咸阳市近代渭河洪水演变研究

根据咸阳渭河河漫滩沉积野外调查和40个样品的颗粒分析资料,研究了咸阳渭河距今约100年以来洪水深度、洪水变化阶段和气候变化.资料表明,咸阳渭河约100年来河漫滩厚度为2 1m左右,主要由粗粉砂和极细砂构成,包括15个明显的沉积层,粗细分层变化明显.这15个沉积层清楚地反映了15个明显的大洪水阶段,其中以第13、12阶段洪水规模最大,第11、6阶段洪水规模最小.与1000年前洪水相比,近100年来洪水规模在减小,指示降水在减少,气候在向干旱变化.

百年一遇洪水内涵及易于引起误解的若干问题分析

近20年来,受气候变化和人类活动双重影响,极端洪水事件发生频率增加。每当出现洪水灾害时,公众都会对洪水重现期的专业表述产生误解。为帮助公众正确理解洪水重现期的确切含义,避免产生概念混淆和内涵误解,本文首先从洪水重现期定义出发,阐明其概念和内涵;然后以百年一遇重现期为例,通过实例分析百年一遇洪水在100年内可能发生的次数、洪水重现期与已有观测洪水数据的多少、气候变化和人类活动的关系以及洪水重现期与暴雨重现期的区别等;最后给出结论以及对N年一遇洪水专业表述进行修改的建议。

杜84块SAGD百吨井影响因素分析及应用

在岩心、测井和开发动态等资料的基础上,对馆陶组沉积相、储层特征及隔夹层分布情况进行综合研究,认为馆陶油藏具备单井日产油达到百吨的地质条件;同时利用数值模拟和油藏工程计算手段,从静态指标、动态指标综合分析影响百吨井的主控因素主要有隔夹层、储层非均质性和操作压力不均衡等,并确定实现百吨井的技术界限,制定驱泄复合技术、水平段均衡动用技术、操作压力控制技术和Sub-cool值调控技术等对策,实现了单井日产油达到百吨的目标,为类似区块实现SAGD单井高产提供了借鉴。

Variation Characteristics and Tendency of Precipitation in Chaoyang Area between 1908 and 2008

According to the precipitation sequence of Beijing City from 1900 to 1958,the precipitation sequence of Chengde City were revised and extended.Then the precipitation sequence of Chaoyang City were revised and extended with the precipitation sequence of Chengde City to form 100-years precipitation sequence of Chaoyang.The results showed that the 100-years precipitation sequence of Chaoyang indicated a decreasing trend and obvious periodic variation with the change of age.That is,a 10-year rainy period (approximately 525.0 mm) appeared every 30 a,while the 30-year drought period was approximately 460.0 mm,65.0 mm lower than the former.Moreover,an obviously heavy drought lasting for 2-4 a appeared every 20 a.

重庆城区近百余年旱涝变化

用Z指数作为旱涝等级标准,利用重庆城区百余年降水量资料,分析了历年及四季旱涝出现的频率,采用趋势分析、最大熵谱分析以及小波分析方法,研究了重庆城区年及四季旱涝的变化特征。结果表明:重庆城区年及四季干旱和洪涝发生频率均在25%以上,重庆旱涝灾害较频繁;多项式拟合和周期分析表明,城区年及四季旱涝具有阶段性变化特征,某些阶段年际变化特征也很显著,总体而言,年及夏季旱涝的年代际变化特征较明显,其它三个季节则是年际变化特征较明显。近几年的年旱涝变化处于偏涝阶段;而近几年夏季的旱涝变化,从年代际尺度来看,目前处在偏旱阶段,出现干旱的可能性较大;而其它三季则处于偏涝阶段。

Prediction of China's Submerged Coastal Areas by Sea Level Rise due to Climate Change

Based on the simulation with the Ocean-Atmosphere Coupled Model CCSM and Ocean Model POP under the green- house gas emission scenario of the IPCC SRES A2 （IPCC, 2001）, and on the earth crust subsidence and glacier melting data, the relative sea level change is obtained along the coast of China in the 21 st century. Using the SRTM elevation data the submergence of coastal low land is calculated under the extreme water level with a 100-year retum period. The total flooding areas are 98.3× 10^3 and 104.9× 10^3 km2 for 2050 and 2080, respectively. For the three regions most vulnerable to extreme sea level rise, i.e., the coast of Bohai Bay, the Yangtze River Delta together with neighboring Jiangsu Province and northern Zhejiang Province, and the Pearl River Delta, the flooded areas are 5.0× 10^3, 64.1×10^3 and 15.3 × 10^3 km2 in 2050 and 5.2 × 10^3, 67.8×10^3 and 17.2 × 10^3 km2 in 2080, respectively.

近百年长江中游旱涝的变化

利用史料和器测雨量记录重建的近百年长江中游区域平均逐年旱涝等级指数序列研究了旱涝变化特征。发现：（１）２０世纪前涝后旱；（２）２２年、５─６年和２─３年的准周期振动；（３）６个交替出现的旱涝阶段。

沿河市政道路的选线与设计

该文首先简要介绍了贵阳市双中心多组团发展的结构形式;其次在对现状交通进行分析的基础上详细阐述了贵阳市中心城与乌当区的第二条联系通道水东路的设计方案;最后提出了设计中存在的问题及应采取的措施。

