Electronic and steric factors for enhanced selective synthesis of 2‐ethyl‐1‐hexanol in the Ir‐complex‐catalyzed Guerbet reaction of 1‐butanol

1‐Butanol is a potential bio‐based fermentation product obtained from cellulosic biomass.As a value‐added chemical,2‐ethyl‐1‐hexanol(2‐EH)can be produced by Guerbet conversion from 1‐butanol.This work reports the enhanced catalytic Guerbet reaction of 1‐butanol to 2‐EH by a series of Cp^(*)Ir complexes(Cp^(*):1,2,3,4,5‐pentamethylcyclopenta‐1,3‐diene)coordinated to bipyridine‐type ligands bearing an ortho‐hydroxypyridine group with an electron‐donating group and a Cl−anion.The catalytic activity of the Cp^(*)Ir complex increased by increasing the electron density of the bipyridine ligand when functionalized with the para‐NMe2 and ortho‐hydroxypyridine groups.A record turnover number of 14047 was attained.A mechanistic study indicated that the steric effect of the ethyl group on theα‐C of 2‐ethylhexanal(2‐EHA)and the conjugation effect of C=C–C=O in 2‐ethylhex‐2‐enal(2‐EEA)benefits the high selectivity of 2‐EH from 1‐butanol by inhibiting the cross‐aldol reaction of 2‐EHA and 2‐EEA with butyraldehyde.Nuclear magnetic resonance study revealed the formation of a carbonyl group in the bipyridine‐type ligand via the reaction of the Cp^(*)Ir complex with KOH.

Cell Death Effects of the Phthalate 2-Ethyl-1-Hexanol on Human Linfoblast Cells

Phthalates have been used in a wide variety of consumer goods. Their versatility as plasticizers has translated into worldwide use in a vast array of consumer products. These compounds can leach into matrices, such as food and liquids that can be routed for human exposure. One of the most used phthalates is Diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP). Diethylhexyl phthalate and its metabolite 2-ethyl-1-hexanol (2-EH) have demonstrated biological effects which merit further evaluation. In this work, we expand on our previous work with DEHP and screen the 2-EH metabolite for different cell death endpoints such as growth inhibition, apoptosis, autophagy, caspase activation, DNA fragmentation, and cell cycle arrest using fluorophores and the NC3000 instrument. Significant results (p 0.05) revealed higher toxicity for the 2-EH metabolite when compared to DEHP. Also, 2-EH presented apoptosis induction with characteristic hallmarks, such as loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, caspase activation, DNA fragmentation and cell cycle arrest at the S phase. In addition, the presence of autophagosome was detected through L3CB protein staining. We conclude that 2-EH presents differences in cell death endpoints that interestingly differ from the DEHP parent compound. Further studies are needed to establish the molecular pathways responsible for the observed effects.

枯草芽孢杆菌PW2挥发性产物对黄曲霉的抑制作用

为探寻安全、高效的黄曲霉新型抑制物,采用顶空固相微萃取-气质联用(HS-SPME-GC-MS)技术对枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)PW2所产具有抗霉活性的挥发性有机化合物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)进行了成分鉴定,并利用平板对扣法从鉴定出的成分中筛选具有强抗霉活性的目标化合物,通过平板对扣法和96孔板梯度稀释法测定目标化合物对黄曲霉的最小抑菌体积分数(MIC),使用黄曲霉毒素B_(1)(aflatoxin B_(1),AFB_(1))ELISA检测试剂盒分析了目标化合物对黄曲霉产AFB_(1)的抑制作用,使用扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)观察受试黄曲霉孢子形态的变化和采用分光光度法测定受试黄曲霉细胞膜麦角甾醇相对含量,以探讨抗霉机理。结果显示,从PW2所产VOCs中共鉴定出41种组分,并从中筛选出异辛醇为目标化合物;平板对扣法和96孔板梯度稀释法测得异辛醇对黄曲霉的MIC分别为0.169μL/mL和6.25μL/mL;PDB培养基中异辛醇体积分数分别为3.13、6.25、12.50μL/mL时,均能有效抑制AFB_(1)的产生,且随异辛醇体积分数的升高,抑制效果增强;异辛醇处理可导致黄曲霉孢子表面凹陷和孢子破裂,并且影响细胞膜中麦角甾醇的相对含量,造成细胞膜受损。该研究可为开发以异辛醇为功能成分的黄曲霉抑制剂提供理论参考。

