Fate of ^(15)N-Labeled Urea Under a Winter Wheat-Summer Maize Rotation on the North China Plain

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the fate of ^15N-labeled urea and its residual effect under the winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） and summer maize （Zea mays L.） rotation system on the North China Plain. Compared to a conventional application rate of 360 kg N ha^-1 （N360）, a reduced rate of 120 kg N ha^-1 （N120） led to a significant increase （P 〈 0.05） in wheat yield and no significant differences were found for maize. However, in the 0-100 cm soil profile at harvest, compared with N360, N120 led to significant decreases （P 〈 0.05） of percent residual N and percent unaccounted-for N, which possibly reflected losses from the managed system. Of the residual fertilizer N in the soil profile, 25.6%-44.7% and 20.7%-38.2% for N120 and N360, respectively, were in the organic N pool, whereas 0.3%-3.0% and 11.2%-24.4%, correspondingly, were in the nitrate pool, indicating a higher potential for leaching loss associated with application at the conventional rate. Recovery of residual N in the soil profile by succeeding crops was less than 7.5% of the applied N. For N120, total soil N balance was negative; however, there was still considerable mineral N （NH4^＋-N and NO3^--N） in the soil profile after harvest. Therefore, N120 could be considered ngronomically acceptable in the short run, but for long-term sustainability, the N rate should be recommended based on a soil mineral N test and a plant tissue nitrate test to maintain the soil fertility.

Ammonia volatilization losses and ^(15)N balance from urea applied to rice on a paddy soil

Ammonia volatilization loss and ^15N balance were studied in a rice field at three different stages after urea application in Taihu Lake area with a micrometeorological technique. Factors such as climate and the NH4^＋-N concentration in the field floodwater affecting ammonia loss were also investigated. Results show that the ammonia loss by volatilization accounted for 18.6%-38.7% of urea applied at different stages, the greatest loss took place when urea was applied at the tillering stage, the smallest at the ear bearing stage, and the intermediate loss at the basal stage. The greatest loss took place within 7 d following the fertilizer application. Ammonia volatilization losses at three fertilization stages were significantly correlated with the ammonium concentration in the field floodwater after the fertilizer was applied. ^15N balance experiment indicated that the use efficiency of urea by rice plants ranged between 24.4% and 28.1%. At the early stage of rice growth, the fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency was rather low, only about 12%. The total amount of nitrogen lost from different fertilization stages in the rice field was 44.1%-54.4%, and the ammonia volatilization loss was 25.4%-33.3%. Reducing ammonia loss is an important treatment for improving N use efficiency.

Fate and Transformation of Nitrogen from ^(15)N-Labelled Rice Straw After Feeding Goat

Three goats were fed with ^15N-labelled rice straw to study the characteristics of digestion,assimilation,transformation and excretion of C and N compounds from rice straw.It was shown that the amount of ^15N transformed into the bodies of the two slaughtered goats accounted for 38.5 and 23.6% of the total amount of ^15N deposition of the experimental diet taken by each goat.The ^15N excreted through the feces and urine for the three goats accounted for 34.8,33.2 and 33.9% of the total amount of ^15N deposition in the feed of the 3 goats.The recovery of total ^15N for the two slaughtered goats were 73.3 and 57.5%,with the corresponding rates of ^15N loss 26.7 and 42.5% respectively.The digestibilities of total amino acids for Goats 1 and 3 were 68.7 and 54.0%,and the digestibilties of carbohydrates for the two goats were 74.8 and 67.7% respectively.

A ^(15)N-Labeling Study of the Capture of Deep Soil Nitrate from Different Plant Systems

