Enabling low-cost decentralized power reserves adopting carbon dioxide for green methane exchange in stabilized clathrate adsorbent

1.Challenges circular methane energy systems In recent decades,methane-based energy systems have rapidly gained traction across the globe because of the increasing availability of low-cost methane production capacity.However,fossil methane production and combustion lead to large greenhouse gas emissions,contributing to climate change[1].

Roles of Na^+/Ca^(2+) exchanger 1 in digestive system physiology and pathophysiology

The Na^+/Ca^(2+) exchanger(NCX) protein family is a part of the cation/Ca^(2+) exchanger superfamily and participates in the regulation of cellular Ca^(2+) homeostasis. NCX1, the most important subtype in the NCX family, is expressed widely in various organs and tissues in mammals and plays an especially important role in the physiological and pathological processes of nerves and the cardiovascular system. In the past few years, the function of NCX1 in the digestive system has received increasing attention; NCX1 not only participates in the healing process of gastric ulcer and gastric mucosal injury but also mediates the development of digestive cancer, acute pancreatitis, and intestinal absorption.This review aims to explore the roles of NCX1 in digestive system physiology and pathophysiology in order to guide clinical treatments.

CO_2 exchange at air-sea interface in the Huanghai Sea

During the Huanghai Sea Circulation and Material Flux Expedition in Spring 1996, fco_2 in surface water and atmosphere was measured. The fco2 in surface water varied in a range from 220 to 360 uatm1) while atmospheric concentration was nearly constant at 360μatm, showing that the Huanghai Sea surface waters were undersaturated with respect to atmospheric Co during the time of investigation. A model was developed in this study in order to estimate the Co flux at the air-sea interface. The model incorporates the time-series variations of the distributions in SST (sea surface temperature), salinity, mixed-layer depth, atmospheric fco2, gas-transfer velocity, and CZCS chlorophyll concentration in the Huanghai Sea and was calibrated with the observed fco2 data. The primary parameter affecting fco2 in surface water is the variation of SST through time. The annual fluxes of Co are estimated as 0. 033 Gt C from the sea into the atmosphere and 0. 044 Gt C from the air into sea. The Huanghai Sea, thus behaves as a CO2 sink absorbing 0. 011 Gi C of CO2 a year. which.corresponds to about 0. 5 % of global oceanic absorption capacity.

Modeling the contribution of abiotic exchange to CO_2 flux in alkaline soils of arid areas

Recent studies on alkaline soils of arid areas suggest a possible contribution of abiotic exchange to soil CO2 flux(Fc).However,both the overall contribution of abiotic CO2 exchange and its drivers remain unknown.Here we analyzed the environmental variables suggested as possible drivers by previous studies and constructed a function of these variables to model the contribution of abiotic exchange to Fc in alkaline soils of arid areas.An automated flux system was employed to measure Fc in the Manas River Basin of Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region,China.Soil pH,soil temperature at 0–5 cm(Ts),soil volumetric water content at 0–5 cm(θs)and air temperature at10 cm above the soil surface(Tas)were simultaneously analyzed.Results highlight reduced sensitivity of Fc to Ts and good prediction of Fc by the model Fc=R10Q10(Tas–10)/10+r7q7(pH–7)+λTas+μθs+e which represents Fc as a sum of biotic and abiotic components.This presents an approximate method to quantify the contribution of soil abiotic CO2 exchange to Fc in alkaline soils of arid areas.

Involvement of mitochondrial Na+-Ca2+ exchange in intestinal pacemaking activity

AIM： Interstitial cells of Cajal （ICCs） are the pacemaker cells that generate slow waves in the gastrointestinal （GI） tract. We have aimed to investigate the involvement of mitochondrial Na^＋-Ca^2＋ exchange in intestinal pacemaking activity in cultured interstitial cells of Cajal. METHODS： Enzymatic digestions were used to dissociate ICCs from the small intestine of a mouse. The whole-cell patch-clamp configuration was used to record membrane currents （voltage clamp） and potentials （current clamp） from cultured ICCs. RESULTS： Clonazepam and CGP37157 inhibited the pacemaking activity of ICCs in a dose-dependent manner. Clonazepam from 20 to 60 μmol/L and CGP37157 from 10 to 30 μmol/L effectively inhibited Ca^2＋ efflux from mitochondria in pacemaking activity of ICCs. The ICsos of clonazepam and CGP37157 were 37.1 and 18.2 μmol/ L, respectively. The addition of 20 μmol/L NiCl2 to the internal solution caused a ＂wax and wane＂ phenomenon of pacemaking activity of ICCs. CONCLUSION： These results suggest that mitochondria Na^＋-Ca^2＋ exchange has an important role in intestina pacemaking activity.

