射下红外光学玻璃、红外探测器的温升效应,揭示了激光对红外成像系统图像干扰效应的一般规律;搭建了10.6μm激光作用红外成像系统试验测试平台,验证了激光照射对光学材料的温升效应、激光照射过程中红外图像的响应特征和不同强度激光照射下的红外图像干扰和饱和效应。

10.6μm红外膜系制备工艺研究

采用真空镀膜法,在半导体晶片GaAs衬底上制备红外增透和增反光学薄膜,研究了Si滤光片对镀膜工艺的影响以及10.6μm增透膜系和10.6μm增反膜系的透射特性.结果表明,Si滤光片可以有效地消除单色仪二级以上光谱对镀膜工艺的影响,是一种理想的红外监控光的滤光片.监控光波长的修正值△λ约为原波长的2.5%～3%时,是制备该红外光学薄膜的较佳的条件.

氧化剂对红磷烟幕抗10.6μm激光性能的影响研究

在红磷发烟剂中分别加入四氧化三铁、三氧化二铁、氧化锰、硝酸铯、硝酸锶等氧化剂和可燃剂金属镁配制成六种发烟剂,在烟幕试验柜中测试了这六种不同配方烟幕的成烟时间、沉降速度和对10.6μm激光消光系数。研究表明,硝酸铯或硝酸锶作氧化剂时,烟幕的成烟时间分别为20 s和15 s,沉降速度分别为0.0021 m.s-1和0.0019 m.s-1,可以改善发烟剂的燃烧性能,而且烟幕对10.6μm激光的消光能力提高了41.9%和38.7%,因此,硝酸锶更适合作红磷烟幕的氧化剂。

Thulium laser treatment for bladder cancer

Recent innovations in thulium laser techniques have allowed application in the treatment of bladder cancer.Laser en bloc resection of bladder cancer is a transurethral procedure that may offer an alternative to the conventional transurethral resection procedure.We conducted a review of basic thulium laser physics and laser en bloc resection procedures and summarized the current clinical literature with a focus on complications and outcomes.Literature evidence suggests that thulium laser techniques including smooth incision,tissue vaporization,and en bloc resection represent feasible,safe,and effective procedures in the treatment of bladder cancer.Moreover,these techniques allow improved specimen orientation and accurate determination of invasion depth,facilitating correct diagnosis,restaging,and reevaluation of the need for a second resection.Nonetheless,large-scale multicentre studies with longer follow-up are warranted for a robust assessment.The present review is meant as a quick reference for urologists.

In vitro comparison of the vaporesection of human benign prostatic hyperplasia using 70-and 120-W 2μm lasers

The purpose of the current ex vivo study was to compare the speed of vaporesection of human prostatic tissue with benign prostatic hyperplasia （BPH） and the depth of tissue damage using 70- and 120-W 2-tim laser devices. Fresh prostatic tissue specimens were obtained from five patients by open prostatectomy, and were divided into separate groups （70 and 120 W） based on the energy of the laser output （70 and 120 W, respectively）. The vaporesection speed, coagulation zone depth and the necrotic tissue layer in the prostatic tissue were evaluated. The current result showed that the speeds （mean±s.d.） of vaporesection were 5.21±0.66 and 10.39±1.15 g/5 min for the 70 and 120 W groups, respectively （P=0.000）. There was no difference in the depth of necrosis/ coagulation （0.98±0.1310.30±0.09 and 0.99±0.12/0.31±0.08 mm） for the 70 and 120 W groups, respectively. In conclusion, both 70- and 120-W 2μm laser devices had superficial tissue damage during the vaporesection of human prostate tissue; moreover, the 120-W laser offers a higher vaporesection speed than the 70-W laser.