The objective of this study was to determine the efficiency of different plant systems in capturing deep soil nitrate （NO3-） to reduce NO3- leaching in a field plot experiment using 15N labelling. The study was conducted on a calcareous alluvial soil on the North China Plains and the plant systems evaluated included alfalfa （Medicago sativa）, American black poplar （Populus nigra） and cocksfoot （Dactylis）. ^15N-labelled N fertilizer was injected to 90 cm depth to determine the recovery of ^15N by the plants. With conventional water and nutrient management, the total recovery of ^15N-labeled NO3--N was 23.4% by alfalfa after two consecutive growth years. The recovery was significantly higher than those by American black poplar （12.3%） and cocksfoot （11.4%）. The highest proportion of soil residual ~SN from the labeled fertilizer N （%Ndff） was detected around 90 cm soil depth at the time of the 1st year harvest and at 110-130 cm soil depth at time of the 2nd year harvest. Soil %Ndff in 0-80 cm depth was significantly higher in the alfalfa treatment than those in all the other treatments. The soil %Ndff below 100 cm depth was much lower in the alfalfa than those in all the other treatments. These results indicated that ^15N leaching losses in the alfalfa treatment were significantly lower than by those in the black poplar and cocksfoot treatments, due to the higher root density located in nitrate labeling zone of soil profile. In conclusion, alfalfa may be used as a plant to capture deep soil NO3- left from previous crops to reduce NO3- leaching in high intensity crop cultivation systems of North China Plain.

Effect of Transplanting Density on Rice Yield,Nitrogen Uptake and ^(15)N-fertilizer Fate

[Objective] The aim of this study was investigated the rice yield, nitrogen uptake and ^15-fertilizer fate at different transplanting density to provide scientific ba- sis for improving the yield of rice and applying reasonably fertilizer. [Method] A field experiment was carried out to study the effect of different transplanting density on rice yield, nitrogen （N） absorption, sources of N uptake by rice and the N balance in the plant-soil systems by using ^15-labelled urea. [Result] There were no significant differences in rice yields and total N uptakes by rice between treatments 30 cm × 30 cm and 40 cm × 40 cm, but the yield of rice and total N absorption in the two treatments were remarkably higher than those in 50 cm × 50 cm treatment. The amounts of total N uptake by rice were in the range of 112.3-162.7 kg/hm2 in the three transplanting densities. The result showed that about 1/3 of the total N uptake by rice was supplied by application fertilizer and the other 2/3 was obtained from the soil N pool. The ^15N-labelled urea absorbed by rice, residual in soil and lost accounted for 16.3%-26.1%, 17.0%-20.9% and 53.0%-66.7% of the total fertilizer, respectively. A great deal of ^15N-labelled urea was lost during the rice growing season. [Conclusion] Considering the rice yield and environmental protection, the transplanting density of 30 cm×30 cm was recommended in the hilly area of Sichuan basin in the southwest China.

嘎啦苹果不同施肥深度对^(15)N-尿素的吸收、分配与利用特性

【目的】为苹果生产中确定合理的施肥深度提供科学依据。【方法】以8年生嘎拉苹果/平邑甜茶为试材,采用表层(0 cm)、中层(20 cm)和深层(40 cm)3个施肥深度处理进行同位素示踪试验。【结果】不同施肥深度处理,嘎啦苹果各器官Ndff值存在差异,深层施肥和表层施肥各器官Ndff值显著低于中层施肥,各处理盛花期均以细根Ndff值最高,粗根次之;新梢旺长期和果实膨大期根部吸收的15N优先向新生营养器官运转;果实成熟期均以果实中Ndff值最高;果实采收后贮藏器官的Ndff值较高,新生营养器官下降到较低水平。不同物候期各器官的15N分配率存在显著差异,但不同深度施肥处理之间差异并不显著。随物候期的推移,植株对15N-尿素的利用率逐渐升高,到采收后达到最大;各物候期中层施肥处理均显著高于表层和深层处理。【结论】中层施肥处理能够增强植株对氮的吸收征调能力,提高肥料利用率。

抑制剂及其组合对尿素^(15)N在小麦土壤系统中的行为和归宿的影响

应用加有脲酶抑制剂 (HQ)、硝化抑制剂 (DCD)及其组合的标记尿素进行春小麦盆栽试验 .结果表明 ,在生长季节结束时 ,小麦回收 ,土壤残留和损失的肥料N各占施入N量的 1 7.65～ 2 3.69%、43.72～ 56.32 %和 1 9.99～ 36.77% .其中 ,与单施尿素相比 ,两种抑制剂配合使用处理的肥料N总回收率高 1 6.78% ,小麦回收高 5.96% .施用氮肥对籽粒贡献最大 ,占吸收肥料N量 43.3～ 62 .0 % .

