Design and Analysis of a 2-DOF Actuator with Variable Stiffness Based on Leaf Springs

Variable Stiffness Actuator(VSA)is the core mechanism to achieve physical human–robot interaction,which is an inevitable development trend in robotic.The existing variable stiffness actuators are basically single degree-of-freedom(DOF)rotating joints,which are achieving multi-DOF motion by cascades and resulting in complex robot body structures.In this paper,an integrated 2-DOF actuator with variable stiffness is proposed,which could be used for bionic wrist joints or shoulder joints.The 2-DOF motion is coupling in one universal joint,which is different from the way of single DOF actuators cascade.Based on the 2-DOF orthogonal motion generated by the spherical wrist parallel mechanism,the stiffness could be adjusted by varying the effective length of the springs,which is uniformly distributed in the variable stiffness unit.The variable stiffness principle,the model design,and theoretical analysis of the VSA are discussed in this work.The independence of adjusting the equilibrium position and stiffness of the actuator is validated by experiments.The results show that the measured actuator characteristics are sufficiently matched the theoretical values.In the future,VSA could be used in biped robot or robotic arm,ensuring the safety of human–robot interaction.

Singularity Analysis of 2-DOF Planar Seven-bar MechanismsUsed in Hybrid Actuators

Based on the Jacobian matrices relating the input speeds with the output speeds of linkages, a general method, which is used for solving the singularities of planar multi-loop multi-DOF linkages, is presented. The four kinds of singularities of 2-DOF planar seven-bar linkages used in hybrid actuators are analyzed in detail by this method. Its five kinds of singular positions whose characteristics are discussed respectively are discovered. Three approaches are proposed on how to avoid the singular positions of planar multi-loop multi-DOF linkages. Based on the assemblability of planar single-loop N-bar chains or linkages, the geometry conditions are investigated and discovered to avoid the singular positions of the linkages. In order to versify aforementioned conclusions, a case is given in which the singular curves are plotted and simulated.

Rotation Control of a 3-DOF Parallel Mechanism Driven by Pneumatic Muscle Actuators

The pneumatic muscle actuator(PMA)has many advantages,such as good flexibility,high power/weight ratio,but its nonlinearity makes it difficult to build a static mathematical model with high precision.A new method is proposed to establish the model of PMA.The concept of hybrid elastic modulus which is related to the static characteristic of PMA is put forward,and the energy conservation law is used to achieve the expression of the hybrid elastic modulus,which can be fitted out based on experimental data,and the model of PMA can be derived from this expression.At the same time,a 3-DOF parallel mechanism(a new bionic shoulder joint)driven by five PMAs is designed.This bionic shoulder joint adopts the structure of two antagonistic PMAs actualizing a rotation control and three PMAs controlling another two rotations to get better rotation characteristics.The kinematic and dynamic characteristics of the mechanism are analyzed and a new static model of PMA is used to control it.Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of this new static model.

Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)MXene基复合材料驱动器的制备及研究进展

驱动器具备质轻、柔软、微小、智能化等特点,能够通过感受外界刺激如光、电、温度、湿度等产生相应的力、位移或形变,在软机器人、智能穿戴设备、仿生工程等领域具备巨大的应用潜力。然而,驱动器也存在着响应灵敏性和稳定性方面的缺陷。MXene具有高导电性、表面官能团可调性和优越的力学性能,有望成为解决上述问题的关键。目前,MXene材料主要面临易氧化和相对较高的生产成本等挑战,相关研究处于早期阶段,需要进一步验证其实际应用潜力。因此,本文介绍了MXene及MXene基驱动器的制备方法,并梳理光热响应型驱动器、离子响应型驱动器、湿度响应型驱动器及其他响应型驱动器的研究进展,同时对MXene基驱动器未来的研究方向进行了展望。

一种球面2-DOF冗余驱动并联机器人的优化设计

提出了一种基于兼顾全域性能指标和局域性能指标相对性能综合最优的机器人机构尺寸优化设计方法,运用VB、Matlab软件编写优化程序,并通过范例给出了该优化程序的使用方法,实现了球面2-DOF冗余驱动并联机器人机构在不同应用场合下兼顾不同性能的尺寸优化设计。