Recovery of V_2O_5 from Bayer liquor by ion exchange

A new technology was developed to recover V2O5 from Bayer spent liquor by ion exchange.The experimental results show that in the conditions of 105℃ and 0.20-0.25 mass ratios between CaO in lime and Al2O3 in spent liquor, the precipitation rate of vanadium in Bayer liquor is more than 85%.The vanadium-bearing precipitation is leached by NaHCO3 solution.The leaching rate of vanadium can reach 85% in the conditions of 95℃, 40 g·L-1 of NaHCO3 concentration, and ventilating of CO2.The 201 × 7 type of resin has good adsorption effect on vanadium in the leaching solution.The adsorption rate is more than 94% with the flow rate of 0.09 mL·min-1·g-1 of leaching solution and the temperature of 40-50℃.By using 3 mol·L-1 of NaOH to desorb the saturated resin after adsorption at 40-50℃, a solution with more than 5 g·L-1 of V2O5 can be obtained.After roasting ammonium metavanadate that precipitates from the desorption solution when NH4Cl is added at the temperature of 500-550℃ for 2 h, V2O5 with more than 99% of purity is obtained.

Na^+/Ca^(2+) Exchange-mediated La^(3+) Entry in Human Lymphocytes

We determined whether La3+ enter human peripheral blood lymphocytes via Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (measured with fura-2). We first compared the sensitivity of fura-2 with La3+ and Ca2+, the result indicates that the sensitivity of fura-2 for La3+ is much greater than for Ca2+. La3+ forms a 1:1 La3+-fura-2 complex (apparent dissociation constant = 1.7x10(-12) mol/L, pH 7.05). Ouabain-pretreated cells, suspended in Na+-free medium, showed that La3+ can enter human lymphocytes via the Na-i(+)/Ca2+ (La3+)(o) exchanger and is found to be about 10(-12) mol/L in cells exposed to 0.4 mmol/L La3+. Otherwise, the higher concentration (0.1 mmol/L) blocks the Na-i(+)/Ca2+(La3+)(o) exchange-mediated influx of Ca2+, but the lower concentration (0.01 mmol/L) appears to increase Ca2+ entry.

Impact of Cloud on Net Ecosystem CO_(2) Exchange of Alpine Meadow in Tibetan Plateau

Meteorological elements and CO_(2) fluxes over alpine meadow ecosystem were observed continuously from 2004 to 2005 in Damxung Alpine Meadow Flux Station,China Flux Network.Based on the eddy covariance CO_(2) fluxes and meteorological data obtained,the relationships among the CO_(2) fluxes,the cloud amount,and the meteorological factors in alpine meadow ecosystem were explored and analyzed.Some conclusions can be drawn from the discussion with previous researches as following:(1)the cloud amount can affect the net ecosystem CO_(2) exchange(NEE)of alpine meadow on Tibetan Plateau;(2)the soil temperature sensitive to the cloud amount,is a major environmental controlling factor for NEE,and closely relates to the maximum of NEE.In the moming period with large cloud amount,the NEE reaches its maximum when the clearness index ranges from 0.5 to 0.7;yet in the afternoon it comes to the maximum with the index from 0.2 to 0.35.The span of soil temperature covers from 12 to 15℃as the NEE at its highest;(3)the scatterplots between NEE and photosynthetic available radiation(PAR)was a significant inverse triangle in the clear day,two different kinds of concave curves in the cloudy day,and strongly convergent rectangular hyperbola in the overcast day.These differences were controlled by the changes of light radiation and soil temperature.

