Formation of the modern scenic city of Hangzhou:towards conservation integrated urban planning,1950s–1990s

From the 1950s to the 1990s,China underwent a significant transformation of its political system and economy,from socialism to rapid development after the reform and opening up.In the 1980s and 1990s,to meet the demand for housing and urban modernization under the rapid growth of cities,almost all Chinese cities underwent large-scale urban construction,transformation and expansion.With this background of rapid advancement,many cities have lost their traditional urban features and characteristics.However,it was during this period that Hangzhou not only restored the historical scenery of West Lake through multiple projects but also explored overall planning of the city and introduced conservation ideas,making West Lake,which was originally located outside the city,part of the city.This period also shaped the contemporary urban characteristics of Hangzhou with traditional landscape features.To explore Hangzhou’s positive experience and determine the critical junctures and influencing factors,this study observed the entire historical process using morphological methods.Based on a summary of the characteristics of each development stage,this study further focuses on the key issue of how conservation ideas are gradually introduced into urban planning and affect the development process.

In Her Mother’s House:Mother-Daughter Dissonance in Post-1990s Chinese American Fiction

This paper attempts to examine the trope of“home”and the depiction of mother-daughter dissonance“in her mother’s house”in post-1990s Chinese American fiction.The research selects four novels in the case study and focuses on how mother-daughter dissonance“in her mother’s house”is presented,what cultural connotations the trope of“home”carries and how they are affected by such extra-contextual factors as racism,sexism and classism.In comparison with two representative mother-daughter narrative works in pre-1990s period,the new characteristics and connotations of“home”in mother-daughter dissonance in post-1990s Chinese American fiction are revealed.

1990s年代际转型前后南海季风系统的季节变化

利用多变量经验正交分解(MV-EOF)等方法,研究了在季节变化尺度上南海季风系统的时空分布特征。结果表明:南海夏季风的爆发时间在1993—1994年前后存在显著的年代际转型,由爆发偏晚转变成爆发偏早。第一模态表现为冬夏反位相的年周期变化,但爆发早年夏季风持续时间略长于爆发晚年,空间上都反映了南海中央海盆区的夏季强降水和850 hPa上南海北部的气旋性环流异常,但夏季风爆发早年中国华南沿海降水加强而南海南部降水偏少。相应的大范围环流场上主要反映了南海夏季风爆发后进入盛夏时节亚太地区大范围的环流特征,南海夏季风爆发偏早年索马里越赤道气流偏强,东亚季风槽位置偏北,爆发偏晚年则相反。第二模态反映了南海季风系统春秋反位相的季节变化,且秋季的振幅更强,空间降水场上对应着秋季华南沿海和南海北部与南海中南部北旱南涝的跷跷板式分布,850 hPa风场上则主要表现为异常的东北季风,该模态时空特征表明南海夏季风爆发偏早年的秋季,冬季风建立也偏早,越南及周边地区的降水偏多。相应的大范围环流场上则主要反映了冬季风的环流特征,在南海夏季风爆发偏早年的秋季,菲律宾以东的热带对流减弱,PJ波列增强,爆发晚年则相反。

1990s年代际转型前后南海季风系统的气候季节内振荡(CISO)特征

利用多变量经验正交分解(MV-EOF)等方法,研究了在季节内振荡尺度上南海季风系统的时空分布特征。结果表明:南海夏季风的爆发时间在1993/1994年前后存在显著的年代际转型,由爆发偏晚转变成爆发偏早。第一模态反映了南海夏季风爆发时季风系统的时空特征,转型前后特征类似,降水场自赤道向北依次呈现干-湿-干交替分布的特征,南海中心为异常气旋。相应的大范围环流场主要反映了转型前的偏晚年,南海夏季风槽位置偏南,转型后的偏早年,南海夏季风槽位置偏北。第二模态体现了南海季风系统夏季的时空特征,转型前后共同特征表现为南海地区夏季北湿南干的南北偶极子降水分布及南海中心区的异常西风。相应的大范围环流场主要反映了南海季风活动与东亚季风呈现反位相的特点,且对流信号向北传播。转型前的偏晚年,季风活动受准双周振荡控制,对流信号由西北方向传入南海;转型后的偏早年,季风活动以30～60天振荡为主,对流信号由东南方向传播至南海。

