Recent advances and future prospects on Ni_(3)S_(2)-Based electrocatalysts for efficient alkaline water electrolysis

Green hydrogen(H_(2))produced by renewable energy powered alkaline water electrolysis is a promising alternative to fossil fuels due to its high energy density with zero-carbon emissions.However,efficient and economic H_(2) production by alkaline water electrolysis is hindered by the sluggish hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER).Therefore,it is imperative to design and fabricate high-active and low-cost non-precious metal catalysts to improve the HER and OER performance,which affects the energy efficiency of alkaline water electrolysis.Ni_(3)S_(2) with the heazlewoodite structure is a potential electrocatalyst with near-metal conductivity due to the Ni–Ni metal network.Here,the review comprehensively presents the recent progress of Ni_(3)S_(2)-based electrocatalysts for alkaline water electrocatalysis.Herein,the HER and OER mechanisms,performance evaluation criteria,preparation methods,and strategies for performance improvement of Ni_(3)S_(2)-based electrocatalysts are discussed.The challenges and perspectives are also analyzed.

Electrokinetic-mechanism of water and furfural oxidation on pulsed laser-interlaced Cu_(2)O and CoO on nickel foam

The electrocatalytic oxidation of biomass-derived furfural(FF)feedstocks into 2-furoic acid(FA)holds immense industrial potential in optics,cosmetics,polymers,and food.Herein,we fabricated Co O/Ni O/nickel foam(NF)and Cu_(2)O/Ni O/NF electrodes via in situ pulsed laser irradiation in liquids(PLIL)for the bifunctional electrocatalysis of oxygen evolution reaction(OER)and furfural oxidation reaction(FOR),respectively.Simultaneous oxidation of NF surface to NiO and deposition of CoO and/or Cu_(2)O on NF during PLIL offer distinct advantages for enhancing both the OER and FOR.CoO/NiO/NF electrocatalyst provides a consistently low overpotential of~359 m V(OER)at 10 m A/cm^(2),achieving the maximum FA yield(~16.37 m M)with 61.5%selectivity,79.5%carbon balance,and a remarkable Faradaic efficiency of~90.1%during 2 h of FOR at 1.43 V(vs.reversible hydrogen electrode).Mechanistic pathway via in situ electrochemical-Raman spectroscopy on CoO/NiO/NF reveals the involvement of phase transition intermediates(NiOOH and CoOOH)as surface-active centers during electrochemical oxidation.The carbonyl carbon in FF is attacked by hydroxyl groups to form unstable hydrates that subsequently undergo further oxidation to yield FA products.This method holds promise for large-scale applications,enabling simultaneous production of renewable building materials and fuel.

Analysis of the effect of the 2021 Semeru eruption on water vapor content and atmospheric particles using GNSS and remote sensing

Mount Semeru,an active volcano in East Java,Indonesia,erupted on December 4,2021,following extreme rainfall that caused an avalanche of hot pyroclastic flows and lava.The tropospheric conditions and dominant particle components in the atmosphere can be monitored using Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)technology and remote sensing satellites.GNSS signal propagation delay in Precise Point Positioning(PPP)processing can be used to determine Zenith Tropospheric Delay(ZTD)and Precipitable Water Vapor(PWV)variables so that atmospheric conditions can be generated.In addition,by using remote sensing satellite data,it is possible to obtain rainfall data with high temporal resolution as well as the dominant particle and gas content values during eruptions.During the eruption period,the high value of PWV was dominated by the high intensity of precipitation during the rainy season.High rainfall before the eruption caused activity inside the mountain to increase,which occurred in avalanche type eruption.Apart from that,the atmosphere around Semeru was also dominated by SO_(2)content,which spreaded for tens of kilometers.SO_(2)content began to be detected significantly by remote sensing sensors on December 7,2021.In this study,deformation and atmospheric monitoring were also carried out using low-cost GNSS at the Semeru Monitoring Station on September 9-15,2022.The results of the ZTD and ZWD values show the dominance of the wet component,which is directly proportional to rainfall activity in this period.