球面2-DOF冗余驱动并联机器人机构误差分析

将环路增量法应用于多环路并联机构的误差分析中,并提出环路选取原则。基于D-H参数,结合冗余驱动机构特点,采用环路增量法,建立兼顾位置和姿态两类误差的球面2-DOF冗余驱动并联机器人机构误差模型。该误差模型除包含机构的结构参数误差外,同时还将由于加工和装配等原因出现的各转动副轴线和球心之间的偏差考虑进来,更全面地反映了机构的工程实际情况。基于该误差模型进一步分析球面机构出现卡死现象的原因,预估了机构误差,为该机构样机的运动学标定研究奠定了理论基础。

基于H_∞控制理论的2-DOF内模控制器设计及其在电力系统中的应用

给出一种基于H∞ 控制理论的二自由度内模控制器设计方法 .考虑了标称模型与实际模型之间存在乘性摄动时的失配性 ,利用适当的状态变换 ,将跟踪问题的控制器设计转化成一个调节问题的标准H∞ 控制器设计问题 ,再利用H∞ 输出动态反馈完成了控制器设计 .以电力系统模型为例设计了一个二自由度H∞ 励磁控制器 。

平面并联2-DOF机构运动的计算机模拟逼近法

提出了用计算机模拟逼近法分析平面2-DOF机构的运动,运用该方法进行了运动分析。先采用CAD的几何约束、尺寸约束、尺寸方程和尺寸驱动技术,构造2-DOF机构的模拟机构。再用两个相同且彼此靠近的模拟机构,构造速度模拟机构,求解机构上确定点的速度和角速度。最后用两个相同且彼此靠近的速度模拟机构,构造加速度模拟机构,求解机构上确定点的加速度和角加速度。计算机模拟结果与解析法的结果比较表明,该方法具有简单、快捷、直观、求解精度高的优点,而且可以完成复杂机构的运动分析,为平面连杆机构运动分析提供了更有效的工具。

基于拓扑优化的平面2-DOF柔顺并联机构构型设计

目的运用拓扑优化技术设计一种平面2-DOF(Degrees-of-Freedom)柔顺并联机构,使其具有微米级别的微运动特性。方法依据平面2-DOF并联原型机构的受力情况进行运动特性分析,基于同构封闭矢量映射原理构建平面2-DOF柔顺并联机构的微分运动Jacobian矩阵,表达多自由度的柔顺并联机构从输入到输出间各关节的运动关系。定义柔度为优化目标函数,微分运动Jacobian矩阵为运动条件,材料体积分数为约束条件,构建平面2-DOF柔顺并联机构材料属性的有理近似模型,并运用移动渐进线法优化求解。结果优化后的平面2-DOF柔顺并联机构构型在x方向的位移为-0.0089mm,在y方向的位移为0.0053 mm,同时,其沿x方向和y方向的微位移理论值为-0.0031 mm和0.0067 mm。结论与并联原型机构的运动特性相比,平面2-DOF柔顺并联机构优化后的微运动特性具有一致性,均为微米级。

Limit cycle oscillation suppression of 2-DOF airfoil using nonlinear energy sink

This paper presents a novel mechanical attachment, i.e., nonlinear energy sink （NES）, for suppressing the limit cycle oscillation （LCO） of an airfoil. The dynamic responses of a two-degree-of-freedom （2-DOF） airfoil coupled with an NES are studied with the harmonic balance method. Different structure parameters of the NES, i.e., mass ratio between the NES and airfoil, NES offset, NES damping, and nonlinear stiffness in the NES, are chosen for studying the effect of the LCO suppression on an aeroelastic system with a supercritical Hopf bifurcation or subcritical Hopf bifurcation, respectively. The results show that the structural parameters of the NES have different influence on the supercritical Hopf bifurcation system and the subcritical Hopf bifurcation system.