1850s-1950s:英国大学入学考试制度百年溯源

英国独特的大学入学考试制度——普通教育证书制度是由两条支流汇聚而成,一条是伦敦大学的入学考试,一条是教师学院的考试证书,在古典大学介入考试证书的颁发后,形成了英国大学入学考试制度的雏形,最终在政府的推动下逐渐与第一条支流汇合形成了这一独特的入学考试制度。通过对英国大学入学考试制度的历史溯源发现,入学考试制度在出现、形成、功能、性质以及实施五个方面独具特色,在其内部动力、外部动力以及主体动力的共同驱使下最终成型。

A Decadal Shift of Summer Surface Air Temperature over Northeast Asia around the Mid-1990s

This study identifies a decadal shift of summer surface air temperature （SAT） over Northeast Asia,including southeastern parts of Russia,Mongolia and northern China,around the mid-1990s.The results suggest that the SAT over the Northeast Asia experienced a significant warming after 1994 relative to that before 1993.This decadal shift also extends to northern China,and leads to a warmer summer over Northeast China and North China after the mid-1990s.The decadal warming over Northeast Asia is found to concur with the enhancement of South China rainfall around the mid-1990s.On the one hand,both the Northeast Asian SAT and South China rainfall exhibit this mid-1990s decadal shift only in summer,but not in other seasons.On the other hand,both the Northeast Asian SAT and South China rainfall exhibit this mid-1990s decadal shift not only in the summer seasonal mean,but also in each month of summer （June,July and August）.Furthermore,the decadal warming is found to result from an anticyclonic anomaly over Northeast Asia,which can be interpreted as the response to the increased precipitation over South China,according to previous numerical results.Thus,we conclude that the warming shift of summer Northeast Asian SAT around the mid-1990s was a remote response to the increased precipitation over South China.

Weakening of Interannual Variability in the Summer East Asian Upper-tropospheric Westerly Jet since the Mid-1990s

In this study,we found that the intensity of interannual variability in the summer upper-tropospheric zonal wind has significantly weakened over Northeast Asia and the subtropical western North Pacific（WNP） since the mid-1990s,concurrent with the previously documented decrease of the westerly jet over North China and Northwest China.Corresponding to this weakening of zonal wind variability,the meridional displacement of the East Asian westerly jet（EAJ） manifested as the leading mode of zonal wind variability over the WNP and East Asia（WNP-EA） before the mid-1990s but not afterward.The energetics of the anomalous pattern associated with the meridional displacement of the EAJ suggests that barotropic energy conversion,from basic flow to anomalous patterns,has led to the weakening of the variability in the EAJ meridional displacement and to a change in the leading dominant mode since the mid-1990s.The barotropic energy conversion efficiently maintained the anomalies associated with the variability in the EAJ meridional displacement during 1979-1993 but acted to dampen the anomalies during 1994-2008.A further investigation of the energetics suggests that the difference in the patterns of the circulation anomaly associated with either the first leading mode or the meridional displacement of the EAJ,i.e.,a southwest-northeast tilted pattern during 1979-1993 and a zonally oriented pattern during 1994-2008,has contributed greatly to the change in barotropic energy conversion.