2-硝基-1 H-咪唑甲酸乙酯衍生物的合成

2-硝基咪唑是一种重要的医药中间体,可用于合成多种抗癌药物,通过对其结构进行修饰,有望开发新型活性药物分子。以2-氨基嘧啶和3-溴丙酮酸乙酯为起始原料,经过缩合环化、肼解、氧化和取代合成了一系列1-烷基-2-硝基-1 H-咪唑-5-甲酸乙酯(7a~7d)及其同分异构体1-烷基-2-硝基-1 H-咪唑-4-甲酸乙酯(8a~8d),该方法克服了传统合成路线中氮原子上取代基仅为甲基的局限性。研究不同取代基对2种异构体比例的影响,结果表明:随着取代基团的给电子能力增强,更加有利于化合物7的生成。所有合成化合物的结构都经过1 H NMR,13 C NMR和MS(ESI)确证或表征。

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Ethyl 3-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-oxo-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-5-carboxylate

The crystal structure of the title compound ethyl 3-（4-chlorophenyl）-3,4-dihydro-6- methyl-4-oxo-2-（pyrrolidin-1-yl）furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-5-carboxylate （C20H20ClN3O4, Mr= 401.84） has been prepared and determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystal is of monoclinic, space group P21/n with a = 20.6215（9）, b = 8.5311（4）, c = 21.6886（9） A^°, β = 91.607（1）°, V = 3814.0（3）A^°^3, Z = 8, Dc = 1.400 g/cm^3, F（000） = 1680, μ = 0.233 mm^-1, R = 0.0718 and wR = 0.1545 for 6717 observed reflections with I 〉 2σ（I）. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals two crystallographically independent molecules in the asymmetric unit.

Catalytic conversion of ethyl lactate to 1,2-propanediol over CuO

An efficient conversion of biomass-derived ethyl lactate to 1,2-propanediol(1,2-PDO) over CuO was investigated.Among the catalysts we tested, CuO, Cu2 O and Co showed excellent catalytic activity for the conversion of ethyl lactate to 1,2-PDO in water, and CuO was more active and gave the best result. The 1,2-PDO yield of 93.6% was achieved when Zn acted as a reductant. The results indicated that in situ formed hydrogen by the oxidation of Zn in water is more effective than gaseous hydrogen, which failed to produce the 1,2-PDO from ethyl lactate.From a practical point of view, the present method may provide a useful route for the production of 1,2-PDO from ethyl lactate.

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a Novel Ethyl 5-(4-(2-Phenylacetamido)phenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate as an Acrosin Inhibitor

The title compound （ethyl5-（4-（2-phenylacetamido）phenyl）-lH-pyrazole-3-carboxylate, C20H19N3O3） was synthesized by the reaction of Claisen condensation, cyclization, reduction and acylation. The structure was characterized by X-ray diffraction, MS, NMR and IR. It belongs to the monoclinic system, space group C2/c with a = 22.723（9）, b = 9.324（4）, c = 18.890（8） A, β = 114.259（6）°, V = 3649（3） A^3, Dc = 1.272 Mg·m^3, Z = 8, Mr = 349.38, p = 0.087 mm^-1, F（000） = 1472, the final R = 0.0615 and wR = 0.1643. The biological test shows that the title compound has a moderate acrosin inhibition activity.

Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Antitumor Activities of N-(2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-2-nitroaniline

The title compound, N-(2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-2-nitroaniline(C16H15N3O2, Mr = 281.31), has been synthesized by the multicomponent reaction of milder Ullmann, and its structure was characterized by 1H NMR, 13 C NMR, IR, H RMS(ESI) and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. It crystallizes in monoclinic, space group I2/c with a = 15.0212(10), b = 9.4911(6), c = 20.3075(13) A, β = 100.776(7)o, V = 2844.1(3)A3, Z = 8, Dc = 1.314 g/cm3, F(000) = 1184.0, μ = 0.089 mm-1, the final R = 0.0574 and w R = 0.1688 for 1701 observed reflections(I 】 2σ(I)). X-ray analysis indicates three major N(2)–H(2)···O(2), C(13)–H(13)···O(2), N(2)–H(2)···N(3) hydrogen bonds and π-π stacking interactions in the crystal structure. The preliminary biological test shows that the title compound has a good antitumor activity against A549 in vitro with the IC50 value of 35 μmol/L.

