作为1793年乾隆时期马戛尔尼英使团的制图员,威廉·亚历山大(William Alexander,10 April 1767–23 July1816)为后人留下了数以千计的中国题材速写水彩画。这些画作不仅引领了当时欧洲的中国题材艺术创作风格,也深刻影响到了社会文...作为1793年乾隆时期马戛尔尼英使团的制图员,威廉·亚历山大(William Alexander,10 April 1767–23 July1816)为后人留下了数以千计的中国题材速写水彩画。这些画作不仅引领了当时欧洲的中国题材艺术创作风格,也深刻影响到了社会文化领域的"中国热"。马戛尔尼使团访华促成了东西方两个世界的交汇,也成为了西方世界对于中国的态度从"热"到"辱"的转折点。以威廉·亚历山大为代表的19世纪末西方中国题材绘画创作中,蕴含着西方社会对华认知剧烈变化的历史变局。展开更多
This article aims to study the history of scientific investigations in China in the nineteenth century,made by Russian scientists who ranged in status and position including official agents,the directors of the Russia...This article aims to study the history of scientific investigations in China in the nineteenth century,made by Russian scientists who ranged in status and position including official agents,the directors of the Russian Magneto-Meteorological Observatory in Beijing,the members of the Russian Orthodox Mission(ROM),and others.The article gives a detailed analysis of the unique expeditions of H.Fritsche(1839–1913),director of the Russian Magneto-Meteorological Observatory in Beijing,and Archimandrite Palladius(1817–1878),head of the ROM to the northeast part of China.During those expeditions,existing maps were corrected and new maps were made.The article also covers the history of natural science investigations,made by other members of missions,doctors,and attached persons.This article employs sources from Russian archives(Saint Petersburg Branch of the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences,Russian State Historical Archive,Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire),which were rarely used by the scientific community,and adopts an empirical approach based on objectivity and historicism to the sources and research.展开更多
文摘作为1793年乾隆时期马戛尔尼英使团的制图员,威廉·亚历山大(William Alexander,10 April 1767–23 July1816)为后人留下了数以千计的中国题材速写水彩画。这些画作不仅引领了当时欧洲的中国题材艺术创作风格,也深刻影响到了社会文化领域的"中国热"。马戛尔尼使团访华促成了东西方两个世界的交汇,也成为了西方世界对于中国的态度从"热"到"辱"的转折点。以威廉·亚历山大为代表的19世纪末西方中国题材绘画创作中,蕴含着西方社会对华认知剧烈变化的历史变局。
文摘This article aims to study the history of scientific investigations in China in the nineteenth century,made by Russian scientists who ranged in status and position including official agents,the directors of the Russian Magneto-Meteorological Observatory in Beijing,the members of the Russian Orthodox Mission(ROM),and others.The article gives a detailed analysis of the unique expeditions of H.Fritsche(1839–1913),director of the Russian Magneto-Meteorological Observatory in Beijing,and Archimandrite Palladius(1817–1878),head of the ROM to the northeast part of China.During those expeditions,existing maps were corrected and new maps were made.The article also covers the history of natural science investigations,made by other members of missions,doctors,and attached persons.This article employs sources from Russian archives(Saint Petersburg Branch of the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences,Russian State Historical Archive,Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire),which were rarely used by the scientific community,and adopts an empirical approach based on objectivity and historicism to the sources and research.