Abrupt Summer Warming and Changes in Temperature Extremes over Northeast Asia Since the Mid-1990s: Drivers and Physical Processes

This study investigated the drivers and physical processes for the abrupt decadal summer surface warming and increases in hot temperature extremes that occurred over Northeast Asia in the mid-1990s. Observations indicate an abrupt increase in summer mean surface air temperature （SAT） over Northeast Asia since the mid-1990s. Accompanying this abrupt surface wanning, significant changes in some temperature extremes, characterized by increases in summer mean daily maximum temperature （Tmax）, daily minimum temperature （Train）, annual hottest day temperature （TXx）, and annual warmest night temperature （TNx） were observed. There were also increases in the frequency of summer days （SU） and tropical nights （TR）. Atmospheric general circulation model experiments forced by changes in sea surface temperature （SST）/sea ice extent （SIE）, anthropogenic greenhouse gas （GHG） concentrations, and anthropogenic aerosol （AA） forcing, relative to the period 1964- 93, reproduced the general patterns of observed summer mean SAT changes and associated changes in temperature extremes, although the abrupt decrease in precipitation since the mid-1990s was not simulated. Additional model experiments with different forcings indicated that changes in SST/SIE explained 76% of the area-averaged summer mean surface warming signal over Northeast Asia, while the direct impact of changes in GHG and AA explained the remaining 24% of the surface warming signal. Analysis of physical processes indicated that the direct impact of the changes in AA （through aerosol- radiation and aerosol-cloud interactions）, mainly related to the reduction of AA precursor emissions over Europe, played a dominant role in the increase in TXx and a similarly important role as SST/SIE changes in the increase in the frequency of SU over Northeast Asia via AA-induced coupled atmosphere-land surface and cloud feedbacks, rather than through a direct impact of AA changes on cloud condensation nuclei. The modelling results also imply that the abrupt summer surface warming and increases in hot temperature extremes over Northeast Asia since the mid-1990s will probably sustain in the next few decades as GHG concentrations continue to increase and AA precursor emissions over both North America and Europe continue to decrease.

Interdecadal Enhancement of the Walker Circulation over the Tropical Pacific in the Late 1990s

The Walker circulation is one of the major components of the large-scale tropical atmospheric circulation and variations in its strength are critical to equatorial Pacific Ocean circulation. It has been argued in the literature that during the 20th century the Walker circulation weakened, and that this weakening was attributable to anthropogenic climate change. By using updated observations, we show that there has been a rapid interdecadal enhancement of the Walker circulation since the late 1990s. Associated with this enhancement is enhanced precipitation in the tropical western Pacific, anomalous westerlies in the upper troposphere, descent in the central and eastern tropical Pacific, and anomalous surface easterlies in the western and central tropical Pacific. The characteristics of associated oceanic changes are a strengthened thermocline slope and an enhanced zonal SST gradient across the tropical Pacific. Many characteristics of these changes are similar to those associated with the mid-1970s climate shift with an opposite sign. We also show that the interdecadal variability of the Walker circulation in the tropical Pacific is inversely correlated to the interdecadal variability of the zonal circulation in the tropical Atlantic. An enhancement of the Walker circulation in the tropical Pacific is associated with a weakening zonal circulation in the tropical Atlantic and vise versa, implying an inter-Atlantic-Pacific connection of the zonal overturning circulation variation. Whether these recent changes will be sustained is not yet clear, but our research highlights the importance of understanding the interdecadal variability, as well as the long-term trends, that influence tropical circulation.

Fertility in China: from the 1970s to the 1990s

The following are synopsis from a paper written by Dr.Gu Baochang entitled the"Interaction of the Social,Economic and Demo-graphic Changes in China*.In his paper,the author makes an overall analysis and comparison of the population trends,dynanics and characteristics of China's population.He attributes the rapid ferility decline in this most populous country to the following factors:the high political commitment from top Chinese leaders,the drastic changes taking place in the socioeconomic structure and the vigorous and effective family planning programme.Existing problems are studied and proposals made for a further fertility decline of population by improving the family planning programme.

Minister Wu Yi On the Development of China's Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation in the 1990s

Minister of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation Wu Yi made a report entitled Opportunity and Prospects: Basic Thoughts on the Development of China’s Foreign Trade and Economic Relations in the 1990s to Chinese and foreign participants working in this fields at an international seminar on China’s Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation held in Beijing in mid-May.