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Tri(4-(3-hydroxy2-ethyl-4-pyridinone-1-yl)-aniline Condensation Salicylaldehydato) Monohydratotricopper(II)Dimethylformamide Monohydrate Solvate

The title complex [Cu3L3(H2O)]DMFH2O (H2L = 4-(3-hydroxy-2-ethyl-4- pyridinone-1-yl)-aniline condensation salicylaldehyde) was obtained. The single-crystal X-ray study shows that it is a trinuclear compound [Cu3(C20H15N2O3)3(H2O)]DMFH2O. The coordi- nation sphere about each copper ion in the complex consists of two oxygen atoms from hydroxylpyridinone moiety of one ligand and one oxygen and one nitrogen atoms from salicyladehyde Schiff-base moiety of another ligand arranged in a slightly distorted square planar geometry. Among the three copper ions, one (Cu(2)) is coordinated by the other oxygen atom of water molecule on the fifth coordinate position to form a distorted square pyramid geometry. The crystal is of monoclinic, space group P21/c with a = 12.9202(5), b = 27.197(1), c = 17.0116(7) ? b = 100.588(1), V = 5875.9(4) 3, Z = 4, C63H57N7O12Cu3, Mr = 1294.78, Dc = 1.464 g/cm3, m = 1.146 mm-1, F(000) = 2668, R = 0.0784 and wR = 0.1546 for 6926 observed reflections with I > 2s(I). The differences of coordinate bond lengths are observed between anhydrous and hydrous units: in the former unit, the average bond lengths are 1.978 ?for CuN (azomethine), 1.883 ?for CuO (phenolic) in Schiff-base moiety, 1.959 ?for CuO (keto), and 1.919 ?for CuO (hydroxy) in hydroxypyridinone moiety; while those in the latter are longer with the following corresponding values: 1.985(5), 1.908(5), 1.993(5) and 1.919(4) ? respectively. The Cu(2)O (water) bond length is 2.375(6) ?

2-氨基-1-甲基-1H-咪唑-5-羧酸乙酯的合成

以肌氨酸乙酯盐酸盐为起始原料,经氨酯交换反应、Claisen-Schmidt反应、合环反应共3步反应,得到目标产物2-氨基-1-甲基-1H-咪唑-5-羧酸乙酯(1),产物结构经^(1)H NMR确证。优化了反应条件:第一步,n_((肌氨酸乙酯盐酸盐))∶n_((K2)CO_(3))=1∶1.5,反应时间为8h,反应温度为25℃;第二步,n_((3))∶n_((NaH))=1∶1.2;第三步,n_((4))∶n_((NH2)CN)=1∶2.5,n_((4))∶n_((NaOAc))=1∶3.2,优化条件下的总收率为43.7%。此合成途径操作简便、产品质量好、总收率高,利于大量生产。

Swelling Properties of New Hydrogels Based on the Dimethyl Amino Ethyl Acrylate Methyl Chloride Quaternary Salt with Acrylic Acid and 2-Methylene Butane-1,4-Dioic Acid Monomers in Aqueous Solutions

Hydrogels of dimethylaminoethyl acrylate methyl chloride quaternary salt (Q9) have been synthesized with different monomer ratio by copolymerization of this poorly studied monomer either with acrylic acid or with 2-methylene bu-tane-1,4-dioic acid. Hydrogel swelling was measured as a function of the composition of the hydrogel and of the crosslinking agent ratio. High values of swelling have been obtained at very high crosslinking values (【14 wt %) and the equilibrium swelling was reached at very low time (less than 15 minutes). The swelling isotherms consisted of a steep initial portion and then levelled off as asymptotically to the equilibrium swelling limit. The experimental data suggest clearly that the swelling process obeys second-order kinetics. According to this, the kinetics rate constant and the equilibrium water content were determined at different comonomer composition and crosslinker concentration. The calculated kinetic constants ranged from 0.48 to 3.76 ×10-2 min-1 for poly (acrylic acid-co-Q9) hydrogels and from 0.68 to 4.0 ×10-2 min-1 for poly (2-methylene butane-1,4-dioic acid-co-Q9) hydrogels depending on the hydrogels composition. The diffusion process was evaluated for each hydrogel showing a non-Fickian type diffusion. In all cases was observed a considerable increase in diffusion coefficient as Q9 content increases.