矮化中间砧富士苹果初夏土施^(15)N-尿素的吸收分配特性

【目的】为富士苹果生产合理施氮肥提供理论依据。【方法】以5年生大田栽培红富士苹果(基砧为秋子,中间砧为M26)为试材,以初夏土施15N-尿素为手段,研究2年不同时期主要器官对15N-尿素的吸收分配特性。【结果】初夏施肥后1个月,根系吸收了一定量的氮,但对新生器官供应较少。随着物候期的推进,新生器官15N肥分配势逐步增强,其中新梢吸收分配15N能力最强,其次为叶片和果实,采收期根系吸收分配15N能力又显著回升。施肥翌年各主要器官吸收氮来自肥料氮的百分数均显著高于施肥当年。在果实采收期,一年生器官、多年生枝干和根系15N分配率当年分别为23.5%、40.4%、36.1%,翌年分别为27.7%、34.9%、37.4%。【结论】初夏施氮,主要满足了树体当年后期新梢生长发育对氮的需要,同时利于树体积累贮藏营养。初夏按本试验方法施氮肥,采收期树体的当年氮肥利用率为56.19%。

不同水平位置施肥对‘嘎啦’苹果15N吸收、分配与利用的影响

【目的】氮素用量高,利用效率低是制约我国苹果产业可持续发展的重要因素。生产上,施肥位置不明确是造成肥料利用率低的主要原因之一。本文通过研究不同水平位置施肥嘎啦苹果对15N-尿素的吸收、分配与利用特性,确定科学合理的施肥位置,以达到提高肥料利用效率的目的。【方法】以15年生嘎啦苹果/平邑甜茶为试材,采用15N示踪技术,根据施肥部位在树冠投影中的分布情况设置内层(1/3投影)、中层(2/3投影)、外层(投影边缘以内约20 cm处)3个不同水平位置施肥处理。施肥方法为挖环状沟施肥,施肥深度约25 cm。在苹果的几个关键物候期(新梢旺长期、果实膨大期、果实成熟期)分器官采集样品,试验结束时整株解析采样。【结果】不同水平位置施肥处理果树在新梢旺长期和果实膨大期根部吸收的15N优先向新生营养器官运转;果实成熟期均以果实中Ndff值最高;不同处理间,各生育期同一器官的Ndff值存在差异,内层施肥处理显著高于外层和中层施肥处理,其中以根系和果实最为显著;随着物候期的推移,不同处理根系的Ndff值变化趋势不同,中层施肥和外层施肥处理根系的Ndff值均呈先下降后上升的趋势,而内层施肥处理根系的Ndff值在果实膨大期就已经达到最大值,并且从果实膨大期到果实成熟期一直维持在较高水平;3个处理中果实的Ndff值随物候期的推移均呈上升趋势,并在果实成熟期达到最大,此时中层施肥处理和内层施肥处理果实的Ndff值分别是外层施肥处理的1.43和1.42倍;在新梢旺长期和果实膨大期果实的Ndff值从到大小依次为内层>外层>中层。不同物候期各器官的15N分配率存在显著差异,但不同水平位置施肥处理之间的差异并不显著;到果实成熟期3个处理的氮肥分配率均表现为贮藏器官>营养器官>生殖器官。果实成熟期,植株的15N利用率以内层施肥处理最高,为29.25%;中层施肥处理次之,为19.33%;外层施肥处理最低,为19.04%。内层施肥处理的氮肥利用率分别为外层和中层施肥处理的1.51和1.54倍。【结论】内层施肥处理植株各器官对肥料的吸收征调能力均显著高于中层和外层施肥处理,其中以细根最为显著;不同水平位置施肥对15N在各器官中的分配率影响不大;内层施肥处理15N利用率显著高于中层和外层施肥处理。