新型表面活性剂疏水缔合聚合物提高原油采收率的性能研究

介绍了渤海海上油田二元复合驱驱油的设计与开发方案,以新型表面活性剂(非离子型表面活性剂:DMES-14、TX-100)和疏水缔合聚丙烯酰胺(HAPAM)为主。二元复合驱驱油体系主要需要双子表面活性剂双十四酸乙二酯双磺酸盐型表面活性剂(DMES-14),疏水缔合聚丙烯酰胺以及取自海上油田平台的回注水。该体系同时对粘度和表面张力进行了研究。结果表明,该体系在不要求浓度的情况下可以达到超低界面张力2.48×10^(-3) m N/m,在油藏中粘度可达到55 m Pa;随后的岩心驱替试验表明,在水驱含水75%的状况下进行二元复合驱驱油效果可提高至38.6%以上。总之,该实验研究提供了非离子表面活性剂与疏水缔合水溶性聚合物驱油体系的实用信息以及可以在渤海海上油田进行大规模应用HAPAM。

The effect of nanosilica sizes in the presence of nonionic TX100 surfactant on CO_(2)foam flooding

The aim of this research is to study the effect of hydrophilic silica nanoparticles,sizes as CO_(2) foam stabilizer in the presence of nonionic TX100 surfactant.Two nanosilica sizes,15 and 70 nm,have been examined thoroughly.Physisorption of TX100 on silica nanoparticles(nanosilica)was characterized by adsorption isotherm and surface tension measurement,while CO_(2) foams stability was quantified based on their foamability,foam stability,particle partitioning in the foams,and bubble sizes.Results show that direct contact of TX100 with nanosilica does altered the wettability of hydrophilic nanosilica surface,enable them to lengthen CO_(2) foams life at certain surfactant and nanoparticles concentrations.For 15 nm nanosilica,CO_(2) foam stability shows excellent performance at 0.1 and 0.5 wt%TX100 concentrations.As for 70 nm nanosilica,CO_(2) foam demonstrates longer lifetime at much lower TX100 concentration,0.01 wt%.Without the presence of TX100,CO_(2) foams exhibit undesirable lifetime performances for both nanosilica sizes.Nanosilica partitioning in CO_(2) foams structures demonstrate consistent relation with contact angle measurement.Estimated bubble sizes shows insignificant effect on CO_(2) foams life.With the assists of nanosilica and TX100,enhanced oil recovery via CO_(2) foam injection succeeds in increasing oil production by 13e22%of original oil-in-place(OOIP).

An Analysis of Japanese Economy and Labor Market From Disparities by Gender and Employment Types of Lifetime and Annual Income,Public Pension Benefit and Redistribution

The purpose of this study is the maintenance of Japan’s economy by labor economics and public finance.I analyze(1)considering differences by gender and employment type by labor economics of applied microeconomics,and also(2)considering income,tax and social insurance obligations,and public pension benefits by public finance.1.In Japan,a regular employee has more men than women,and an irregular employee has more women than men.2.Japan’s current significant economic issues are rapidly decreasing population and other.3.All people from 20 years old pay the public pension insurance every month,and all people about from 70 years old can receive public pension benefit every month.4.The average lifespan is 100 years old,and a woman is higher than a man.Using individual data from the Japan’s Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications'"National Survey of Income and Expenditure",I conducted an analysis on both an annual and lifetime basis of male and female workers from their 20s to 60s who are regular or irregular employees in the labor market.Furthermore,I studied men and women in from their 70s to 100 years old who receive public pension benefits.

Wettability modification effects on relative permeability end-points:Comparative analysis of surfactant agents for enhanced oil recovery

This research examines the impact of wettability alteration on the end points of relative permeability,a crucial property of fluids and porous media that influences the displacement processes of immiscible fluids through such media.The estimation of the mobility ratio for oil recovery relies on these end points,which are influenced by connate water saturation and residual oil saturation.To investigate this relationship,carbonate rock is generally subjected to wettability alteration using surfactant agents,and core flooding is employed to determine the relative permeability before and after the alteration.The wettability of the rock is commonly assessed through contact angle measurements.Two surfactants,TritonX-100(Tx-100)and Cedar,were tested in reducing the wettability of the porous media for oil.The contact angle measurements revealed that Tx-100 was more effective for this purpose than Cedar.Furthermore,the relative permeability tests indicated that both surfactants decreased residual oil saturation,but Tx-100 also improved system pressure.In contrast,Cedar reduced residual oil saturation but increased system pressure,possibly because of its high viscosity.The results also demonstrate that injecting Tx-100 leads to a 14%increase in ultimate oil recovery compared with water injection,while Cedar injection increased the recovery factor by 5%.This difference may be attributed to the incomplete coverage of the pore wall by Cedar or its weaker chemical structure than Tx-100.Notably,in carbonate cores,neither non-ionic surfactant enhanced oil recovery.

渭河陕西段流域洪水淹没状况拟合研究

以渭河陕西段流域为研究区,利用2001年至2018年的水文和气象观测数据,计算出该流域十年一遇、五十年一遇和百年一遇降水量的致洪面雨量,采用水文动力学方法和分布函数,利用地理信息系统技术,拟合出该流域被十年一遇、五十年一遇和百年一遇降水量导致的洪水的淹没深度、淹没范围和淹没面积。研究结果表明,十年一遇降水量导致的洪水淹没的极高风险区(洪水淹没深度大于2.0 m)分布在渭河干流宝鸡段下游、沣河、泾河、石川河下游和渭河下游南山支流流域,其面积为42.92 km^(2);五十年一遇降水量导致的洪水淹没的极高风险区分布在泾河干流、千河下游、渭河干流宝鸡段、沣河、石川河下游、北洛河下游及渭河下游南山支流流域,其面积为115.95 km^(2);百年一遇降水量导致的洪水淹没的极高风险区集中分布在渭河干流宝鸡段、沣河、泾河干流、石川河、北洛河下游和渭河下游南山支流流域,其面积为183.27 km^(2)。