2μm单纵模全固态脉冲激光技术研究进展(封面文章·特邀)

2μm激光属于人眼安全波段,具有高大气透过率和水吸收特性,能覆盖CO_(2)等温室气体的吸收峰,因此在大气环境监测、光通信、激光雷达、材料加工、医疗手术等领域有广泛应用。其中,单纵模运转的全固态2μm脉冲激光器以其高稳定性、窄线宽和优良的光束质量等优势,可作为多普勒测风、相干差分吸收等激光雷达应用的优质光源,在工业、国防和科研等领域具有重要意义。目前,实现2μm激光输出的主要方法有光参量技术和直接泵浦法。相比光参量技术,直接泵浦法更具高效率、可调节性和集成性等优点,已成为2μm全固态激光的主流方式。文中总结了常用的2μm固体激光增益介质,分析了空间结构振荡器单纵模选择的原理和特点,综述了2μm单纵模全固态脉冲激光的研究进展,并对不同结构激光器的输出特性进行了比较,最后对2μm单纵模全固态脉冲激光的发展前景进行了展望。

In vitro comparison of the vaporesection of human benign prostatic hyperplasia using 70-and 120-W 2μm lasers

The purpose of the current ex vivo study was to compare the speed of vaporesection of human prostatic tissue with benign prostatic hyperplasia （BPH） and the depth of tissue damage using 70- and 120-W 2-tim laser devices. Fresh prostatic tissue specimens were obtained from five patients by open prostatectomy, and were divided into separate groups （70 and 120 W） based on the energy of the laser output （70 and 120 W, respectively）. The vaporesection speed, coagulation zone depth and the necrotic tissue layer in the prostatic tissue were evaluated. The current result showed that the speeds （mean±s.d.） of vaporesection were 5.21±0.66 and 10.39±1.15 g/5 min for the 70 and 120 W groups, respectively （P=0.000）. There was no difference in the depth of necrosis/ coagulation （0.98±0.1310.30±0.09 and 0.99±0.12/0.31±0.08 mm） for the 70 and 120 W groups, respectively. In conclusion, both 70- and 120-W 2μm laser devices had superficial tissue damage during the vaporesection of human prostate tissue; moreover, the 120-W laser offers a higher vaporesection speed than the 70-W laser.

Observation and optimization of 2 μm mode‐locked pulses in all‐fiber net anomalous dispersion laser cavity

We integrally demonstrate 2μm mode-locked pulses performances in all-fiber net anomalous dispersion cavity.Stable mode-locking operations with the center wavelength around 1950–1980 nm can be achieved by using the nonlinear polarization rotation structure and properly designing the dispersion management component.Conventional soliton is firstly obtained with a total anomalous dispersion cavity.Due to the contribution of commercial ultra-high numerical aperture fibers,net dispersion is reduced to-0.077 ps2.So that stretched pulse with 19.4 nm optical bandwidth is obtained and the de-chirped pulse-width can reach 312 fs using extra-cavity compression.Under pump power greater than 890 mW,stretched pulse can evolve into noise-like pulse with 41.3 nm bandwidth.The envelope and peak of such broadband pulse can be compressed with up to 2.2 ps and 145 fs,respectively.The single pulse energy of largely chirped stretched and noise-like pulse can reach 1.785 nJ and 1.53 nJ,respectively.Furthermore,extra-cavity compression can also contribute to a significant increase of peak power.

Spectral and laser properties of Yb and Ho co-doped(YLa)_2O_3 transparent ceramic

Highly transparent Yb,Ho doped（YLa）2O3 ceramic was fabricated by conventional ceramic processing with nanopowders.The absorption and emission spectra of the ceramic was investigated.The energy transfer mechanism between Yb3＋ and Ho3＋ was also discussed.The strong emission band around 2 μm indicated that the Yb-Ho：（Y 0.90 La 0.10）2O3 transparent ceramic is a promising gain medium for the generation of 2 μm laser emissions.The laser operation of Yb-Ho co-doped（YLa）2O3 ceramic at 2.1 μm is first reported.

MXene Ti_3C_2T_x saturable absorber for pulsed laser at 1.3 μm

The excellent optical properties of MXene provide new opportunities for short-pulse lasers. A diode-pumped passively Q-switched laser at 1.3 μm wavelength with MXene Ti3C2Tx as saturable absorber was achieved for the first time. The stable passively Q-switched laser has 454 ns pulse width and 162 kHz repetition rate at 4.5 W incident pumped power. The experimental results show that the MXene Ti3C2Tx saturable absorber can be used as an optical modulator to generate short pulse lasers in a solid-state laser field.

MICROSTRUCTURE IN LASER FUSED HIGH SPEED STEEL W6Mo5Cr4V2(M2)

Microstructure of the deepest zone of high speed steel W6Mo5Cr4V2(M2)melt after laser fu-sion was found to be so fine as the ehill zone of a solidified ingot.When narrower chill zoneformed,the long columnar dendrites grow into the melt and then the fine equiaxed cellularstructure appears in upper melt region nearly surface.The substructure of cellular grains anddendrites was observed to consist of martensite and retained austenile,while the carbides asM_6C_■ Cr_7C_3 and MC distributed at their boundaries.It is believed that the highermicrohardness up to HV_(0.1)=865-960 of the laser fused structure of the alloy is due to the oc-currence of martensite.

C-cut Tm:YAP晶体连续光特性实验研究

掺铥铝酸钇晶体(Tm:YAlO_(3),Tm:YAP)具有机械性能与热力学性能优良、发射截面大等优点,可用商用半导体激光器(laser diodes,LD)作为泵浦源,是2μm光源的理想增益介质。由于Tm:YAP晶体具有各向异性,不同切向轴向摆放下的激光输出特性有所不同。本文使用793 nm的LD作为泵浦源,研究了c向切割(c-cut)Tm:YAP晶体在激光偏振方向平行于a轴(E//a)和激光偏振方向平行于b轴(E//b)下的连续光运转输出特性以及波长调谐输出特性。研究表明:在28 W的泵浦功率下,当E//a时,Tm:YAP激光器连续光输出功率为8.66 W,斜率效率为32.1%;当E//b时,Tm:YAP激光器连续光输出功率为8.41 W,斜率效率为31.1%;在腔内以布儒斯特角插入双折射滤光片对输出激光波长进行调谐,在15 W的泵浦功率下,当E//a时,输出激光波长调谐范围为1 888.8~2 084.4 nm,调谐宽度为195.6 nm;当E//b时,输出激光波长调谐范围为1 889.6~2 043.1 nm,调谐宽度为153.5 nm。实验结果表明,c-cut Tm:YAP晶体沿a轴和b轴放置时都可以实现高功率高效率的连续光输出及宽范围的波长调谐,且E//a时和E//b时的波长调谐曲线形状近似互补,有潜力实现高功率窄脉宽的激光输出。

Judd-Ofelt analysis of spectra and experimental evaluation of laser performance of Tm^(3+) doped Lu_2SiO_5 crystal

This paper reports that the Tm^3＋：Lu2SiO5 （Tm：LSO） crystal is grown by Czochralski technique. The roomtemperature absorption spectra of Tm：LSO crystal are measured on a b-cut sample with 4 at.% thulium. According to the obtained Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters Ω2=9.3155×10^-20 cm^2, Ω4=8.4103×10^-20 cm^2, Ω6=1.5908×10^-20 cm^2, the fluorescence lifetime is calculated to be 2.03 ms for ^3F4 → ^3H6 transition, and the integrated emission cross section is 5.81×10^-18 cm^2. Room-temperature laser action near 2μm under diode pumping is experimentally evaluated in Tm：LSO. An optical-optical conversion efficiency of 9.1% and a slope efficiency of 16.2% are obtained with continuouswave maximum output power of 0.67 W. The emission wavelengths of Tm：LSO laser are centred around 2.06μm with spectral bandwidth of -13.6 nm.

Comparative study of pulsed laser diode end-pumped thulium-doped 2-µm Q-switched lasers

We report pulsed laser diode(LD)end-pumped acoustic Q-switched Tm:YAG laser,Tm:LuAG laser,and Tm:LuYAG laser and the physical properties and spectra of Tm:YAG,Tm:LuAG,and Tm:LuYAG are analyzed.The Tm:LuYAG laser is pumped by 785-nm and 788-nm pulses separately,and is compared with Tm:YAG laser.Different output energy values and output wavelengths of Tm:LuAYG lasers pumped by LDs with different wavelengths are obtained and compared with each other.When the repetition frequency is 100 Hz,the pulsed Tm:YAG laser has single pulse energy of 15.9 mJ,pulse width of 126.7 ns,and the center wavelength of 2013.36 nm,and the pulsed Tm:LuAG laser possesses single pulse energy of 11.8 mJ,pulse width of 252.4 ns,and the center wavelength of 2023.65 nm,and the pulsed Tm:LuYAG laser output energy values are 12.32 mJ and 12.25 mJ with the slope efficiencies of 12.5%and 11.85%,the center wavelengths of 2017.89 nm and 2027.11 nm,respectively,while the pump sources are 785-nm and 788-nm pulsed LDs,respectively.

In Vitro Study on the Vaporization Ratio of 2-μm Laser in Human Prostatic Tissue

In this study, the vaporization ratio of the 2-μm laser in the prostatic tissue with benign prostatic hyperplasia was examined in vitro, to explore a technique to estimate the clearance rate of prostatic tissue during the transurethral vaporesection of the prostate. A total of 9 fresh prostatic tissue specimens were obtained by open surgery and the wet weight of the prostatic tissue were measured immediately after the sample collection. Under the simulated conditions of transurethral vaporesection of the prostate by 2-μm laser, each prostate gland was completely vaporesected into fragments with a diameter of less than 1.0 cm in vitro tissue were collected and measured. Then After the vaporesection, the whole fragments of prostatic the lost weight of prostatic tissue, the weight of the collected prostatic tissue and the ratio of the lost weight of prostatic tissue to the wet weight of the prostate glandular organ specimen were calculated. The correlation between the weight of collected prostatic tissue and the weight of the whole glandular organ was analyzed. All the experimental procedures were carried out by one operator. Wet weight of the prostatic gland specimen and the weight of the harvested prostatic tissues after the procedure were recorded. With respect to the wet weight of prostate gland specimen, the percentage of the weight of collected prostatic tissue was （34.45±1.51） %, and the percentage of the lost weight of prostatic tissue was （65.55±1.51）%. Satisfactory linear relationship was observed between the weight of collected prostatic tissue and the wet weight of prostate gland specimen [y=3.245x=6.475 （t=15.097, P=0.000）]. It is concluded that under the simulated conditions of transurethral vaporesection of the prostate by 2-μm laser, the vaporization ratio of prostatic tissue can be calculated on the basis of the weight of collected prostatic tissue, and thereby the clearance of prostatic tissue during the formal operation by 2-μm laser could be quantitatively determined.

Transurethral prostate enucleation with 2 μm laser in treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia

Objective To investigate the feasibility and efficacy of transurethral prostate enucleation with 2 μm laser in treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia ( BPH) . Methods One hundred and seven patients with BPH were treated by transurethral prostate enucleation with 2 μm la-

二极管泵浦的2μm高重复频率脉冲固体激光器

报道了连续二极管端面泵浦2 μm高重复频率Tm,Ho:YLF激光器的实验研究结果.792 nm光纤耦合激光二极管作泵浦源,泵浦液氮制冷的Tm,Ho:YLF晶体.动态运转时,平均输出功率达到4 W,相应的能量抽取效率大于85%.采用声光调Q方式,重复频率1～50 kHz可调,10 kHz时,峰值功率达到12 kW,最小脉宽为32 ns.同时,还对二极管泵浦2 μm激光器设计中的各种因素进行了分析.

15μm波长DFB半导体激光乙炔(^(12)C_2H_2)线性吸收稳频

建立 1 5 μm波长标准的工作既是现实应用的需求 ,也将填补波长计量标准系列在近红外波段的空白。本文报导中国计量科学研究院在这项研究中的第一阶段工作 :用国产分布反馈半导体激光 (DFB LD)和自行研制的乙炔 (1 2 C2 H2 )吸收室 ,进行了吸收光谱实验 ,实现了 1 5 μmBFB LD的C2 H2 线性吸收稳频。

2μm掺钬固体激光器研究进展

2μm掺钬固体激光器的输出波长处在大气窗口和人眼安全区,在激光雷达、激光测距、光电对抗和激光医学等方面都有重要应用,因此在2μm固体激光器研究领域中成为一个研究热点。本文介绍了2μm掺钬固体激光器能级系统及常用的掺钬晶体,并对基于这些晶体的钬激光器研究进展进行了综述,最后对2μm钬固体激光器的未来发展方向等进行展望。

截断平顶高斯光束M^2因子的比较研究

使用熵束宽、渐近分析和环围功率法对截断平顶高斯光束的束腰宽度w、远场发散角θ0和M2因子作了比较研究.结果表明:按不同束宽定义得到的截断平顶高斯光束的w、θ0和M2因子不同,且与截断参量a/ w0(a为光阑半宽度,w0为平顶高斯光束初始束腰宽度)有关.随a/ w0的增加,三种方法计算得到的w、θ0和M2都分别趋于某常量.

非傍轴截断双曲余弦高斯光束的M^2因子

基于功率密度的二阶矩方法,对非傍轴截断双曲余弦高斯(ChG)光束的束宽、远场发散角和M2 因子进行了研究。数值计算结果表明,非傍轴截断ChG光束的M2因子不仅与截断参数δ、偏心参数α有 关,而且与初始束腰宽度和波长之比ω0／λ有关。在δ足够小时,M2因子可小于1。当δ→0时,远场发 散角趋于渐近值63．435°。对于α=0(Ω0=0)和δ→∞的特例,我们的结果分别退化为非傍轴截断高斯 光束和非傍轴无截断ChG光束的M2因子。

部分相干厄米-高斯光束在湍流大气中的M^2因子

基于广义惠更斯-菲涅耳原理和Winger分布函数二阶矩的定义,推导出部分相干厄米-高斯(PCHG)光束在湍流中的M2因子的解析表达式,并进行了数值计算和分析.研究结果表明:湍流中PCHG光束的M2因子由光束的阶数、相干长度、束腰宽度、波长以及湍流的折射率起伏结构常数和传输距离来决定;随着光束阶数、大气湍流的折射率起伏结构常数以及传输距离的增大,以及光束相干长度的减小,PCHG光束在湍流大气中的M2因子明显增大;对于给定的传输距离,存在最佳初始束宽使大气湍流中PCHG光束的M2因子最小;完全相干厄米-高斯光束和高斯-谢尔模型(GSM)光束在大气湍流中的M2因子变化规律可以作为本文研究的特例.

人眼安全2μm全固态激光器

近年来,由于人眼安全的2μm波段激光在军事,医疗,遥感方面日趋广泛的应用,对高效,紧凑,长寿命,稳定性好的激光器的需求越来越迫切。本文就目前国内外2μm波段全固态激光器的现状作了详细的介绍,并在提高2μm全固态激光器输出功率的前景方面提出了一些自己的建议。

部分相干平顶光束在增益或损耗介质中传输的M^2因子

根据光束在介质中传输强度二阶矩计算公式,推导出部分相干平顶光束在增益或损耗介质中传输的M2因子解析表达式,并将高斯-谢尔模型光束在增益或损耗介质中的传输作为特例统一于一般表达式中。研究结果表明:部分相干平顶光束在增益或损耗介质中传输时的M2因子与光束传输距离、光束相干长度、光束阶数及介质的特性有关。光束在增益或损耗介质中传输的这种特性为应用和控制光束传输提供了理论依据。

2μm波段激光器的发展状况

讨论了产生2μm激光的两种方式,结合最新的相关文献分别对直接泵浦的2μm全固态激光器和2μm光学参量振荡器(OPO)的发展状况进行了详细的论述,并指出了2μm激光的应用前景。