^(15)N尿素在兔体内消化吸收及利用机理研究 Ⅰ.兔对^(15)N尿素利用的氮平衡状况及形态分配

应用稳定同位素１５Ｎ尿素示踪技术，经兔消化代谢试验，研究尿素氮平衡状况，测定其消化率和利用系数，并对在兔体内形成蛋白质沉积及其它含氮化合物形态与分配进行了讨论，肯定了尿素氮作为补充兔日粮中粗蛋白营养不足的价值。研究发现，１５Ｎ尿素在胃和小肠内容物中，具有与盲肠中相似的由微生物转化合成极易被兔消化利用的游离氨基酸１５Ｎ和蛋白质１５Ｎ等化合物的功能，从而促进了兔对日粮尿素的消化吸收和利用。

一锅法合成介孔材料Fe-SBA-15及其对Friedel-Crafts苄基化反应的催化性能

采用尿素作为pH值自调节剂,一锅法合成了Fe-SBA-15催化剂.X射线衍射和N2吸附-脱附等温线结果表明,Fe-SBA-15具有与SBA-15相似的介孔结构.紫外-可见光谱结果表明,Fe-SBA-15样品在550℃焙烧后Fe元素主要以四配位形式存在.活性测试结果表明,Fe-SBA-15对苯及其衍生物的Friedel-Crafts苄基化反应具有优异的催化性能.例如,在反应温度为70℃和苯/苄基氯摩尔比为14.4的条件下,催化剂上苄基氯完全转化所需的时间为20～70min,二苯甲烷的选择性为97.8%～100%.随着反应温度的升高和Fe含量的增加,苄基氯的转化率逐渐升高;随着苯/苄基氯比的减小,苄基氯完全转化所需的时间逐渐延长.

巨峰葡萄晚秋叶施^(15)N-尿素的吸收、运转、贮藏和再分配

巨峰葡萄秋叶喷^(15)N-尿素的利用率为26.09％,吸收后12～24小时可运到细根并同时部分转化为蛋白态N。休眠期树体总N和肥料N都集中贮藏在根部,尤以粗根中为多,N素以非蛋白态形式存在为主,精氨酸是含量最多的游离氨基酸。萌芽后新生器官的生长和发育优先动用叶吸收的肥料N素。PP_(333)2000mg/l、轻摘心和重摘心均可促进总N和肥料N向果穗和果穗对生叶分配,因此可显著提高巨峰葡萄的坐果率,增加单果干重,其中以重摘心效果最显著。

聚丙烯酰胺用量对盆栽平邑甜茶幼苗生长及15N-尿素吸收、利用和损失的影响

以一年生平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis)盆栽幼苗为试材,采用15 N同位素示踪技术,研究不同聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)用量与尿素混施对平邑甜茶幼苗生长及15 N-尿素吸收、利用和损失的影响。结果表明,在生长后期,随着PAM用量的增加,植株株高、总鲜样质量和氮肥吸收、利用率均呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,且均以PAM用量180mg/kg的处理最高,分别为29.93cm,31.29g,20.30mg和7.35%,显著高于对照(18.93cm,23.33g,8.13mg和3.59%);植株地上部从肥料中吸收分配到的15 N量对该部分全氮量的贡献率(Ndff)高于地下部,施用PAM后各处理显著高于对照,且均以PAM 180mg/kg处理最高;施用PAM后各处理的15 N残留率均显著高于对照,并随着PAM用量的增加而逐渐升高,分别为300>240>180>120>60>0(CK)mg/kg,而土壤氮素的损失率则随PAM用量的增加而减少,分别为0(CK)>60>120>180>240>300mg/kg。合理施用PAM显著促进植株的生长及对15 N的吸收利用,降低土壤氮素的损失,且以PAM用量180mg/kg的处理效果最佳。

稻田脲酶抑制剂对^(15)N-尿素去向的影响

尿素施入稻田后迅速水解成ＮＨ＋４，两天后水层ＨＮ＋４Ｎ含量即达峰值，混施脲酶抑制剂后，峰值可推迟１天，峰高降低。１５Ｎ示踪试验表明：ＰＰＤ和ＮＢＰＴ两种抑制剂能明显促进水稻对氮素的吸收，亦提高水稻对尿素氮的利用率，减少损失率，并在一定程度上具有增产效果，尤其是在高氮水平下，效果更为明显，而ＨＱ则较差。稻草的施用对水稻生长有一定的影响，降低了水稻对肥料氮素的吸收，但能提高肥料氮素在土壤中的残留量。