EFFECTS OF THE HOE 694 ON TRANSIENT INWARD CURRENT AND NA^+- CA^(2+) EXCHANGE IN GUINEA PIG CARDIOMYOCYTES

To determine the effects of HOE 694, a new and potent Na＋- H＋ exchanger blocker, on transient inward current (Iti) and Na＋- Ca2＋ exchange during hypoxia- reoxygenation in guinea pig cardiomyocytes. Methods. Cardiomyocytes were isolated from adult guinea pig ventricle. Experiment was performed in an experimental chamber that allowed the cells to be exposed to a sufficiently low O2 pressure. The cells were subjected to hypoxia and reoxygenation. The ionic currents were studied with patch clamp technique. Results. In the absence of HOE 694, hypoxia- reoxygenation induced Iti in 12 of 15 experiments; but in cardiomyocytes pretreated with HOE 694 (10～ 50μ mol/L), the incidence of Iti observed during reoxygenation was reduced to 5 of 11 experiments and 3 of 10 experiments, P Conclusions. Blockade of the Na＋- H＋ exchange by HOE 694 could reduce Ca2＋ overload upon hypoxia- reoxygenation, and inhibition of Na＋- H＋ exchange may also indirectly decrease Na＋- Ca2＋ exchange activity during hypoxia.

Experimental Study on Performance of Supercritical CO_2 Heat Exchanger with Four Different Inner Tubes

The experiment was conducted to investigate the heat transfer performance of supercritical CO_2 in a casing heat exchanger by comparing their heat transfer,entropy production unit number,non-dimensional entropy production rate and field synergy factor.The results show that both heat transfer and entropy production unit number in four tubes decrease with water temperature increasing.Heat transfer and entropy production unit number in multiple tubes( i. e.,triple straight tube and double helix tube) is higher than their single counterparts; the non-dimensional entropy production rate increases with water temperature. Non-dimensional entropy production rate of triple straight tube and double helix tube is far below the single tube. Field synergy factor of double helix tube is much higher than that of the triple straight tube under the same condition. Further experiment was carried out in double helix tube,under various CO_2 pressure and inlet water temperature,the results are analyzed and reported in this paper.

Molecular cloning,expression pattern and phylogenetic analysis of Guanine nucleotide exchange factor Vav2 in lamprey,Lampetra japonica

The Guanine nucleotide exchange factor Vav2（Vav2） is a member of the Vav family that serves as an important regulators for the Rho family of Ras-related GTPases. In the current study, an ortholog（Lj-Vav2） of Vav2 was identified in the lamprey（Lampetra japonica）. To elucidate the phylogenetic relationship of Vav2, the metazoan genome databases were analyzed to mine the ortholog of Vav. It was found that Vav2 genes were only existed in vertebrates and Lj-Vav2 was the original one found in agnathans. The evolutionary dynamics of conserved motifs of Vav2 were explored using combined amino acid sequence as markers, and it is revealed that the Calponin homology（CH） domain, Dbl-homologous（DH） domain, Pleckstrin homology（PH） domain, Cysteine-rich（C1）domains, Src homology 3（SH3） domains and Src homology 2（SH2） domain were conserved throughout the Vav2 gene family in vertebrates during gene evolution. Relative quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that the LjVav2 was distributed in the heart, kidney, supraneural myeloid body, liver, gill and lymphocyte-like cells. The LjVav2 was found to be expressed in these tissues, and the level of which was upregulated in lymphocyte-like cells after the animal was stimulated with LPS. These results indicated that the Lj-Vav2 might be involved in the immune response of lymphocyte-like cells in lamprey. Meanwhile, our findings provided a foundation for further investigation of the function of Lj-Vav2 in the primary vertebrate.

诺基亚2I BSC利旧的探讨

诺基亚2I的BSCTC与3I的TC单板类型相似,所以考虑可以通过改造将报废2IBSC的TC利用到现网。由于春节期间齐齐哈尔BSC部分A口话务负荷较高,但3IBSC设备已经无硬件可扩容,考虑到2I设备已报废,有闲置的TC硬件可以利旧。齐齐哈尔经过反复调测与实验,将2I设备TC利旧成功。

