OECTIVE Baicalin is a major flavonoid component of Scutellaria baicalensis,and has been used in the treatment of liver diseases for many years.However,the role of baicalin in estrogen-induced cholestasis(EIC)remains t...OECTIVE Baicalin is a major flavonoid component of Scutellaria baicalensis,and has been used in the treatment of liver diseases for many years.However,the role of baicalin in estrogen-induced cholestasis(EIC)remains to be elucidated.This present study explored the protective effect of baicalin against estrogen-induced liver injury and further elucidated the mechanisms involved both in vivo and in vitro.METHODS We conducted a series of experiments using 17α-ethinylestradiol(EE)induced cholestatic rats and cultured HepG2 cells.Serum,bile,and liver samples were collected for biochemical and histological analyses.Bile acid composition in liver was analyzed by LC-MS/MS.The mechanisms underlying the hepatoprotective of baicalin were investigated by RT-PCR,Western blotting analyses and immunohistochemistry.RESULTS Baicalin showed obvious hepatoprotective effects in EIC rats by reducing serum biomarkers and increasing the bile flow rate,as well as by alleviating liver histology and restoring the abnormal composition of hepatic bile acids(BAs).In addition,baicalin protected against EE induced liver injury by up-regulation of the expression of hepatic efflux transporters and down-regulation of hepatic uptake transporters.Furthermore,baicalin increased the expression of hepatic BA synthase(CYP27A1)and metabolic enzymes(Bal,Baat and Sult2a1)in EIC rats.We showed that baicalin significantly inhibited hepatic inflammatory responses in EIC rats through reducing elevated levels of TNF-α,IL^(-1)β,IL-6 and NF-κB.Finally,we confirmed that baicalin maintains BA homeostasis and alleviates inflammation through Sirt1/HNF-1α/FXR signaling pathway.CONCLUSION Baicalin protects against estrogen-induced cholestatic liver injury,and the underlying mechanism involved is related to activation of the Sirt1/HNF-1α/FXR signaling pathway.展开更多
Magnetic ion exchange(MIEX) resins have received considerable attention in drinking water treatment due to their fast and efficient removal of dissolved organic carbon(DOC). Two types of mechanisms, i.e., ion exchange...Magnetic ion exchange(MIEX) resins have received considerable attention in drinking water treatment due to their fast and efficient removal of dissolved organic carbon(DOC). Two types of mechanisms, i.e., ion exchange,reversible and irreversible adsorption, may occur during pollutants removal by MIEX. This work examined the removal mechanism of 17α-Ethinylestradiol(EE2) by MIEX. As one of typical estrogen micro-pollutants,EE2 existed as neutral molecule in natural water, and its charge density was close to zero [(0.00000219 ±0.00000015) meq·(μg EE2)^(-1)] based on the potentiometric titration method. However, the removal of EE2 by MIEX was much higher than that of other micro-pollutants previously reported. Multi-cycle adsorptionregeneration experiments and ion exchange stoichiometry analysis were conducted to elucidate the removal mechanism of EE2 by MIEX resin. The results suggested that the main removal mechanism of EE2 by MIEX was ion exchange instead of reversible micro-pore adsorption. The experimental analysis based on Donnan theory indicated that the internal micro-environment of resin beads was alkaline, in the alkaline environment EE2 would be ionized into negatively charged groups. As a result, ion exchange reaction occurred inside the pore of MIEX resin, and the removal process of EE2 by MIEX was dominated by the ion exchange reaction.展开更多
Dissolved organic matter(DOM)from each treatment process of wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs)contains abundant photosensitive substances,which could significantly affect the photodegradation of 17α-ethinylestradiol(...Dissolved organic matter(DOM)from each treatment process of wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs)contains abundant photosensitive substances,which could significantly affect the photodegradation of 17α-ethinylestradiol(EE2).Nevertheless,information about EE2 photodegradation behavior mediated by DOM from diverse WWTPs and the photosensitivity sources of such DOM are inadequate.This study explored the photodegradation behavior of EE2 mediated by four typical WWTPs’DOM solutions and investigated the photosensitivity sources of DOM in the anaerobic-anoxic-oxic(A2/O)process.The parallel factor analysis identified three varying fluorescing components of these DOM,tryptophan-like substances or protein-like substances,microbial humuslike substances,and humic-like components.The photodegradation rate constants of EE2 were positively associated with the humification degree of DOM(P<0.05).The triplet state substances were responsible for the degradation of EE2.DOM extracted from the A2/O process,especially in the secondary treatment process had the fastest EE2 photodegradation rate compared to that of the other three processes.Four types of components(water-soluble organic matter(WSOM),extracellular polymeric substance,humic acid,and fulvic acid)were separated from the A2/O process DOM.WSOM had the highest promotion effect on EE2 photodegradation.Fulvic acid-like components and humic acid-like organic compounds in WSOM were speculated to be important photosensitivity substances that can generate triplet state substances.This research explored the physicochemical properties and photosensitive sources of DOM in WWTPs,and explained the fate of estrogens photodegradation in natural waters.展开更多