桃、杏枝条萌芽前对^(15)N—尿素的吸收和萌芽后的运转与分布

在田间条件下研究了‘肥城桃’、‘红玉杏’萌芽前枝条对^(18)N—尿素的吸收及萌芽后的运转分布规律。结果表明:1.萌芽前‘肥城桃’和‘红玉杏’枝条对^(18)N—尿素具有一定的吸收能力,随着时间推移,吸收利用率有所上升,至6月2日二者分别可达27%～32%和29%.2.无论是桃或杏,对未着果的果枝来说,其新植叶片为萌芽前枝条所吸收^(18)N 最重要的“库”.3.对着果的果枝来说,果实为最重要的^(18)N“库”.4.果实能加强新生器官对于萌芽前枝条所吸收^(18)N 的“库”的作用.

不同形态氮肥对膜下滴灌棉花^(15)N回收率和产量的影响

不同形态氮肥在棉花上的施用效果尚不明确,研究不同形态氮肥对棉花产量、氮肥利用的影响,为棉花高效施氮提供理论依据。在全生育期施N 270 kg/hm^(2)的条件下,设置硫酸铵、尿素、硝酸钙3种不同氮肥处理,采用^(15)N示踪技术,研究一膜三行种植模式下,3种不同形态氮肥对膜下滴灌棉花单株干物质质量、籽棉产量、^(15)N回收率、土壤^(15)N残留率、氮肥损失率的影响。结果表明:硫酸铵和尿素处理对棉花单株干物质质量无显著影响,2019年尿素处理棉花单株干物质质量显著高于硝酸钙处理5.6%,2020年3种不同形态氮肥处理棉花单株干物质质量无显著差异。硫酸铵和尿素处理棉花单株籽棉产量无显著差异,显著高于硝酸钙处理,2019年分别比硝酸钙处理高13.7%和10.0%,2020年分别比硝酸钙处理高5.7%和5.9%。硫酸铵和尿素处理棉株^(15)N的回收率显著高于硝酸钙处理,2019年分别比硝酸钙处理高1.1和1.6个百分点,2020年分别比硝酸钙处理高6.4和3.5个百分点。硫酸铵和尿素处理土壤^(15)N残留率显著低于硝酸钙处理,2019年分别比硝酸钙处理低10.0和10.7个百分点,2020年分别比硝酸钙处理低8.6和10.9个百分点。2019年硫酸铵和尿素处理氮肥损失率显著高于硝酸钙处理,分别比硝酸钙处理高8.9和9.1个百分点;2020年尿素处理氮肥损失率分别比硫酸铵和硝酸钙处理高5.2和7.4个百分点。2020年硝酸钙处理收获期0~60 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量显著高于硫酸铵和尿素处理,硫酸铵处理显著高于尿素处理。2年大田试验结果表明,膜下滴灌棉花在一膜三行种植和等量施氮条件下,与施用硝酸钙相比,硫酸铵和尿素处理获得了较高的籽棉产量、^(15)N回收率和氮肥损失率,较低的土壤^(15)N残留率和收获期土壤硝态氮含量。

应用^(15)N研究不同氮肥在麦田土壤中的去向及脲酶抑制剂的效果

研究以盆栽试验为主,并结合大田试验,利用^(15)N示踪法对我国南方两种土壤上尿素、硝酸铵不同氮肥的去向及脲酶抑制剂对氮肥去向的影响进行了细致研究。特别阐明了氨的挥发和氮素的淋溶损失动态状况。在黄棕壤上,尿素中氨的挥发损失率大于硝酸铵,分别为11.7%和8.1%,前者比后者大43.7%;而氮的淋溶损失率则相反,分别为0.70%和0.79%,硝酸铵淋溶损失率比尿素高11.4%。在红黄土上氨的挥发损失率比在黄棕壤上小,仅为5.3%。首次指出了这两种氮肥的挥发损失远大于淋漏损失的结果。查明了增施脲酶抑制剂对提高氮肥利用、减少氨的挥发损失的明显作用。