Observation and optimization of 2 μm mode‐locked pulses in all‐fiber net anomalous dispersion laser cavity

We integrally demonstrate 2μm mode-locked pulses performances in all-fiber net anomalous dispersion cavity.Stable mode-locking operations with the center wavelength around 1950–1980 nm can be achieved by using the nonlinear polarization rotation structure and properly designing the dispersion management component.Conventional soliton is firstly obtained with a total anomalous dispersion cavity.Due to the contribution of commercial ultra-high numerical aperture fibers,net dispersion is reduced to-0.077 ps2.So that stretched pulse with 19.4 nm optical bandwidth is obtained and the de-chirped pulse-width can reach 312 fs using extra-cavity compression.Under pump power greater than 890 mW,stretched pulse can evolve into noise-like pulse with 41.3 nm bandwidth.The envelope and peak of such broadband pulse can be compressed with up to 2.2 ps and 145 fs,respectively.The single pulse energy of largely chirped stretched and noise-like pulse can reach 1.785 nJ and 1.53 nJ,respectively.Furthermore,extra-cavity compression can also contribute to a significant increase of peak power.

An Innovative Gas Sensor with On-Chip Reference Using Monolithic Twin Laser

An innovative gas sensor with on-chip reference using a monolithic twin laser is proposed. In this sensor a monolithic twin laser generates two closer laser beams with slight different wavelengths alternatively, one photodiode is used to catch both absorption and reference signals by time division multiplexing. The detection of nitrous oxide adopting this scheme using a 2.1 I^m antimonide laser and an InGaAs photodiode has been demonstrated experimentally with detection limit below i ppm. Using this on chip reference scheme the fluctuations from the optical path and devices can be compensated effectively; the sensor system is simplified distinctly.

Low noise,continuous-wave single-frequency 1.5-μm laser generated by a singly resonant optical parametric oscillator

We report a low noise continuous-wave （CW） single-frequency 1.5-μm laser source obtained by a singly resonant optical parametric oscillator （SRO） based on periodically poled lithium niobate （PPLN）. The SRO was pumped by a CW single-frequency Nd：YVO4 laser at 1.06μm. The 1.02 W of CW single-frequency signal laser at 1.5 μm was obtained at pump power of 6 W. At the output power of around 0.75 W, the power stability was better than ±l.5% and no mode-hopping was observed in 30 min and frequency stability was better than 8.5 MHz in 1 min. The signal wavelength could be tuned from 1.57 to 1.59 μm by varying the PPLN temperature. The 1.5-μm laser exhibits low noise characteristics, the intensity noise of the laser reaches the shot noise limit （SNL） at an analysis frequency of 4 MHz and the phase noise is less than 1 dB above the SNL at analysis frequencies above 10 MHz.

MXene Ti_3C_2T_x saturable absorber for pulsed laser at 1.3 μm

The excellent optical properties of MXene provide new opportunities for short-pulse lasers. A diode-pumped passively Q-switched laser at 1.3 μm wavelength with MXene Ti3C2Tx as saturable absorber was achieved for the first time. The stable passively Q-switched laser has 454 ns pulse width and 162 kHz repetition rate at 4.5 W incident pumped power. The experimental results show that the MXene Ti3C2Tx saturable absorber can be used as an optical modulator to generate short pulse lasers in a solid-state laser field.

High-Power Single-Spatial-Mode GaSb Tapered Laser around 2.0 μm with Very Small Lateral Beam Divergence

We report high-power single-spatial-mode type-I GaSb-based tapered lasers fabricated on the InGaSb/AlGaAsSb material system. A straight ridge and three different tapered waveguide structures with varying flare angles are fabricated to optimize the output power and spatial-mode performance. The best devices exhibit single-spatial-mode operation with room-temperature output power up to 350？mW in continuous-wave mode at an emission wavelength around 2.0？μm with a very small far-field lateral divergence angle, which is beyond state of the art in terms of single-spatial-mode output power.

Spectral and laser properties of Yb and Ho co-doped(YLa)_2O_3 transparent ceramic

Highly transparent Yb,Ho doped（YLa）2O3 ceramic was fabricated by conventional ceramic processing with nanopowders.The absorption and emission spectra of the ceramic was investigated.The energy transfer mechanism between Yb3＋ and Ho3＋ was also discussed.The strong emission band around 2 μm indicated that the Yb-Ho：（Y 0.90 La 0.10）2O3 transparent ceramic is a promising gain medium for the generation of 2 μm laser emissions.The laser operation of Yb-Ho co-doped（YLa）2O3 ceramic at 2.1 μm is first reported.