TRENDS AND COUNTERMEASURES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRY IN THE 1990S

This article describes the trends and countermeasures for the development of computer technology and industry in the 1990s on the basis of changes in two large structures ( i.e. industry structure and product structure), and four guiding technologies (i.e. massively parallel processing technology, high-speed network technology, multimedia technology, and artificial intelligence).

基于SCL-90的大学新生心理健康状况研究

为了探讨90后大学新生的心理健康状况,本研究采用SCL-90(症状自评量表)对某所地方院校的1489名新生进行集体施测。研究结果表明:本研究中的90后新生整体的心理健康水平要低于全国常模的心理健康水平;男生的整体心理健康水平显著高于女生;独生子女高于非独生子女;城镇新生要显著高于来自农村的新生。应积极开展对大学新生的心理健康教育,建立新生心理健康档案,对于存在严重问题的学生提供个案辅导,努力提高90后大学生的心理健康水平。

红色经典与政治美学——1950年代中国文艺思想研究之三

红色经典作为一种特有的文学现象,构成了中国1950年代文学的主体,见证了当代中国社会的历史沿革。红色经典的源头可以追溯到1930年代左翼文学运动时期,1950年代获得发达形态,它的影响至今犹存,特别是随着“重写文学史”与“重读经典”口号的提出及“重读”、“重写”工作的具体展开,对“红色经典”的重新审视成了不可回避的话题,在强调其艺术性的同时,对其政治性维度的研究也发生了重心转移,即将红色经典与政治美学联系起来考察,厘清其生成的内在理路与外在机缘,以求对红色经典进行全面而客观的把握。

社会文化史的检视:1950年代上海研究的再思考

从社会文化史的角度去检视,1950年代的上海研究必须克服"碎片化"的倾向,并防止跌入"集权主义论"的误区,在知识与方法的转换上有所作为。在"何谓近世中国新上海"的命题下,催生了一系列关于1950年代上海的新问题。对潜藏于社会基层的大量灰色记忆材料的发掘和重读,或许是探寻1950年代上海社会文化的有效路径之一。

尴尬的境遇:1950年代的茅盾

1950年代,茅盾经历了曲折、漫长而痛楚的思想改造历程,遭际了尴尬的人生境遇。这表现在四个方面:一、作为文艺界的领导者,茅盾在工作中处于尴尬的境地;二、作为文学评论家,茅盾多次陷入"因文罹祸"的尴尬;三、作为文艺政策的解说者,茅盾往往言不由衷、自相矛盾;四、作为一个有责任感的作家,茅盾1950年代创作的多次尝试都半途而废。

边缘突围中的多种叙事:1950年代的台湾小说

1950年代的台湾小说,不仅在"反共抗俄"主流意识形态之外的边缘产生了现代主义、女性叙事、台湾乡土等小说形态,也在某种"主流"形态内部产生了疏离官方意识形态的小说形态,形成了多种"边缘"形态。小说自身发展的动态格局与僵化的政治体制及其意识形态之间的抗衡使台湾小说在政治高压的1950年代仍获得了较多的个人空间,并在1960年代迎来了台湾小说乃至中国当代小说的丰硕成果。

塑造婚姻与农民国家观念的形成——以贯彻1950年《婚姻法》为考察对象

1950年《婚姻法》的颁布对于建国初期的农民生活而言,具有划时代的意义。文章通过解析新中国第一部塑造人们婚姻家庭生活的法律是如何"送法下乡"的过程,去探讨建国初期农民国家观念形成的问题。建国初期,党和国家借助法律的形式对农民婚姻生活的塑造,是一个自上而下的权力实践过程,也是一个自下而上的国家认同得以不断确立的过程。而且,这也是重新认识1949年后不断进行的一系列社会政治运动的发生机制和深层动因一个重要切入点。显然,不管是积极的还是消极的,农民的国家观念在伴随着来自上层的各种国家行为中日渐生成,反过来,它们又成为了农民不同程度地参与到中共领导的"建国大业"中的复杂动因。