稻秆（^（15）N）和尿素（^（15）N）单施或混施时，水稻对标记氮的吸收与1

水稻盆栽试验表明，稻秆或尿素做基肥，单独施用时稻秆１５Ｎ的当季利用率（＜１８．６％）低于尿素，但有较高的土壤残留（＞４５．８％）；增加稻秆用量，水稻对其１５Ｎ的利用率无显著差异，增加尿素用量则会显著增加水稻对其１５Ｎ的吸收。在最高分蘖期，水稻已吸收了其能利用的尿素氮的大部分和稻秆氮的一半左右。两种肥料混合的Ｃ／Ｎ比为１５时，尿素用量增加，其１５Ｎ水稻利用率变化不大。添加尿素使稻秆１５Ｎ的利用率显著增大，而它的土壤残留率和损失率则有所减少；随混合把料用量的增加，稻秆１５Ｎ的利用率没有显著的变化，但其损失率则呈现显著下降的趋势。

Dopamine improves apple replant disease resistance by regulating physiological resilience and rhizosphere microbial community structure

Apple replant disease(ARD)is a complex agricultural problem caused by multiple stressors that can lead to increased reactive oxygen species(ROS)levels and limited nutrient utilization in plants.However,existing countermeasures cannot effectively address this challenge.Here,we used Malus hupehensis as a test organism to investigate whether the pleiotropic molecule dopamine can alleviate ARD using pot experiments.Exogenous application of 100μmol L-1 dopamine significantly promoted the growth of apple seedlings in the replanted soil,with a relative growth rate increase of 17.44%.Our results revealed two major pathways by which dopamine regulates ARD resistance in apple trees.First,dopamine effectively reduces the level of ROS and activates the expression of genes related to nitrogen(N)transport and metabolism.Among those genes,MdNLP5,MdNRT1.1,MdNLP2,MdNRT2.5,MdNLP3,MdNRT2.4,MdNADH-GAGOT,and MdFd-GAGOT were strongly regulated by dopamine.These regulatory effects promoted the uptake and utilization of soil N by the plants.Second,dopamine improved the physical and chemical properties,enhanced microbial community diversity,and promoted mutual cooperation between microbial communities in the soil.Furthermore,dopamine altered the microbial structure of rhizosphere soil(upregulating Clostridiales,Gaiellales,Sordariales and Mortierellales;downregulating Micrococcales,Longimicrobiales,Hypocreales and Cystobasidiales).Notably,dopamine significantly upregulated the abundances of Gaiella and Mortierella,both of which were positively correlated with soil urease activity,soil available N content,plant growth and N uptake.Dopamine also significantly downregulated the abundance of the plant pathogen Gibberella(by 11.71-fold)in replant soil.Our results provide insights into the mechanisms by which dopamine promotes ARD resistance,and can promote the sustainable development of the apple industry.

Electrosynthesis of ^(15)N-labeled amino acids from ^(15)N-nitrite and ketonic acids

^(15)N isotope-labeled amino acids(^(15)N-amino acids)are crucial in the fields of biology,medicine,and chemistry.^(15)N-amino acids are conventionally synthesized through microbial fermentation and chemical reductive amination of ketonic acids methodologies,which usually require complicated procedures,high temperatures,or toxic cyanide usage,causing energy and environmental concerns.Here,we report a sustainable pathway to synthesize ^(15)N-amino acids from readily available ^(15)N-nitrite(^(15)NO_(2)-)and biomass-derived ketonic acids under ambient conditions driven by renewable electricity.A mechanistic study demonstrates a ^(15)N-nitrite→^(15)NH_(2)OH→^(15)N-pyruvate oxime→^(15)N-alanine reaction pathway for ^(15)N-alanine synthesis.Moreover,this electrochemical strategy can synthesize six ^(15)N-amino acids with 68%–95%yields.Furthermore,a ^(15)N-labeled drug of ^(15)N-tiopronin,the most commonly used hepatitis treatment drug,is fabricated using ^(15)N-glycine as the building block.Impressively,^(15)N sources can be recycled by the electrooxidation of ^(15)NH4^(+) to ^(15)NO_(2)-with a method economy.This work opens an avenue for the green synthesis of ^(15)N-labeled compounds or drugs.