Effects of Two Anti-TNF-α Compounds: Etanercept and 5-Ethyl-1-Phenyl-2-(1H)-Pyridone on Secreted and Cell-Associated TNF-α <i>In Vitro</i>

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a potent inflammatory cytokine and its exaggerated production has been implicated in acute, chronic and autoimmune inflammatory diseases. Proteinaceous and non-proteinaceous anti-TNF-α agents have been developed to reduce its circulating levels either by neutralizing, binding or inhibiting the de novo synthesis with the aim of achieving desirable therapeutic effects. In the present study, we compared the effects of a protein-based anti-TNF-α drug, etanercept, and a non-protein-based anti-TNF-α small molecule, 5-ethyl-1-phenyl-2-(1H) pyridone (5-EPP), on the LPS-stimulated secretion of TNF-α in the medium and TNF-α associated with the THP-1 cells in vitro. Both drugs had marked concentration-dependent inhibitory effects on the LPS-stimulated secretion of TNF-α. However, their effects on the LPS-stimulated cell-associated TNF-α were diametrically opposed to each other. For instance, etanercept further increased the level by up to 12-fold, whereas 5-EPP inhibited the level in a dose dependent manner. In addition, 5-EPP caused a significant reduction in the elevated level of cell associated TNF-α caused by LPS + etanercept. The differences in the levels of cell-associated TNF-α as reported in the present study may partly explain the adverse effects of some protein-based anti-TNF-α drugs including etanercept as opposed to a non-protein-based anti-TNF-α drug such as pirfenidone, a structural analogue of 5-EPP, for treatment of some TNF-α mediated diseases. It was concluded from the findings of this study that drugs which elevate the levels of cell associated-TNF-α will potentially have more adverse events even after reducing the secreted levels of TNF-α than the drugs which reduce both the secreted and cell-associated TNF-α levels.

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of (1S)-1,1'-Bis{[N-ethyl-N-(1-methylethyl)-amino]-carbonyl}-2-(hydroxydiphenylmethyl)-ferrocene

The title complex,(1S)-1,1'-bis{[N-ethyl-N-(1-methylethyl)-amino]carbonyl}-2-(hydroxyldiphenylmethyl)-ferrocene([Fe(C_(24)H_(22)NO_(2))(C_(11)H_(16)NO)]_(2)·H_(2)O,Mr=1207.13),was synthesized via(-)-Sparteine-mediated enantioselective directed ortho-lithiation of 1,1‘-bis{[N-ethyl-N-(1-methylethyl)-amino]carbonyl}-2-(hydroxydiphenylmethyl)-ferrocene.The structure of the rifle compound was determined by X-ray single-crystal diffraction.The crystal belongs to the orthorhombic system,space group P2_(1)2_(1)2_(1),with a=10.266(2),b=17.676(4),c=34.097(7)A,V=6187(2)A3,Z=4,C_(70)H_(86)Fe_(2)N_(4)O_(7),Dc=1.296 g/cm^(3),μ=0.527 mm^(-1),T=113(2)K,F(000)=2568,the final R=0.0469 and wR=0.0984 for 13940 observed reflections with I〉2σ(I).The neighboring ferrocene derivatives are joined into dimers via O-H…O=C intermolecular hydrogen bonding by a water molecule.Besides,the dimers form neat rows along the a axis.

2-(1-咪唑基)-乙酸的合成工艺改进

以咪唑和氯乙酸乙酯为原料,乙腈为溶剂,三乙胺为缚酸剂合成了2-(1-咪唑基)-乙酸乙酯,再经水解得到2-(1-咪唑基)-乙酸,并经1H NMR,13C NMR,IR确证了结构。考察了反应时间及三乙胺用量对反应收率的影响,结果表明,在反应时间4 h,n(三乙胺);n(咪唑)=1．3:1条件下,产物总收率为60．5％,含量(质量分数)大于98．6%。

2-丙基-4-[(1-羟基-1-甲基)乙基]-1H-咪唑-5-羧酸乙酯的合成

用正丁酸与邻苯二胺为原料,在微波照射下缩合成2-丙基苯并咪唑,再氧化开环制得2-丙基咪唑二羧酸,再经酯化、Gringard反应制得抗高血压药物奥美沙坦的关键中间体2-丙基-4-[(1-羟基-1-甲基)乙基]-1H-咪唑-5-羧酸乙酯,总收率32.2%。

2-(1-羟基)乙基二氢卟吩f及其醚衍生物的合成和肿瘤光生物活性

以蚕沙叶绿素稳定降解产物二氢卟吩f(2 )为关键中间体 ,设计合成了 2 (1 羟基 )乙基二氢卟吩f(3a)及其醚类衍生物 3b～ 3d、4b～ 4d ,其中 ,3a、3c、3d、4c、4d为新化合物 ,用UV、IR、1H NMR和FAB -MS确证了它们的结构。同时测定了目标物 3a、4b～ 4d对小鼠肉瘤 180移植瘤的光动力治疗作用 ,结果显示 :2 (1 羟基 )乙基二氢卟吩f醚衍生物 4b～ 4d对小鼠肉瘤 180移植瘤的光动力治疗效果均优于参比药物血卟啉衍生物 (HpD) ,且随醚链增长而增强 ,而 3a却无效 。

乙酸乙酯-1,2-丙二醇二元系的密度、折射率和黏度

常压下测定了乙酸乙酯和1,2-丙二醇二元系在298.15~323.15 K下的密度、折射率和黏度,建立了混合液密度、黏度随组成和温度变化关系的方程。计算了过量摩尔体积VE,折射率偏差ΔnD,黏度偏差Δη和过量流动活化自由能ΔG＊E。结果表明,过量摩尔体积低温时在全浓度范围内为负值,但随温度升高,在富酯区变为正值;而折射率偏差高温时在富醇区为微小正值,其他情况都是负值;黏度偏差和过量流动活化自由能显示了相同的变化关系,均为负值,且都随温度降低而偏差增大。

1-甲基-3-丁基咪唑/AlCl_3催化制备2-顺丁烯二酸二(2-乙基己)酯

以顺丁烯二酸酐和2- 乙基己醇为原料,环己烷为带水剂在1 -甲基3 - 丁基咪唑离子液体存在下制备了内增塑剂顺丁烯二酸二(2- 乙基己)酯。实验结果表明该催化体系中顺丁烯二酸酐与2 -乙基己醇可在理论物质的量比下反应,回流温度反应1. 5h时,酯化率达到99 .6% ,二酯选择性91. 6% ,与固体酸离子交换树脂催化系统相比,具有反应速度快,产品选择性高和颜色浅的优点。

4,4,4-三硝基丁酸-2-叠氮基-1-叠氮甲基乙酯的合成、表征和热性能

以4,6-二羟基嘧啶为原料,经过硝化-水解、加成得到4,4,4-三硝基丁酸(TNB),以1,3-二氯丙醇为原料,经叠氮化制备得到1,3-二叠氮基-2-丙醇(DAG),而后TNB和DAG经酯化反应制备得到新型含能增塑剂4,4,4-三硝基丁酸-2-叠氮基-1-叠氮甲基乙酯(DPTB)。通过红外、核磁、元素分析对DPTB的结构进行了表征。合成中,用二环己基碳二亚胺(DCC)和二甲氨基吡啶对甲苯磺酸盐(DPTS)催化酯化法代替传统方法,考察了物料比、反应温度、反应时间和溶剂用量对酯化反应的影响。用热重(TG)和差示扫描量热(DSC)法研究了DPTB的热分解性能。结果表明,DCC/DPTS催化酯化法代替传统方法,使DPTB的酯化收率由17.9%提高到44.9%。在215℃和230℃,DPTB的DSC曲线有两个分解放热峰。它的TG曲线可分为两个阶段:第一阶段,从147℃到220℃,伴随76.68%的质量损失,第二阶段,从220℃到351℃,伴随15.23%的质量损失,从分解反应开始到结束的总质量损失为91.19%。

2-芳基-5-巯基-1,3,4-三唑衍生物的合成

报道了７种双（２－芳基－１，３，４－三唑－５－基）二硫化物（２ａ～２ｇ）和５种１－乙基－２－芳基－１，３，４－三唑－５－乙硫醚的合成，。化合物结构经元素分析、红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱及质谱确证。生物活性测定结果表明，２ｂ和３ｂ具有较强的抗菌活性。