Vibration response analysis of 2-DOF locally nonlinear systems based on the theory of modal superposition

Many important vibration phenomena which simultaneously contain quadratic nonlinear stiffness and damping exist in the complicated vibrating systems under practical circumstances. In this paper, we established a 2-degree-of-freedom (DOF) nonlinear vibration model for such a system, deduced the differential equations of motion which govern its dynamics, and worked out the solutions for the governing equations by the principle of superposition of nonlinear normal modes (NLNM) based on Shaw’s theory of invariant manifolds. We conducted numerical simulations with the established model, using superposition of nonlinear normal modes and direct numerical methods, respectively. The obtained results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method in that its calculated data varies in a similar tendency to that of the direct numerical solutions.

FLEXIBLE 2-DOF STEERING MODEL OF MULTI-AXLE HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLE

A flexible two degrees of freedom (2-DOF) steering model of multi-axlevehicle (MAV) is presented with considering the effect of frame flexibility based on the classic2-DOF model. A method to calculate the frame flexibility is derived by using three moments equation.The steering stability of MAV is analyzed. The steering performance of MAV is also researched infrequency domain. Simulation results show that the dynamic effects of flexible model are more severethan rigid model and the flexible effect of frame will weaken the steering stability of MAV.Different disposals of steering axles lead to different steering characteristics of MAV. Thein-phase steering mode improves the steering characteristics and stability at high speed. Theanti-phase steering mode increases the steering mobility at low vehicle speed.

Two Improvements on Numerical Simulation of 2-DOF Vortex-Induced Vibration with Low Mass Ratio

Till now, there have been lots of researches on numerical simulation of vortex-induced vibration. Acceptable results have been obtained for fixed cylinders with low Reynolds number. However, for responses of 2-DOF vortex-induced vibration with low mass ratio, the accuracy is not satisfactory, especially for the maximum amplitudes. In Jauvtis and Williamson＇s work, the maximum amplitude of the cylinder with low mass ratio m＊=2.6 can reach as large as 1.5D to be called as the ＂super-upper branch＂, but from current literatures, few simulation results can achieve such value, even fail to capture the upper branch. Besides, it is found that the amplitude decays too fast in the lower branch with the RANS-based turbulence model. The reason is likely to be the defects of the turbulence model itself in the prediction of unsteady separated flows as well as the unreasonable setting of the numerical simulation parameters. Aiming at above issues, a modified turbulence model is proposed in this paper, and the effect of the acceleration of flow field on the response of vortex-induced vibration is studied based on OpenFOAM. By analyzing the responses of amplitude, phase and trajectory, frequency and vortex mode, it is proved that the vortex-induced vibration can be predicted accurately with the modified turbulence model under appropriate flow field acceleration.

Optimum Seeking of Redundant Actuators for M-RCM 3-UPU Parallel Mechanism

The singularity problem brings troubles to the design and application for the parallel mechanism.Currently,redun-dant actuation is one of the useful methods to solve this singularity problem.However,faced to the numerous joints in a parallel mechanism,how to make a quantitative criterion of seeking the most efficient joints added actuators for letting the mechanism passes through singularity is a necessarily open issue.This paper focuses on a 2R1T 3-UPU(U for universal joint and P for prismatic joint)parallel mechanism(PM)with two rotational and one translational(2R1T)degrees of freedom(DOFs)and the ability of multiple remote centers of motion(M-RCM).The singularity analysis based on the indexes of motion/force transmissibility and constraint shows that this PM has transmission singular-ity,constraint singularity,mixed singularity and limb singularity.To solve these singular problems,the quantifiable redundancy transmission index(RTI)and the redundancy constraint index(RCI)are proposed for optimum seeking of redundant actuators for this PM.Then the appropriate redundant actuators are selected and the working scheme for redundant actuators near the corresponding singular configuration are given to help the PM passes through the singularity.This research proposes a quantitative criterion to optimum seeking of redundant actuators for the parallel mechanism to solve its singularity.

Simultaneous anti-windup synthesis for linear systems subject to actuator saturation

A synthesis method for global stability and performance of input constrained linear systems, which uses a linear outputfeedback controller and a static anti-windup compensator is investigated. Different from the traditional two-step anti-windup design procedure, the proposed method synthesizes all controller parameters simultaneously. Sufficient conditions for global stability and minimizing the induced L2 gain are formulated and solved as a linear matrix inequalities（LMIs） optimization problem, which also provides an opportunity to search for a better performance tradeoff between the linear controller and the anti-windup compensator.The well-posedness of the close-loop system is also guaranteed.Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Controllability and Observability of 2-DOF Permanent Magnet Maglev System with Linear Control

A new type of 2-DOF(degree of freedom) magnetic levitation system for multi-DOF levitation is proposed. In this system, the force of permanent magnets are used for levitation and controlled by adjusting the reluctance of the magnetic circuit. Using permanent magnets, the feature of this system is effective for saving energy and avoiding heat generation. First, the principle of the levitation system and typical reluctance control methods are described. Second, an experimental device based on the principle is introduced. Finally, the feasibility of this system is considered from linear control theory.

Modelling self-sensing of a magnetostrictive actuator based on a terfenol-D rod

A simplified quasi-static computational model for self-sensing applications of magnetostrictive actuators based on terfenol-D rods is presented. Paths and angle changes in the magnetic moments rotation of Tb0.3Dy0.7Fe2 alloy are studied as functions of compressive stress and magnetic field, and then used to determine the magnetization in its actuation. Then sensing of magnetic induction picked from a driving coil in an actuator is derived. The model is quick and efficient to solve moments rotation and its magnetization. Sensing results of compressive stress and magnetostriction calculated by the model are in good agreement with experiments and will be helpful in the design and control of self-sensing applications in actuators.

Non-linear 2-DOF model and centre manifold theory to study limit cycle oscillations caused by drum-brake judder

This paper presents the research on the laws of systematic-parameter dependent variation in the vibration amplitude of drum-brake limit cycle oscillations (LCO). We established a two-degree non-linear dynamic model to describe the low-frequency vibration of the drum brake, applied the centre manifold theory to simplify the system, and obtained the LCO amplitude by calculating the normal form of the simplified system at the Hopf bifurcation point. It is indicated that when the friction coefficient is smaller than the friction coefficient at the bifurcation point, the amplitude decreases; whereas with a friction coefficient larger than the friction coefficient of bifurcation point, LCO occurs. The results suggest that it is applicable to suppress the LCO amplitude by changing systematic parameters, and thus improve the safety and ride comfort when applying brake. These findings can be applied to guiding the design of drum brakes.

Simulation and Implementation of Real-Time Vision-Based Control System for 2-DoF Robotic Arm Using PID with Hardware-in-the-Loop

Microsoft Kinect sensor has shown the research community that it's more than just an interactive gaming device, due to its multi-functional abilities and high reliability. In this work, online HIL (Hardware-in-the-Loop) experimental data are used to apply human motion imitation to a 2-degree of freedom Lego Mind storm NXT robotic arm. A model simulation of the dc motor used in this experiment is also present in this paper. The acquired input data from the Kinect sensor are processed in a closed loop PID controller with feedback from motors encoders. The applied algorithms solve the overlapping input problem, conducting a simultaneous control of both shoulder and elbow joints, and solving the overlapping input problem as well. The work in this paper is presented as a prototype to assure the applicability of the algorithms, for further development.

具有执行器饱和的切换2-D系统事件触发控制

针对具有执行器饱和的切换2-D连续离散系统,提出了一种基于多Lyapunov函数法的事件触发控制方案;为了减少通信资源浪费和执行器的损耗,提出了一种事件触发机制;该触发机制考虑了执行器饱和特性,只有当执行器未饱和,且满足事件触发条件时,控制器才会更新;利用凸组合技术和多Lyapunov函数法,提出了一种状态依赖的切换信号与状态反馈控制器的设计方法,并对闭环系统的指数稳定性进行了分析,利用线性矩阵不等式技术导出了控制器增益矩阵存在的充分条件;利用Darboux方程的仿真算例验证了所提出的事件触发控制方案的有效性,仿真结果表明了在所设计的控制方案下,闭环系统的状态是指数收敛的,同时还能减少通信资源的浪费。