A Higher-Efficient Non-Hydrostatic Finite Volume Model for Strong Three-Dimensional Free Surface Flows and Sediment Transport

In order to accurately simulate strong three-dimensional （3-D） free surface flows and sediment transport, the fully 3- D non-hydrostatic pressure models are developed based on the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations and convection-diffusion equation of sediment concentration with the mixing triangle and quadrilateral grids. The governing equations are discretized with the unstructured finite volume method in order to provide conservation properties of mass and momentum, and flexibility with practical application. It is shown that it is first-order accurate on nonuniform plane two-dimensional （2-D） grids and second-order accurate on uniform plane grids. A third-order approximation of the vertical velocity at the top-layer is applied. In such a way, free surface zero stress boundary condition is satisfied maturely, and very few vertical layers are needed to give an accurate solution even for complex discontinuous flow and short wave simulation. The model is applied to four examples to simulate strong 3-D free surface flows and sediment transport where non-hydrostatic pressures have a considerable effect on the velocity field. The newly developed model is verified against analytical solutions with an excellent agreement.

Simulation of Cavitating Flow around a 2-D Hydrofoil

In order to predict the effects of cavitation on a hydrofoil, the state equations of the cavitation model were combined with a linear viscous turbulent method for mixed fluids in the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software FLUENT to simulate steady cavitating flow. At a fixed attack angle, pressure distributions and volume fractions of vapor at different cavitation numbers were simulated, and the results on foil sections agreed well with experimental data. In addition, at the various cavitation numbers, the vapor fractions at different attack angles were also predicted. The vapor region moved towards the front of the airfoil and the length of the cavity grew with increased attack angle. The results show that this method of applying FLUENT to simulate cavitation is reliable.

Numerical Modeling of Sediment Transport and Its Effect on Algal Biomass Distribution in Lake Pontchartrain Due to Flood Release from Bonnet CarréSpillway

In order to protect the city of New Orleans from the Mississippi River flooding, the Bonnet Carré Spillway (BCS) was constructed from 1929 to 1936 to divert flood water from the river into Lake Pontchartrain and then into the Gulf of Mexico. During the BCS opening for flood release, large amounts of freshwater, nutrients, sediment, etc. were discharged into Lake Pontchartrain, and caused a lot of environmental problems. To evaluate the environmental impacts of the flood water on lake ecosystems, a two-dimensional numerical model was developed based on CCHE2D and applied to simulate the flow circulation, sediment transport and algal biomass distribution in Lake Pontchartrain. The effect of sediment concentration on the growth of algae was considered in the model. The numerical model was calibrated using field measured data provided by USGS, and then it was validated by the BCS Opening Event in 1997. The simulated results were generally in good agreement with filed data and satellite imagery. The field observation and numerical model show that during the spillway opening for flood release, the sediment concentration is very high, which greatly restricts the growth of algae, so there is no algal bloom observed in the lake. After the closure of BCS, the sediment concentration in the lake reduces gradually, and the nutrient concentration of the lake is still high. Under these conditions, numerical results and satellite imagery showed that the chlorophyll concentration was high and algal bloom might occur.

Numerical simulations of flow and sediment transport within the Ning-Meng reach of the Yellow River,northern China

Effective management of a river reach requires a sound understanding of flow and sediment transport generated by varying natural and artificial runoff conditions. Flow and sediment transport within the Ning-Meng reach of the Yellow River（NMRYR）, northern China are controlled by a complex set of factors/processes, mainly including four sets of factors：（1） aeolian sediments from deserts bordering the main stream;（2） inflow of water and sediment from numerous tributaries;（3） impoundment of water by reservoir/hydro-junction; and（4） complex diversion and return of irrigation water. In this study, the 1-D flow ＆ sediment transport model developed by the Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research was used to simulate the flow and sediment transport within the NMRYR from 2001 to 2012. All four sets of factors that primarily control the flow and sediment transport mentioned above were considered in this model. Compared to the measured data collected from the hydrological stations along the NMRYR, the simulated flow and sediment transport values were generally acceptable, with relative mean deviation between measured and simulated values of 〈15%. However, simulated sediment concentration and siltation values within two sub-reaches（i.e., Qingtongxia Reservoir to Bayan Gol Hydrological Station and Bayan Gol Hydrological Station to Toudaoguai Hydrological Station） for some periods exhibited relatively large errors（the relative mean deviations between measured and simulated values of 18% and 25%, respectively）. These errors are presumably related to the inability to accurately determine the quantity of aeolian sediment influx to the river reach and the inflow of water from the ten ephemeral tributaries. This study may provide some valuable insights into the numerical simulations of flow and sediment transport in large watersheds and also provide a useful model for the effective management of the NMRYR.