文摘OECTIVE Baicalin is a major flavonoid component of Scutellaria baicalensis,and has been used in the treatment of liver diseases for many years.However,the role of baicalin in estrogen-induced cholestasis(EIC)remains to be elucidated.This present study explored the protective effect of baicalin against estrogen-induced liver injury and further elucidated the mechanisms involved both in vivo and in vitro.METHODS We conducted a series of experiments using 17α-ethinylestradiol(EE)induced cholestatic rats and cultured HepG2 cells.Serum,bile,and liver samples were collected for biochemical and histological analyses.Bile acid composition in liver was analyzed by LC-MS/MS.The mechanisms underlying the hepatoprotective of baicalin were investigated by RT-PCR,Western blotting analyses and immunohistochemistry.RESULTS Baicalin showed obvious hepatoprotective effects in EIC rats by reducing serum biomarkers and increasing the bile flow rate,as well as by alleviating liver histology and restoring the abnormal composition of hepatic bile acids(BAs).In addition,baicalin protected against EE induced liver injury by up-regulation of the expression of hepatic efflux transporters and down-regulation of hepatic uptake transporters.Furthermore,baicalin increased the expression of hepatic BA synthase(CYP27A1)and metabolic enzymes(Bal,Baat and Sult2a1)in EIC rats.We showed that baicalin significantly inhibited hepatic inflammatory responses in EIC rats through reducing elevated levels of TNF-α,IL^(-1)β,IL-6 and NF-κB.Finally,we confirmed that baicalin maintains BA homeostasis and alleviates inflammation through Sirt1/HNF-1α/FXR signaling pathway.CONCLUSION Baicalin protects against estrogen-induced cholestatic liver injury,and the underlying mechanism involved is related to activation of the Sirt1/HNF-1α/FXR signaling pathway.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51678408,51478314,51638011)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFC0400506)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin(14JCQNJC09000)the Research Fund of Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology(TJKLASTZD-2016-06)
文摘Magnetic ion exchange(MIEX) resins have received considerable attention in drinking water treatment due to their fast and efficient removal of dissolved organic carbon(DOC). Two types of mechanisms, i.e., ion exchange,reversible and irreversible adsorption, may occur during pollutants removal by MIEX. This work examined the removal mechanism of 17α-Ethinylestradiol(EE2) by MIEX. As one of typical estrogen micro-pollutants,EE2 existed as neutral molecule in natural water, and its charge density was close to zero [(0.00000219 ±0.00000015) meq·(μg EE2)^(-1)] based on the potentiometric titration method. However, the removal of EE2 by MIEX was much higher than that of other micro-pollutants previously reported. Multi-cycle adsorptionregeneration experiments and ion exchange stoichiometry analysis were conducted to elucidate the removal mechanism of EE2 by MIEX resin. The results suggested that the main removal mechanism of EE2 by MIEX was ion exchange instead of reversible micro-pore adsorption. The experimental analysis based on Donnan theory indicated that the internal micro-environment of resin beads was alkaline, in the alkaline environment EE2 would be ionized into negatively charged groups. As a result, ion exchange reaction occurred inside the pore of MIEX resin, and the removal process of EE2 by MIEX was dominated by the ion exchange reaction.
基金This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.21866017 and 42067056)the Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects(China)(202101BE070001-013 and 202201AU070157)the Foundation for Distinguished Young Talents of Yunnan Province(China)(202101AV070006).
文摘Dissolved organic matter(DOM)from each treatment process of wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs)contains abundant photosensitive substances,which could significantly affect the photodegradation of 17α-ethinylestradiol(EE2).Nevertheless,information about EE2 photodegradation behavior mediated by DOM from diverse WWTPs and the photosensitivity sources of such DOM are inadequate.This study explored the photodegradation behavior of EE2 mediated by four typical WWTPs’DOM solutions and investigated the photosensitivity sources of DOM in the anaerobic-anoxic-oxic(A2/O)process.The parallel factor analysis identified three varying fluorescing components of these DOM,tryptophan-like substances or protein-like substances,microbial humuslike substances,and humic-like components.The photodegradation rate constants of EE2 were positively associated with the humification degree of DOM(P<0.05).The triplet state substances were responsible for the degradation of EE2.DOM extracted from the A2/O process,especially in the secondary treatment process had the fastest EE2 photodegradation rate compared to that of the other three processes.Four types of components(water-soluble organic matter(WSOM),extracellular polymeric substance,humic acid,and fulvic acid)were separated from the A2/O process DOM.WSOM had the highest promotion effect on EE2 photodegradation.Fulvic acid-like components and humic acid-like organic compounds in WSOM were speculated to be important photosensitivity substances that can generate triplet state substances.This research explored the physicochemical properties and photosensitive sources of DOM in WWTPs,and explained the fate of estrogens photodegradation in natural waters.