Cholangiocyte anion exchange and biliary bicarbonate excretion

Primary canalicular bile undergoes a process of fluidization and alkalinization along the biliary tract that is influenced by several factors including hormones, innervation/neuropeptides, and biliary constituents. The excretion of bicarbonate at both the canaliculi and the bile ducts is an important contributor to the generation of the so-called bile-salt independent flow. Bicarbonate is secreted from hepatocytes and cholangiocytes through parallel mechanisms which involve chloride efflux through activation of Cl- channels, and further bicarbonate secretion via AE2/SLC4A2-mediated Cl-/HCO3- exchange. Glucagon and secretin are two relevant hormones which seem to act very similarly in their target cells （hepatocytes for the former and cholangiocytes for the latter）. These hormones interact with their specific G protein-coupled receptors, causing increases in intracellular levels of cAMP and activation of cAMP-dependent Cl- and HCO3- secretory mechanisms. Both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes appear to have cAMP-responsive intracellular vesicles in which AE2/SLC4A2 colocalizes with cell specific Cl- channels （CFTR in cholangiocytes and not yet determined in hepatocytes） and aquaporins （AQP8 in hepatocytes and AQP1 in cholangiocytes）, cAMP-induced coordinated trafficking of these vesicles to either canalicular or cholangiocyte lumenal membranes and further exocytosis results in increased osmotic forces and passive movement of water with net bicarbonate-rich hydrocholeresis.

CO_2 Leakage Identification in Geosequestration Based on Real Time Correlation Analysis Between Atmospheric O_2 and CO_2

The paper describes a method for monitoring CO2 leakage in geological carbon dioxide sequestration. A real time monitoring parameter, apparent leakage flux(ALF), is presented to monitor abnormal CO2 leakage, which can be calculated by atmospheric CO2 and O2 data. The computation shows that all ALF values are close to zero-line without the leakage. With a step change or linear perturbation of concentration to the initial CO2 concentration data with no leakage, ALF will deviate from background line. Perturbation tests prove that ALF method is sensitive to linear perturbation but insensitive to step change of concentration. An improved method is proposed based on real time analysis of surplus CO2 concentration in least square regression process, called apparent leakage flux from surplus analysis(ALFs), which is sensitive to both step perturbation and linear perturbations of concentration. ALF is capable of detecting concentration increase when the leakage occurs while ALFs is useful in all periods of leakage. Both ALF and ALFs are potential approaches to monitor CO2 leakage in geosequestration project.

Estimate of Global Sea-Air CO_2 Flux with Sea-State-Dependent Parameterization

Although the annual global sea-air CO2 flux has been estimated extensively with various wind-dependent-k parameterizations,uncertainty still exists in the estimates. The sea-state-dependent-k parameterization is expected to improve the uncertainty existing in these estimates. In the present study,the annual global sea-air CO2 flux is estimated with the sea-state-dependent-k parameterization proposed by Woolf(2005) ,using NOAA/NCEP reanalysis wind speed and hindcast wave data from 1998 to 2006,and a new estimate,-2.18 Gt C year-1,is obtained,which is comparable with previous estimates with biochemical methods. It is interesting to note that the averaged value of previous estimates with various wind-dependent-k parameterizations is almost identical to that of previous estimates with biochemical methods by various authors,and that the new estimate is quite consistent with these averaged estimates.

Tree-Ring Carbon Isotopic Constraints on Carbon-Water Exchanges between Atmosphere and Biosphere in Drought Regions in Northwestern China

The comparison between the carbon isotope and the index of ring width of a pine disc from the Tuomuer Peak region in Xinjiang shows that the effects of climate changes on the tree-ring growth and carbon isotopic fractionation varies with time. The reason is probably relative to the characters of climate changes and adaptability of the tree-ring growth to climate changes. The relationships between the atmospheric CO2 level and the revised δ13Cair by the tree-ring carbon isotope indicate that the carbon cycle is not in a steady state, but under a stage-change condition in this area. It also can be concluded that the ratio of CO2 from the terrestrial eco-system has increased, and the flux of CO2 exchange between the atmosphere and the biosphere was gradually increasing over the past century. In addition, the results also confirm the validity and superiority of the carbon isotope to the research of the water-use efficiency.

Effects of Environmental Conditions and Aboveground Biomass on CO2 Budget in Phragmites australis Wetland of Jiaozhou Bay,China