HORIZONTAL 2-D BASIC EQUATIONS AND SIMULATION OF INTERCHANGE BETWEEN SUSPENDED SEDIMENT AND BED MATERIALS IN ALLUVIAL RIVER

A set of new 2-D equations of interchange between suspended sediment and bed materials was serived by theoretical deduction based on the systematic summarization and assessment the previous studies of simulating the interchange between suspended sediment and bed materials in the Lower Yellow River. This model was used to simulate the erosion and deposition processes caused by the interchange between suspended sediment and bed materials in a sketch channel. The results show that these equations are well consistent with the laws of interchange between suspended sediment and bed materials. Furthermore, compared with previous models, it has important practical value not only because of strong theoretical foundation, but also for smaller amount of calculating work and convenient application in practice.

ONE-AND TWO-DIMENSIONAL COUPLED HYDRODYNAMICS MODEL FOR DAM BREAK FLOW

1-D and 2-D mathematical models for dam break flow were established and verified with the measured data in laboratory. The 1-D and 2-D models were then coupled, and used to simulate the dam break flow from the reservoir tail to the dam site, the propagation of dam break waves in the downstream channel, and the submergence of dam break flow in the downstream town with the hydrodynamics method. As a numerical example, the presented model was employed to simulate dam break flow of a hydropower station under construction. In simulation, different dam-break durations, upstream flows and water levels in front of dam were considered, and these influencing factors of dam break flow were analyzed, which could be referenced in planning and designing hydropower stations.

Navigable flow condition simulation based on two-dimensional hydrodynamic parallel model

Navigable flow condition simulations can provide detailed information on water depth and velocity distribution, simulation speed is one of the key factors which influence real-time navigation. In this paper, a navigable flow condition simulation system is developed to provide useful information for waterway management and shipping safety. To improve the simulation speed of 2-D hydrodynamic model, an explicit finite volume method and Open MP are used to realize parallel computing. Two mesh schemes and two computing platforms are adopted to study the parallel model＇s performance in the Yangtze River, China. The results show that the parallel model achieves dramatic acceleration, with a maximum speedup ratio of 34.94？. The parallel model can determine the flow state of the navigable channel in about 4 min, efficiency is further improved by a flow simulation scheme database. The developed system can provide early warning information for shipping safety, allowing ships to choose better routes and navigation areas according to real-time navigable flow conditions.

斜管沉淀池布水均匀性模拟计算与工艺参数分析

水量负荷的增大和水质标准的提高,迫使许多水厂不得不将平流沉淀池改造为斜管沉淀池,然而改造过程中所遇到的斜管布水均匀性问题一直没从理论上得以解决。通过建立包括长宽比、斜管管径、布水区高度等多个影响布水均匀性因素的水力学方程,定量分析了各种因素的影响规律。模拟计算结果表明:沉淀池长宽比(L/B)对均匀布水性影响最大,当L/B接近6时,布水渠末端的斜管流量极小,布水极不均匀;增大布水渠高度和沿池长方向上减小斜管管径有利于提高布水均匀性。据此在L/B较大的平流沉淀池改造工程中可采取由沿宽度方向布水改为沿长度方向,将沉淀池分格改造为多个斜管沉淀池以及斜管管径沿布水方向由小变大等技术措施提高布水均匀性。

采砂工程对河道影响分析研究

建立了一般曲线坐标系下的平面二维水沙数学模型,并运用长江武汉河段实测水沙数据对模型进行系统的率定与验证;模拟了不同流量级下该河段采砂后水位、流速变化规律。进一步选取了典型水沙系列年,对采砂后河段冲淤变化及采区内泥沙回淤率进行了预测。模型成果为本河段采砂的可行性及采砂规模控制提供了较科学的参考依据。

长江重庆河段平面二维非恒定水沙数值模拟

本文针对长江重庆河段复杂的水沙运动特点和地形条件 ,考虑悬移质和推移质运动 ,采用有限元方法建立了平面二维非恒定水沙数学模型 ,对重庆河段的水流运动和泥沙冲淤进行了模拟。模型中采用张红武提出的不平衡输沙理论以及引入符合重庆河段水沙特点的悬移质挟沙力公式和推移质输沙率公式 ,对现有三峡库区数学模型进行了改进 ,并利用重庆河段正态模型试验和原型观测资料对模型进行了验证。结果表明 ,模型计算的沿程水位、断面流速分布和河床冲淤变化与资料符合较好。

天然分汊河道平面二维水流泥沙数值模拟研究

基于无结构化网格,采用有限元方法,建立起一种适合于分汊河道的平面二维水沙数学模型,模型采用质量集中的简化处理和预估校正的时间推进算法,较好地解决有限元计算存储量和计算速度。并以武汉天兴洲汊道段为例,进行水沙验证计算,验证结果与实际符合较好,证明模型能较好地模拟天然分汊河道的水流泥沙运动及河床变形情况,因此可为分汊型河道的整治提供技术支持。

考虑环流横向输沙及河岸变形的平面二维扩展数学模型

本文考虑弯道环流输沙效应,在泥沙运动基本方程中增加了反映环流横向输沙附加项,对平面二维水沙数学模型的悬移质、推移质输沙方程和河床变形过程进行了扩展。借助土力学中关于边坡稳定性理论中的圆弧滑动法,并引入多杈树搜索方法,建立了适用于平面二维数学模型的河岸崩塌变形计算方法。经扩展后的平面二维水沙数学模型能模拟环流横向输沙及由其引起的河床冲淤和河岸变形,并应用该模型模拟了弯道发生、发展过程,计算结果与已有的认识是一致的。

采砂深度对分汊河道影响分析

以长江天兴洲河段为例,应用一般曲线坐标系下的平面二维水沙数学模型进行研究,并采用实测水沙数据进行率定与验证,模拟了不同流量级下采砂深度不同分流比、水位和流速变化规律,并进一步选取2004年作为典型水沙年,对采砂后河段冲淤变化及采砂区内泥沙回淤率进行预测.模型成果可为本河段采砂的可行性和采砂规模控制提供科学依据.

考虑河岸冲刷的弯曲河道水流及河床变形的数值模拟

本文将正交曲线坐标系下的平面二维水沙数学模型和粘性河岸的冲刷模型结合 ,用于模拟弯道内的水流运动、悬移质泥沙的输移、河床的纵向及横向变形 .用水槽试验资料验证了本文提出的水流模型 ,结果表明流速分布、水位等计算结果与实测值相当符合 .应用建立的水沙数学模型以及河岸冲刷模型 ,模拟了一概化弯道在持续清水冲刷下的主流线位置、断面形态、主槽比降的变化过程 。

多沙河流平面二维泥沙数学模型研究

针对冲积河流河床演变速度快、边界调整幅度大的特点，采用积分方法数值求解水流泥沙基本方程，建立了适合于多沙河流泥沙及河床演变规律的二维数学模型，在数值方法方面考虑了物质守恒性及对多变边界的适应性，采用了比较简单的动边界处理模式。通过工程实例的计算验证，证实了模型所采用的基本方法是合理的，模型有较强的河床边界适应能力，可用以解决有关多沙河流河床演变预测及浑水洪水预报的有关问题。

倒虹吸工程河段洪水与河床变形的数值模拟

本文利用平面二维水沙数学模型，采用水边界全区自动跟踪方法并考虑了河床局部冲刷与河道演变分析成果，对渠河交叉工程河段进行了洪水与河床变形的数值模拟。模型经过历史特征洪水验证，模拟计算了特征洪水的流场、交叉工程处的壅水及冲刷，根据流场冲刷状况提出了工程优化修改方案。

三峡工程运用初期监利河段河势变化预测

监利河段是下荆江变化最剧烈的河段之一,三峡工程运用后,下泄含沙量减小,该河段冲淤调整将更为明显。采用河道平面二维水沙数学模型,对监利河段在三峡工程蓄水运用初期可能产生的河床冲淤及河势变化进行了计算分析研究。结果表明:监利河段总体河势变化不大,但河床冲淤较为剧烈,断面冲深扩大,局部岸段和乌龟洲右缘部位崩退,乌龟洲左汊萎缩右汊扩大,新沙洲边滩有切滩的趋势。

空腔回流区水沙特性的计算分析

建立了回流区水深平均平面二维水流泥沙数学模型，提出了平衡输沙模式下回流区泥沙淤积计算方法；采用长江科学院空腔回流泥沙淤积水槽试验数据，验证了回流区泥沙淤积计算方法的可行性和精度；通过数模计算分析，一方面加深了空腔回流区环流结构及含沙量分布的机理认识，另一方面研究了模型变率对回流区水沙特性的影响。

三峡水库重庆河段平面二维水沙数值模拟

针对长江重庆河段复杂的水沙运动特点和地形条件,考虑悬移质和推移质运动,采用有限体积方法建立了平面二维非恒定水沙数学模型,对重庆河段的水流运动和泥沙冲淤进行了模拟。模型中针对长江河道的实际情况,采用李义天提出的分组挟沙力级配计算方法以及床沙质范围界定方法,对现有三峡库区数学模型进行了改进,并利用重庆河段原型观测资料对模型进行了验证。结果表明,模型计算的沿程水位、断面流速分布和河床冲淤变化与资料符合较好,此模型可以用于重庆河道的水沙变化问题研究。

库区平面二维水沙数学模型的研究与应用

本文建立了库区平面二维水沙数学模型,应用有限体积法思想,增强了模型的适应性和灵活性。利用该模型对庙宫水库库区内的水流和泥沙冲淤进行分析研究,结果表明,模型能较好地模拟水库的河道水流泥沙运动及河床变形情况,将其应用于庙宫水库蓄水排沙预报的模拟计算中,通过综合对比,提出了水库现状泄流条件下最优清淤方案。