MICROSTRUCTURE IN LASER FUSED HIGH SPEED STEEL W6Mo5Cr4V2(M2)

Microstructure of the deepest zone of high speed steel W6Mo5Cr4V2(M2)melt after laser fu-sion was found to be so fine as the ehill zone of a solidified ingot.When narrower chill zoneformed,the long columnar dendrites grow into the melt and then the fine equiaxed cellularstructure appears in upper melt region nearly surface.The substructure of cellular grains anddendrites was observed to consist of martensite and retained austenile,while the carbides asM_6C_■ Cr_7C_3 and MC distributed at their boundaries.It is believed that the highermicrohardness up to HV_(0.1)=865-960 of the laser fused structure of the alloy is due to the oc-currence of martensite.

Optimization of High Power 1.55-μm Single Lateral Mode Fabry-Perot Ridge Waveguide Lasers

Optimization of the high power single-lateral-mode double-trench ridge waveguide semiconductor laser based on InGaAsP/InP quantum-well heterostructures with a separate confinement layer is reported. Two different waveguide structures of Fabry-Perot lasers emitting at a wavelength of 1.55 μm are fabricated. The influence of an effective lateral refractive index step on the maximum output power is investigated. A cw single mode output power of 165mW is obtained for a 1-mm-long uncoated laser.

Synchronously Pumped Mode-Locked 1.89 μm Tm-Doped Fiber Laser with High Detuning Toleration

We propose and demonstrate a synchronously pumped mode-locked Tm-doped fiber（TDF） laser without any extra mode-locking elements. Pumped by a 1.56 μm pulse fiber laser, the TDF laser generates 1.17 ps pulses with a spectral width of 9.7 nm and a repetition rate of 9.33 MHz. The emission wavelength is tunable along with the cavity length detuning in a wide range of 3 mm. The high detuning toleration is beneficial to achieve high temperature and vibration stability in all-fiber configuration lasers.

Progress of optically pumped GaSb based semiconductor disk laser

This paper reviewed the development of optically pumped GaSb based semiconductor disk lasers （SDLs） emission at 2 μm wavelength region from the aspects of wavelength extending, power scaling, line-width narrowing and short-pulse generation. Most recently, the wavelength of GaSb based SDLs has been extended to 2.8 μm. The highest output power of the GaSb based SDLs has been reached to 17 W at the temperature of 20 ℃. By using active stabilization, the GaSb based SDL with line-width of 20 kHz and output power of 1 W was realized. Moreover, the shortest pulse obtained fromthe GaSb based SDLs was generated as short as 384 fs by incorporating semiconductor saturable absorber mirrors（SESAM） in the cavity.

Structure Character of M-A Constituent in CGHAZ of New Ultra-Low Carbon Bainitic Steel under Laser Welding Conditions

800 MPa grade new ultra-low carbon bainitic （NULCB） steel is the recently developed new generation steel. The microstructure in the coarse-grained heat affected zone （CGHAZ） of NULCB steel under laser welding conditions was investigated by thermal simulation. The influence of the cooling time from 800℃ to 500℃.t8/5 （0.3-30 s）, on the microstructure of the CGHAZ was discussed. The experimental results indicate that the microstructnre of the CGHAZ is only the granular bainite which consists of bainitic ferrite （BF） lath and M-A constituent while t8/5 is 0.3-30 s. The M-A constituent consists of twinned martensite and residual austenite, and the change of the volume fraction of the residual austenite in the M-A constituent is very small when t8/5 is between 0.3 and 30 s. The morphology of the M-A constituent obviously changes with the variation of t8/5.As t8/5 increases, tile average width, gross and shape parameter of the M-A constituent increase, while the line density of the M-A constituent decreases.

Techniques trend analysis of propagating laser beam quality measurement

Different methods of measuring a propagating laser beam quality are summarized.The disadvantages in traditional way in measuring a laser beam quality is analyzed and the insufficiencies of the Shack-Hartmannin method which is commonly using wave front technique at present is pointed out.Finally,the transmission intensity equation based(TIE-based)measuring way in a laser beam quality evaluation and the corresponding advantages are discussed,which is believed to be a deve-l oping trend in laser beam evaluation.