Estuarial saline wetlands have been recognized as a vital role in CO_2 cycling.However,insufficient attention has been paid to estimating CO_2 fluxes from estuarial saline wetlands.In this study,the static chamber-gas chromatography(GC) method was used to quantify CO_2 budget of an estuarial saline reed(Phragmites australis) wetland in Jiaozhou Bay in Qingdao City of Shandong Province,China during the reed growing season(May to October) in 2014.The CO_2 budget study involved net ecosystem CO_2 exchange(NEE),ecosystem respiration(Reco) and gross primary production(GPP).Temporal variation in CO_2 budget and the impact of air/soil temperature,illumination intensity and aboveground biomass exerted on CO_2 budget were analyzed.Results indicated that the wetland was acting as a net sink of 1129.16 g/m^2 during the entire growing season.Moreover,the values of Reco and GPP were 1744.89 g/m^2 and 2874.05 g/m^2,respectively;the ratio of Reco and GPP was 0.61.Diurnal and monthly patterns of CO_2 budget varied significantly during the study period.Reco showed exponential relationships with air temperature and soil temperature at 5 cm,10 cm,20 cm depths,and soil temperature at 5 cm depth was the most crucial influence factor among them.Meanwhile,temperature sensitivity(Q10) of Reco was negatively correlated with soil temperature.Light and temperature exerted strong controls over NEE and GPP.Aboveground biomass over the whole growing season showed non-linear relationships with CO_2 budget,while those during the early and peak growing season showed significant linear relationships with CO_2 budget.This research provides valuable reference for CO_2 exchange in estuarial saline wetland ecosystem.

A systematic strategy for multi-period heat exchanger network retrofit under multiple practical restrictions

A systematic strategy for retrofit of the multi-period heat exchanger network （HEN） on the basis of the multi- objective optimization is developed. In this three-stage procedure, a simplified multi-objective optimization model of the multi-period lIEN is first established and then solved to target the retrofit, aiming to minimizing the total annual cost and total annual CO2 emissions. The obtained Pareto front represents series of retrofit targets under different emission limitations, from which the most desirable one can be selected. The matching of the existing and the required heat exchangers is further implemented to finalize the retrofit, which will meet the practical retrofit requirements and matching restrictions. The application of the proposed procedure is illustrated through a case study of a HEN in a vacuum gas oil hydro-treating unit.

Distribution of Exchangeable Calcium，Magnesium and Potassium as Affected by Fertilizer Application to Red Soil

A leaching experiment was carried out with repacked soil columns in laboratory to stndy the leachingprocess of a red soil derived from sandstone as affected by warions fertilization practices. The treatments wereCK (as a control), CaCO_3, CaSO_4, MgCO_3, Ca(H_2PO_4)_2, Urea, KCl, Mnltiple (a mixture of the above-mentioned fertilizers), and KNO_3. The fertilizers were added to the bare surface of the soil columns, andthen the columns were leached with 120 mL deionized water daily through peristaltic pumps over a periodof 92 days. At the end of leaching process, soils were sampled from different depths of the soil profiles, i.e.,0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, 10-20 cm, 20-40 cm, and 40-60 cm. The results showed when applying Ca, Mg, andK to the bare surface of the soil columns, exchangeable Ca￣(2+), Mg￣(2+), and K￣+ in the upper layer of thesoil profile increased correspondingly, with an extent depending mainly on the application rates of Ca, Mg,and K and showing a downward trend. CaCO_3, CaSO_4, MgCO_3, and Ca(H_2PO_4)_2 treatments had scarcelyany effect on movement of exchangeable K￣+, while CaCO_3, and CaSO_4 treatments significantly promotedthe downward movement of exchangeable Mg￣(2+) although these two treatments had no obvious effect onleaching losses of Mg. The fact that under Urea treatment, exchangeable Ca￣(2+) and Mg￣(2+) were higheras compared to CK treatment showed urea could prevent leaching of exchangeable Ca￣(2+) and Mg￣(2+). Theobvious downward movement of exchangeable Ca￣(2+) and Mg￣(2+) was noticed in KCl treatment. In Multipletreatment, the downward movement of exchangeable Ca￣(2+) and Mg￣(2+) was evident, while that of K￣+ was lessevident. Application of KNO_3 strongly promoted the downward movement of exchangeable Ca￣(2+) and Mg￣(2+)in the soil profile.

The cloning of Na+/Ca2+exchaanger Gene and its expression in brain ischemia

ＴＨＥＣＬＯＮＩＮＧＯＦＮａ￣＋／Ｃａ￣（２＋）ＥＸＣＨＡＮＧＥＲＧＥＮＥＡＮＤＩＴＳＥＸＰＲＥＳＳＩＯＮＩＮＢＲＡＩＮＩＳＣＨＥＭＩＡＴａｎｇＪｉａｎ汤健，ＷａｎｇＹｕ王瑜，ＺｋａｎｇＣｈｅｎｈｕｉ张晨晖，Ｅ．ＣｏｓｔａＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＣａｒ...