深层高阶煤层CO_(2)-ECBM技术研究与应用启示——以沁水盆地晋中地区为例

深层高阶煤层资源潜力大,但具有“强吸附、难解吸”的特点,常规开发方式难以实现效益动用。与化学驱、热力驱等其他提高采收率技术相比,CO_(2)-ECBM(CO_(2)地质封存及强化煤层开采)技术具有节能减排和提高煤层气采收率双重效益。为明确CO_(2)吸附、解吸特性,论证CO_(2)-ECBM技术提高深层高阶煤层气采收率可行性,助力深层高阶煤层气产能释放,以沁水盆地晋中地区为研究对象,开展深层高阶煤层CO_(2)吸附、解吸特征研究实验。研究结果表明,随着平衡压力的增加,煤层对CH_(4)的吸附量逐渐增加,而受煤层孔裂隙发育特征及CO_(2)特征影响,煤层对CO_(2)的吸附量呈先持续上升再在临界压力附近骤降后大幅上升的特征。深层高阶煤层对CO_(2)的吸附能力约为CH_(4)的2~5倍,超临界CO_(2)在煤层中的吸附能力更强,CO_(2)的敏感解吸压力为CH_(4)的3/4,且吸附于煤层后,CO_(2)呈现出明显的吸附、解吸滞后特征,大比例CO_(2)以吸附封存和残余封存形式滞留在煤层中无法脱附,成为实现大规模封存CO_(2)和替换CH_(4)的有利条件。通过实验结果分析,明确了深层高阶煤层气开展CO_(2)-ECBM具备大幅提高采收率的可行性。矿场应用中,可通过超前注气、加大注入压力等方式提高气藏压力水平,提升竞争吸附效率,同时低敏感解吸压力也表明注入CO_(2)后返排率较高,需考虑CO_(2)循环利用。

Effects of vacancy and external electric field on the electronic properties of the MoSi_(2)N_(4)/graphene heterostructure

Recently,the newly synthesized septuple-atomic layer two-dimensional(2D)material MoSi_(2)N_(4)(MSN)has attracted attention worldwide.Our work delves into the effect of vacancies and external electric fields on the electronic properties of the MSN/graphene(Gr)heterostructure using first-principles calculation.We find that four types of defective structures,N-in,N-out,Si and Mo vacancy defects of monolayer MSN and MSN/Gr heterostructure are stable in air.Moreover,vacancy defects can effectively modulate the charge transfer at the interface of the MSN/Gr heterostructure as well as the work function of the pristine monolayer MSN and MSN/Gr heterostructure.Finally,the application of an external electric field enables the dynamic switching between n-type and p-type Schottky contacts.Our work may offer the possibility of exceeding the capabilities of conventional Schottky diodes based on MSN/Gr heterostructures.

Kinetic-boosted CO_(2) electroreduction to formate via synergistic electric-thermal field on hierarchical bismuth with amorphous layer

Electrocatalytic converting CO_(2) into chemical products has emerged as a promising approach to achieving carbon neutrality.Herein,we report a bismuth-based catalyst with high curvature terminal and amorphous layer which fabricated via two-step electrodeposition achieves stable formate output in a wide voltage window of 600 mV.The Faraday efficiency(FE) of formate reached up to 99.4% at-0.8 V vs.RHE and it remained constant for more than 92 h at-15 mA cm^(-2).More intriguingly,FE formate of95.4% can be realized at a current density of industrial grade(-667.7 mA cm^(-2)) in flow cell.The special structure promoted CO_(2) adsorption and reduced its activation energy and enhanced the electric-thermal field and K^(+) enrichment which accelerated the reaction kinetics.In situ spectroscopy and theoretical calculation further confirmed that the introduction of amorphous structure is beneficial to adsorpting CO_(2)and stabling*OCHO intermediate.This work provides special insights to fabricate efficient electrocatalysts by means of structural and crystal engineering and makes efforts to realize the industrialization of bismuth-based catalysts.

VSe_(2)/V_(2)C heterocatalyst with built-in electric field for efficient lithium-sulfur batteries:Remedies polysulfide shuttle and conversion kinetics

Lithium sulfur(Li-S)battery is a kind of burgeoning energy storage system with high energy density.However,the electrolyte-soluble intermediate lithium polysulfides(Li PSs)undergo notorious shuttle effect,which seriously hinders the commercialization of Li-S batteries.Herein,a unique VSe_(2)/V_(2)C heterostructure with local built-in electric field was rationally engineered from V_(2)C parent via a facile thermal selenization process.It exquisitely synergizes the strong affinity of V_(2)C with the effective electrocatalytic activity of VSe_(2).More importantly,the local built-in electric field at the heterointerface can sufficiently promote the electron/ion transport ability and eventually boost the conversion kinetics of sulfur species.The Li-S battery equipped with VSe_(2)/V_(2)C-CNTs-PP separator achieved an outstanding initial specific capacity of 1439.1 m A h g^(-1)with a high capacity retention of 73%after 100 cycles at0.1 C.More impressively,a wonderful capacity of 571.6 mA h g^(-1)was effectively maintained after 600cycles at 2 C with a capacity decay rate of 0.07%.Even under a sulfur loading of 4.8 mg cm^(-2),areal capacity still can be up to 5.6 m A h cm^(-2).In-situ Raman tests explicitly illustrate the effectiveness of VSe_(2)/V_(2)C-CNTs modifier in restricting Li PSs shuttle.Combined with density functional theory calculations,the underlying mechanism of VSe_(2)/V_(2)C heterostructure for remedying Li PSs shuttling and conversion kinetics was deciphered.The strategy of constructing VSe_(2)/V_(2)C heterocatalyst in this work proposes a universal protocol to design metal selenide-based separator modifier for Li-S battery.Besides,it opens an efficient avenue for the separator engineering of Li-S batteries.

Internal electric field modulation by copper vacancy concentration of cuprous sulfide nanosheets for enhanced selective CO_(2) photoreduction

Although the internal electric field(IEF)of photocatalysts is acknowledged as a potent driving force for photocharge separation,modulating the IEF intensity to achieve enhanced photocatalytic performances remains a challenge.Herein,cuprous sulfide nanosheets with different Cu vacancy concentration were employed to study IEF modulation and corresponding direct charge transfer.Among the samples,Cu_(1.8)S nanosheets possessed intensified IEF intensity compared with those of Cu_(2)S and Cu_(1.95)S nanosheets,suggesting that an enhanced IEF intensity could be achieved by introducing more Cu vacancies.This intensified IEF of Cu_(1.8)S nanosheets induced numerous photogenerated electrons to migrate to its surface,and the dissociative electrons were then captured by Cu vacancies,resulting in efficient charge separation spatially.In addition,the Cu vacancies on Cu_(1.8)S nanosheets accumulated electrons as active sites to lower the energy barrier of rate-determining step of CO_(2)photoreduction,leading to the selective conversion of CO_(2)to CO.Herein,the manipulation of IEF intensity through Cu vacancy concentration regulation of cuprous sulfide photocatalysts for efficient charge separation has been discussed,providing a scientific strategy to rationally improve photocata lytic performances for solar energy conversion.

Enhanced photocatalytic CO_(2) reduction performance in Nidoped perovskite nanocrystals controlled by magnetic fields

In recent years,magnetic fields have been widely applied in catalysis to increase the performance of electrocatalysis,photocatalysis,and thermocatalysis through an important noncontact way.This work demonstrated that doping CsPbCl_(3) halide perovskite nanocrystals with nickel ions(Ni^(2+))and applying an external magnetic field can significantly enhance the performance of the photocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR).Compared with its counterpart,Ni-doped CsPbCl_(3) exhibits a sixfold increase in CO_(2)RR efficiency under a 500 mT magnetic field.Insights into the mechanism of this enhancement effect were obtained through photogenerated current density measurements and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism.The results illustrate that the significant enhancement in catalytic performance by the magnetic field is attributed to the synergistic effects of magnetic element doping and the external magnetic field,leading to reduced electron‒hole recombination and extended carrier lifetimes.This study provides an effective strategy for enhancing the efficiency of the photocatalytic CO_(2)RR by manipulating spin-polarized electrons in photocatalytic semiconductors via a noncontact external magnetic field.

Values of macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer and 10-2 visual field measurements in detecting and evaluating glaucoma

AIM:To assess the performance of macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thickness(mGCIPLT)and 10-2 visual field(VF)parameters in detecting early glaucoma and evaluating the severity of advanced glaucoma.METHODS:Totally 127 eyes from 89 participants(36 eyes of 19 healthy participants,45 eyes of 31 early glaucoma patients and 46 eyes of 39 advanced glaucoma patients)were included.The relationships between the optical coherence tomography(OCT)-derived parameters and VF sensitivity were determined.Patients with early glaucoma were divided into eyes with or without central 10°of the VF damages(CVFDs),and the diagnostic performances of OCT-derived parameters were assessed.RESULTS:In early glaucoma,the mGCIPLT was significantly correlated with 10-2 VF pattern standard deviation(PSD;with average mGCIPLT:β=-0.046,95%CI,-0.067 to-0.024,P<0.001).In advanced glaucoma,the mGCIPLT was related to the 24-2 VF mean deviation(MD;with average mGCIPLT:β=0.397,95%CI,0.199 to 0.595,P<0.001),10-2 VF MD(with average mGCIPLT:β=0.762,95%CI,0.485 to 1.038,P<0.001)and 24-2 VF PSD(with average mGCIPLT:β=0.244,95%CI,0.124 to 0.364,P<0.001).Except for the minimum and superotemporal mGCIPLT,the decrease of mGCIPLT in early glaucomatous eyes with CVFDs was more severe than that of early glaucomatous eyes without CVFDs.The area under the curve(AUC)of the average mGCIPLT(AUC=0.949,95%CI,0.868 to 0.982)was greater than that of the average circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness(cpRNFLT;AUC=0.827,95%CI,0.674 to 0.918)and rim area(AUC=0.799,95%CI,0.610 to 0.907)in early glaucomatous eyes with CVFDs versus normal eyes.CONCLUSION:The 10-2 VF and mGCIPLT parameters are complementary to 24-2 VF,cpRNFLT and ONH parameters,especially in detecting early glaucoma with CVFDs and evaluating the severity of advanced glaucoma in group level.

Movement behavior and separation of Al_(2)O_(3)from Al melt under rotating magnetic field

The effect of a rotating magnetic field(RMF)on the distribution of Al_(2)O_(3)particles with an Al melt was studied by means of simulation and experiment.The results show that Al_(2)O_(3)particles(diameter of 1-10μm,1wt.%)are significantly agglomerated at the top of ingots when subjected to an RMF,and their distribution is influenced by both the intensity and the duration of RMF application.The optimal separation efficiency is achieved with the magnetic intensity of 12 mT for 120 s.The number of the particles at the bottom and the middle decreases by 64.5%and 69.7%,respectively,while that at the top increases by 242.5%compared to the condition without an RMF.However,if further increase the intensity or the duration of RMF,it can induce turbulent flows that draw some of the separated Al_(2)O_(3)particles back into the melt,reducing separation efficiency.The calculation results show that as the magnetic intensity increases from 6 mT to 18 mT,the velocity difference between the particles and the Al melt flow quadruples,increasing from 0.013 m·s^(-1)to 0.066 m·s^(-1).Driven by this velocity difference,centrifugal motion,and secondary circulation,Al_(2)O_(3)particles tend to migrate upwards within the melt,facilitating the separation of impurity particles and enhancing the purity of the melt.

Interfacial built-in electric field and crosslinking pathways enabling WS_(2)/Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) heterojunction with robust sodium storage at low temperature

Developing efficient energy storage for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)by creating high-performance heterojunctions and understanding their interfacial interaction at the atomic/molecular level holds promise but is also challenging.Besides,sluggish reaction kinetics at low temperatures restrict the operation of SIBs in cold climates.Herein,cross-linking nanoarchitectonics of WS_(2)/Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) heterojunction,featuring built-in electric field(BIEF),have been developed,employing as a model to reveal the positive effect of heterojunction design and BIEF for modifying the reaction kinetics and electrochemical activity.Particularly,the theoretical analysis manifests the discrepancy in work functions leads to the electronic flow from the electron-rich Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) to layered WS_(2),spontaneously forming the BIEF and“ion reservoir”at the heterogeneous interface.Besides,the generation of cross-linking pathways further promotes the transportation of electrons/ions,which guarantees rapid diffusion kinetics and excellent structure coupling.Consequently,superior sodium storage performance is obtained for the WS_(2)/Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) heterojunction,with only 0.2%decay per cycle at 5.0 A g^(-1)(25℃)up to 1000 cycles and a high capacity of 293.5 mA h g^(-1)(0.1A g^(-1)after 100 cycles)even at-20℃.Importantly,the spontaneously formed BIEF,accompanied by“ion reservoir”,in heterojunction provides deep understandings of the correlation between structure fabricated and performance obtained.

Structural Setting of the South-West Cameroon Using Satellite Potential Field Derived from SGG-UGM-2 Gravity Data

This study aims to improve knowledge of the structure of southwest Cameroon based on the analysis and interpretation of gravity data derived from the SGG-UGM-2 model. A residual anomaly map was first calculated from the Bouguer anomaly map, which is strongly affected by a regional gradient. The residual anomaly map generated provides information on the variation in subsurface density, but does not provide sufficient information, hence the interest in using filtering with the aim of highlighting the structures affecting the area of south-west Cameroon. Three interpretation methods were used: vertical gradient, horizontal gradient coupled with upward continuation and Euler deconvolution. The application of these treatments enabled us to map a large number of gravimetric lineaments materializing density discontinuities. These lineaments are organized along main preferential directions: NW-SE, NNE-SSW, ENE-WSW and secondary directions: NNW-SSE, NE-SW, NS and E-W. Euler solutions indicate depths of up to 7337 m. Thanks to the results of this research, significant information has been acquired, contributing to a deeper understanding of the structural composition of the study area. The resulting structural map vividly illustrates the major tectonic events that shaped the geological framework of the study area. It also serves as a guide for prospecting subsurface resources (water and hydrocarbons). .

Dipole moment regulation by Ni doping ultrathin Bi_(4)O_(5)Br_(2)for enhancing internal electric field toward efficient photocatalytic conversion of CO_(2)to CO

The low efficiency of photogenerated carrier separation,and the poor adsorption and activation ability of CO_(2)on the surface of photocatalyst were the key problems to limit the efficiency of photocatalytic CO_(2)reduction.Hence,maximally accelerating the immigration of photogenerated charges d increasing the number of active sites are critical points to boost the overall performance of photocatalytic CO_(2)reduction.However,it is still huge challenge.In this work,the Ni-doped ultrathin Bi_(4)O_(5)Br_(2)nanosheets,which was successfully prepared by hydrothermal and ultrasonic chemical stripping methods,exhibited efficient photocatalytic conversion of CO_(2)to CO.The results of experiments and theoretical calculations indicated that the doped Ni^(2+)significantly increased the crystal dipole moment of Bi_(4)O_(5)Br_(2)in y direction(from 0 to 0.096 e?),which enhanced the polarized electric field strength inside Bi_(4)O_(5)Br_(2),and further promoted the immigration of photogenerated carriers.Meanwhile,the ultrathin structure and doped Ni^(2+)synergistically increased the number of active sites,thereby promoting the adsorption and activation of CO_(2)molecules,as evidenced by experimental and theoretical results collectively.As result,The CO yield was as high as 26.57μmol g–1 h–1 for the prepared Ni-doped ultrathin Bi_(4)O_(5)Br_(2)nanosheets under full spectrum light irradiation,which was 9.48 times that of Bi_(4)O_(5)Br_(2).Therefore,it is of great scientific significance in this study to explore strategies to promote the separation of photogenerated carriers and enhance the adsorption and activation ability of CO_(2)on the surface.

三塘湖油田NJH区块中黏油CO_(2)近混相驱实验及应用

三塘湖油田NJH区块属于中黏油砂岩油藏,地层原油黏度为20.8 mPa·s,处于中含水期,预测水驱采收率为22.70%,提高采收率空间小。为了探索提高采收率技术,检验中黏油CO_(2)近混相驱可行性,揭示CO_(2)近混相驱相间传质规律及增油机理,开展了CO_(2)驱油室内实验及矿场试验。结果表明:CO_(2)驱前缘主要发挥溶胀作用,后缘萃取抽提作用强于前缘,降黏作用及提高剩余油驱油效率是主要的增油机理,地面原油黏度降幅为55%,C_(2)—C_(15)含量升高18.3%,驱油效率提高4.6倍;渗透率级差是影响波及体积的主要因素,渗透率级差达到6,低渗透层采收率仅为13.84%。矿场试验阶段累计注气量为2.66×10^(4) t,累计产油量为0.78×10^(4) t,换油率达到0.29,证实中黏油CO_(2)近混相驱具备良好的推广应用前景。

Preparation and wear properties of TiB_2/Al-30Si composites via in-situ melt reactions under high-energy ultrasonic field

TiB2/Al-30Si composites were fabricated via in-situ melt reaction under high-energy ultrasonic field. The microstructure and wear properties of the composite were investigated by XRD, SEM and dry sliding testing. The results indicate that TiB2 reinforcement particles are uniformly distributed in the aluminum matrix under high-energy ultrasonic field. The morphology of the TiB2 particles is in circle-shape or quadrangle-shape, and the size of the particles is 0.1-1.5μm. The primary silicon particles are in quadrangle-shape and the average size of them is about 10μm. Hardness values of the Al-30Si matrix alloy and the TiB2/Al-30Si composites considerably increase as the high energy ultrasonic power increases. In particular, the maximum hardness value of the in-situ composites is about 1.3 times as high as that of the matrix alloy when the ultrasonic power is 1.2 kW, reaching 412 MPa. Meanwhile, the wear resistance of the in-situ TiB2/Al-30Si composites prepared under high-energy ultrasonic field is obviously improved and is insensitive to the applied loads of the dry sliding testing.

基于WorldView-2的薇甘菊信息精细提取

及时、准确掌握薇甘菊分布信息成为防控其入侵的关键技术。随着遥感技术的发展,使得采用高分辨率遥感数据快速准确提取薇甘菊分布信息成为可能。以深圳市Worldview-2影像的9个波段为主要信息源,开展了外来入侵物种薇甘菊的信息提取分析研究。结果表明:(1)用于识别薇甘菊的最佳波段组合是347组合;(2)Worldview-2影像融合的最优方法是Gram-Schmidt变换;(3)光谱与纹理分析研究得出的辐射亮度值和NDVI值能提取出部分入侵区域,结合第7波段与PC1的反差平均值与3×3卷积核方差可提取完整的薇甘菊入侵范围;(4)信息提取的最佳分割尺度是30,且制图精度达87.6%,用户精度达88.4%。说明采用高分辨率影像特征能提取薇甘菊信息,并实现精细识别。

WorldView-2影像的红叶松树识别研究

危险性林业有害生物每年都会造成大面积的严重的森林灾害发生,给国民经济和林业生态环境带来了巨大损失,及时对其发生发展情况进行监测具有重要意义。本文旨在探讨利用高空间分辨率遥感影像识别红叶松树的可行性,从而为单株木灾害监测与防治提供一种快速有效的技术途径。采用World View-2多光谱数据,基于二次型分类器,研究了红叶松树的识别方法。通过Fisher线性判别分析发现,World View-2的红、绿、蓝3个波段蕴含着丰富的红叶松树信息。据此,基于全部8个波段和红、绿、蓝3个波段分别进行了分类,分类精度基本相同。结果表明,仅利用红、绿、蓝3个波段也可以完成红叶松树的识别,从而有效地实现了数据降维,更为我国"高分二号"数据的应用开辟了新领域。由于林相条件的差异性和复杂性,遥感数据分辨率的选择对于单木灾害的识别非常重要,研究发现,2 m分辨率多光谱遥感数据非常适合红叶松树的提取,且从数据时相上来说,最好选取6—9月份的遥感影像,以减少其他变色植被的干扰,提高监测精度和工作效率。

基于LPS的World View2卫星影像正射影像图的制作

利用EDASIMAGE LPS提供的有理函数模型,对西安市高分辨率World View2卫星影像进行正射纠正、数据融合、色彩调整、精度检查等工作,最终完成1∶5000城市正射影像的制作,建立了一整套高分辨率卫星正射影像图(DOM)的制作方法及流程。

WorldView-2数据在地层岩性遥感解译中的应用——以5万切其幅为例

随着高空间分辨率遥感技术的不断发展,地物分辨率不断提高,遥感地质调查的精度也随之提高。通过引用介绍了World View-2数据波段基本特征和波段的相关性,选取适合本地区解译目标的World View-2数据最佳波段组合、通过正射校正和大气校正的图像预处理方法 ,制作了1:5万遥感影像图;进行了研究区地层岩性、岩浆岩、构造解译和特征分析;制作了1:5万岩性-构造遥感解译图;认为解译结果达到了预期目标,并将为推动高分辨率高光谱数据的发展和在地质矿产领域的应用奠定坚实的理论和实践基础。

基于形气神三位一体生命观探讨2型糖尿病发病机理

形、气、神构成了生命的三个要素,基于形、气、神三位一体生命观探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)的发病机理。指出T2DM的发生、发展是形、气、神发生了病理改变。并且分别从形、气、神三个方面展开论述。其中形的改变有形态结构改变、形体动作异常和有形精微物质改变;气的改变有气不足和气化失常;神的改变有嗜欲太过和情志失调,为临床诊治T2DM提供新思路。

长岭断陷龙凤山气田致密凝析气藏CO_(2)吞吐效果评价

长岭断陷龙凤山气田致密凝析气藏产量递减快,采出程度低,为了减弱近井地带反凝析污染现象和凝析油采出困难的开发难题,通过数值模拟方法和注CO_(2)吞吐实验,分析评价CO_(2)吞吐效果,探讨提高气井产量和气藏采收率的方法。结果表明:与注干气吞吐相比,致密凝析气藏注CO_(2)吞吐更能较为有效地解除反凝析污染;气井反凝析分为反凝析初期(对生产基本无影响)、反凝析加重(对油生产有影响)、反凝析严重(对油气生产影响大)、极端反凝析(几乎不出油)共4个阶段;不同反凝析特征阶段的气井CO_(2)吞吐机理和目的不同,CO_(2)吞吐参数应当相应优化。现场实施表明,注CO_(2)吞吐的5口井在吞吐前处于不同的反凝析阶段,吞吐后取得了快速增加地层能量、解堵近井地带反凝析污染、提高注入能力、增加凝析油和天然气产量等效果。研究成果可为CO_(2)吞吐技术在致密凝析气藏的规模应用提供了经验。

非均质多孔介质超临界CO_(2)非混相驱替特征及机理研究

为深入理解超临界CO_(2)在非均质储层中的非混相驱替过程,探索其流动特性及对多孔介质流体动力学的影响,为CO_(2)增强油气采收率和地质碳储存技术提供科学依据,采用基于Navier-Stokes方程与Cahn-Hilliard方程耦合的微观两相流模型,结合Voronoi多边形构造技术建立了具有真实孔隙结构特征的非均质多孔介质模型。通过模拟计算,详细描述了不同条件下CO_(2)驱替过程中的流体动力学行为和界面特征,研究了流体界面形态的演变和驱替效率的影响因素。结果表明:超临界CO_(2)注入后,不同模型内均出现了指进特征和复杂的非混相界面;孔道结构特征决定了毛细力大小,影响CO_(2)驱替前缘的稳定性,大孔道易形成指进现象,而狭窄孔道受毛细阻力与黏滞力影响,促使CO_(2)渗流路径转向或分叉,并导致孔隙压力不均匀分布;孔道内的黏滞力阻碍CO_(2)推进,适度调节CO_(2)的黏度和密度有助于提高驱替效率;高毛管数条件下,驱替压力导致流体相界面变得不稳定,CO_(2)优势渗流通道数量增多,指进渗流通道宽度拓宽,在黏滞力作用下出现了非连续的卡断现象;长时间的驱替过程显著提高CO_(2)饱和度,但伴随高能耗损失,驱替效率在CO_(2)突破后期逐渐下降。因此,调控超临界CO_(2)的物理性质、优化控制注入速率,能有效改善CO_(2)在地层中的分布和驱替路径,是提高CO_(2)驱替效率和优化地层开发的重要手段。