Transcriptomics integrated with metabolomics reveals the mechanism of CaCl_(2)-HCl electrolyzed water-induced glucosinolate biosynthesis in broccoli sprouts

Glucosinolates are important phytochemicals in Brassicaceae.We investigated the effect of CaCl_(2)-HCl electrolyzed water(CHEW)on glucosinolates biosynthesis in broccoli sprouts.The results showed that CHEW treatment significantly decreased reactive oxygen species(ROS)and malondialdeh yde(MDA)contents in broccoli sprouts.On the the 8^(th)day,compared to tap water treatment,the the total glucosinolate content of broccoli sprouts with CHEW treatment increased by 10.6%and calcium content was dramatically enhanced from 14.4 mg/g DW to 22.7 mg/g DW.Comparative transcriptome and metabolome analyses revealed that CHEW treatment activated ROS and calcium signaling transduction pathways in broccoli sprouts and they interacted through MAPK cascades.Besides,CHEW treatment not only promoted the biosynthesis of amino acids,but also enhanced the expression of structural genes in glucosinolate synthesis through transcription factors(MYBs,bHLHs,WRKYs,etc.).The results of this study provided new insights into the regulatory network of glucosinolates biosynthesis in broccoli sprouts under CHEW treatment.

Experimental investigation on using CO_(2)/H_(2)O emulsion with high water cut in enhanced oil recovery

CO_(2) emulsions used for EOR have received a lot of interest because of its good performance on CO_(2)mobility reduction.However,most of them have been focusing on the high quality CO_(2) emulsion(high CO_(2) fraction),while CO_(2) emulsion with high water cut has been rarely researched.In this paper,we carried out a comprehensive experimental study of using high water cut CO_(2)/H_(2)O emulsion for enhancing oil recovery.Firstly,a nonionic surfactant,alkyl glycosides(APG),was selected to stabilize CO_(2)/H_(2)O emulsion,and the corresponding morphology and stability were evaluated with a transparent PVT cell.Subsequently,plugging capacity and apparent viscosity of CO_(2)/H_(2)O emulsion were measured systematically by a sand pack displacement apparatus connected with a 1.95-m long capillary tube.Furthermore,a high water cut(40 vol%) CO_(2)/H_(2)O emulsion was selected for flooding experiments in a long sand pack and a core sample,and the oil recovery,the rate of oil recovery,and the pressure gradients were analyzed.The results indicated that APG had a good performance on emulsifying and stabilizing CO_(2) emulsion.An inversion from H_(2)O/CO_(2) emulsion to CO_(2)/H_(2)O emulsion with the increase in water cut was confirmed.CO_(2)/H_(2)O emulsions with lower water cuts presented higher apparent viscosity,while the optimal plugging capacity of CO_(2)/H_(2)O emulsion occurred at a certain water cut.Eventually,the displacement using CO_(2)/H_(2)O emulsion provided 18.98% and 13.36% additional oil recovery than that using pure CO_(2) in long sand pack and core tests,respectively.This work may provide guidelines for EOR using CO_(2) emulsions with high water cut.

Displacement characteristics of CO_(2)flooding in extra-high water-cut reservoirs

Carbon dioxide(CO_(2))flooding is a widely applied recovery method during the tertiary recovery of oil and gas.A high water saturation condition in reservoirs could induce a‘water shielding’phenomenon after the injection of CO_(2).This would prevent contact between the injected gas and the residual oil,restricting the development of the miscible zone.A micro-visual experiment of dead-end models,used to observe the effect of a film of water on the miscibility process,indicates that CO_(2)can penetrate the water film and come into contact with the residual oil,although the mixing is significantly delayed.However,the dissolution loss of CO_(2)at high water-cut conditions is not negligible.The oil-water partition coefficient,defined as the ratio of CO_(2)solubility in an oil-brine/two-phase system,keeps constant for specific reservoir conditions and changes little with an injection gas.The NMR device shows that when CO_(2)flooding follows water flooding,the residual oil decreasesdnot only in medium and large pores but also in small and micro pores.At levels of higher water saturation,CO_(2)displacement is characterized initially by a low oil production rate and high water-cut.After the CO_(2)breakthrough,the water-cut decreases sharply and the oil production rate increases gradually.The response time of CO_(2)flooding at high watercut reservoirs is typically delayed and prolonged.These results were confirmed in a pilot test for CO_(2)flooding at the P1-1 well group of the Pucheng Oilfield.Observations from this pilot study also suggest that a larger injection gas pore volume available for CO_(2)injection is required to offset the dissolution loss in high water saturation conditions.

Superwetting Ag/α-Fe_(2)O_(3) anchored mesh with enhanced photocatalytic and antibacterial activities for efficient water purification

Superwetting materials have drawn unprecedented attention in the treatment of oily wastewater due to their preferable anti-fouling property and selective oil/water separation.However,it is still a challenge to fabricate multifunctional and environmentally friendly materials,which can be stably applied to purify the actual complicated wastewater.Here,a Ag/Ag/α-Fe_(2)O_(3) heterostructure anchored copper mesh was intentionally synthesized using a facile two-step hydrothermal method.The resultant mesh with superhydrophilicity and underwater superoleophobicity was capable of separating various oil/water mixtures with superior separation efficiency and high permeationflux driven by gravity.Benefiting from the joint effects of the smaller band gap of Ag/α-Fe_(2)O_(3) heterojunction,inherent antibacterial capacity of Ag/α-Fe_(2)O_(3) and Ag nanoparticles,favorable conductive substrate,as well as the hierarchical structure with superwettability,such mesh presented remarkably enhanced degradation capability toward organic dyes under visible light irradiation and antibacterial activity against both Escherichia coli(E.coli)and Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)compared with the pure Ag/α-Fe_(2)O_(3) coated mesh.Impressively,the mesh exhibited bifunctional water purification performance,in which organic dyes were eliminated simultaneously from water during oil/water separation in onefiltration process.More importantly,this mesh behaved exceptional chemical resistance,mechanical stability and long-term reusability.Therefore,this material with multifunctional integration may hold promising potential for steady water purification in practice.

Effect of CO_(2)flooding in an oil reservoir with strong bottom-water drive in the Tahe Oilfield,Tarim Basin,Northwest China

The dissolution and diffusion of CO_(2)in oil and water and its displacement mechanism were investigated by laboratory experiment and numerical simulation for Block 9 in the Tahe oilfield,a sandstone oil reservoir with strong bottom-water drive in Tarim Basin,Northwest China.Such parameters were analyzed as solubility ratio of CO_(2)in oil,gas and water,interfacial tension,in-situ oil viscosity distribution,remaining oil saturation distribution,and oil compositions.The results show that CO_(2)flooding could control water coning and increase oil production.In the early stage of the injection process,CO_(2)expanded vertically due to gravity differentiation,and extended laterally under the action of strong bottom water in the intermediate and late stages.The CO_(2)got enriched and extended at the oil-water interface,forming a high interfacial tension zone,which inhibited the coning of bottom water to some extent.A miscible region with low interfacial tension formed at the gas injection front,which reduced the in-situ oil viscosity by about 50%.The numerical simulation results show that enhanced oil recovery(EOR)is estimated at 5.72%and the oil exchange ratio of CO_(2)is 0.17 t/t.

基于时序Sentinel-2影像的引黄灌区作物结构提取和供需水分析

在黄河流域用水指标严格控制的背景下,以山东省东营市垦利区引黄灌区为例,利用2022年时序Sentinel-2遥感影像构建作物生育期的NDVI时间序列,采用决策树分类方法提取灌区作物种植结构,基于垦利站气象资料和Penman-Monteith公式,分析了1973—2022年各作物的需水特性,利用遥感影像解译的各作物种植面积,计算了2022年灌区作物在不同降水保证率(5%、25%、50%、75%、95%)条件下的灌溉总需水量,结合2023年分配给灌区作物的灌溉水指标探究了灌溉水资源供需之间的平衡。结果表明:基于NDVI时间序列构建决策树分类方法可有效提取作物的种植结构,总体分类精度为85.07%,Kappa系数为0.819,能够满足作物灌溉需水量的研究。作物净灌溉需水量年际波动较大,水稻和冬小麦补充灌溉水量在所有作物中位列前两位,均值分别为913 mm和410 mm;处于雨季生长的夏玉米、夏大豆补充灌溉水量较小且灌溉需求均值较小。研究区2023年分配的灌溉水指标在降水保证率为50%时研究区灌溉水亏缺量为235.5万m^(3),在降水保证率为75%和95%时灌溉水亏缺量分别为1 754.5万m^(3)和2 261.5万m^(3)。

“哨兵-2”卫星影像及C2RCC算法在太湖冬春季水色分析中的应用

利用太湖2019—2022年冬春季“哨兵-2”卫星10 m分辨率的MSI影像和SNAP软件C2RCC(Case 2 Regional CoastColour)模块,以适合浑浊、富营养程度较高、光学复杂的“二类水体”的C2X-nets为模式,开展太湖叶绿素a、总悬浮物浓度、透明度等水色参数反演。结果表明:冬春季太湖各湖区叶绿素a浓度处于较低水平,但4月中旬起有明显抬升;太湖西部沿岸区、南部沿岸区和湖心区总悬浮物浓度较高,表明这些湖区易受风浪影响,造成沉积物再悬浮;太湖东部沿岸区、北部湖湾及东太湖遥感反演的水体清澈度较高,可能与这些湖区冬春季沉水植物菹草的分布有关,菹草生长对水质有较好的净化效果。总体来看,基于C2X-nets模式的C2RCC反演算法从较高分辨率卫星遥感影像中提取的水色信息,能有效反映太湖冬春季水色指标的空间分布特征,可为湖体生态状况及动态变化的长期监测评估提供有价值的参考。

衰竭底水气藏注CO_(2)提高天然气采收率与碳封存机理

气藏注CO_(2)提高天然气采收率并实现碳封存有望成为大幅度提高天然气产量与碳减排协同的潜在关键技术。为了给底水气藏注CO_(2)高效开发提供指导,针对地层水盐度对CO_(2)-CH_(4)-H_(2)O-NaCl体系相平衡影响、气藏注气过程中压力变化对CO_(2)-CH_(4)-H_(2)O-NaCl体系相平衡影响、注采方案对注CO_(2)提高气藏采收率影响、盐度对注CO_(2)提产及封存影响等目前认识不清的问题开展了CO_(2)-CH_(4)-H_(2)O-NaCl体系相平衡规律及注CO_(2)提采与封存数值模拟研究。研究结果表明:①随着盐度增加,CO_(2)和CH_(4)在盐水中的溶解度降低,液相的密度和黏度增加,盐度对气相性质几乎没有影响;②随着压力增加,CO_(2)和CH_(4)在液相中的溶解度均增加,气相、液相密度和黏度均增加,液相偏差因子随压力增加而增加,气相偏差因子先减小后增加;③同注同采方案CH_(4)产量更稳定且产出的CO_(2)少,而先注后采方案则会加速CO_(2)与CH_(4)的混合,CO_(2)封存量低,前者更适合注CO_(2)提采及封存;④在不考虑盐析效应的前提下,盐度对CH_(4)采收率和CO_(2)封存量的影响几乎可以忽略不计,不同盐度的衰竭底水气藏中CH_(4)采收率均超过80%、CO_(2)封存率均超过99%,短期注CO_(2)过程中,CO_(2)主要以气态或超临界态的形式被封存,少部分CO_(2)溶解在液相中,100年后CO_(2)在液相中的溶解质量分数约为5%。结论认为,衰竭底水气藏注CO_(2)能增压补能、驱替置换残余天然气,提高采收率并实现碳封存。

SCCO_(2)作用下不同含水性煤孔裂隙结构变化机制

深部煤层封存CO_(2)增产CH_(4)产出过程中,处于超临界状态的CO_(2)(SCCO_(2))与煤中矿物质发生反应,改变煤的孔隙性,进而影响煤层封存CO_(2)的效果和甲烷增产效果。为发现SCCO_(2)–H_(2)O–煤岩作用对煤中孔隙的影响特征,以焦煤为研究对象,开展了不同含水条件下的超临界CO_(2)改造煤实验,基于矿物组成和孔隙性测定结果,对比煤中主要矿物质和不同尺度的孔裂隙变化的差异,探讨了不同含水状态下SCCO_(2)流体对孔裂隙性的作用机制。研究表明:①SCCO_(2)作用后,煤体表面粗糙、疏松,且由于矿物溶蚀使得一些裂隙得到贯通,微裂隙连通性增强。②SCCO_(2)流体对煤具有“扩孔”作用,表现为微、小孔含量下降,中、大孔占比升高,也即微、小孔隙向大孔隙的转化,且孔隙连通性改善;进一步发现,萃余煤吸附孔的分形维数稍微增加,粗糙度增大,而渗流孔的分形维数显著降低,复杂性和非均质性降低。③SCCO_(2)对煤中碳酸盐类矿物的溶解性最好,其次是黏土矿物,且随着含水率增加,萃余煤中的碳酸盐矿物占比先增加后减小。SCCO_(2)使干燥基态、饱和水态煤样中碳酸盐矿物显著溶解,有效改善了孔隙结构,且对饱和水态煤样作用效果更好。空气干燥基态煤样经SCCO_(2)作用后,新生成的白云石矿物聚集在孔喉中造成堵孔效应,缩小原有大孔隙尺寸,是引起不同含水性煤孔隙差异性变化的主要原因。

潮湿环境下金红石型纳米TiO_(2)掺杂聚乙烯的分子动力学模拟

为了从微观角度分析金红石型纳米TiO_(2)掺杂对聚乙烯(polyethylene,PE)材料性能的影响,采用分子动力学模拟方法,构建不同水分子质量分数的PE和TiO_(2)/PE复合模型,以温度为变量研究分析纳米TiO_(2)改性PE材料前后的热力学性能和微观结构以及水分子在复合体系中的扩散能力。结果表明:纳米TiO_(2)的掺杂使PE体系的玻璃化转变温度提高了33 K,杨氏模量提升了428.17%,剪切模量提升了338.62%。纳米TiO_(2)极大抑制了PE分子链的运动和水分子的扩散,增强了复合体系的稳定性。水分子的加入和温度的升高降低了复合体系的热力学性能,这两者均破坏了复合体系的稳定性。

CO_(2)-EOR过程中油藏储层构造封存能力的模拟

为应对日益严峻的能源危机和温室效应,CO_(2)提高采收率技术脱颖而出,因此CO_(2)提高采收率后的地质封存安全性和相应的封存能力评估引起了广泛关注。借助数值模拟方法,基于吉林油田某区块油藏的实际储层条件,构建了注入CO_(2)含量为10%~90%的9个模型,分别探究了含水饱和度为30%,50%和90%以及储层压力为10 MPa,20 MPa和30 MPa时油藏各相组分的分布规律;基于前人对封存CO_(2)安全储存状态划分的研究,最终明确了CO_(2)的安全封存量。结果表明:1)当含水饱和度(30%)和压力(10 MPa)一定时,增加CO_(2)含量(10%~90%)可大幅提高CO_(2)的有效封存体积分数(26%~93%);2)压力的提升(10~30 MPa)促进了CO_(2)在油相中的溶解,从而略微降低了储层的封存能力(18%~7%);3)含水饱和度对储层封存CO_(2)的能力的影响微乎其微。该研究旨在阐明不同条件下CO_(2)的构造埋存量,为相关研究提供借鉴。

基于Sentinel-2多光谱遥感影像的小浪底水质反演

多光谱遥感技术可根据遥感波段信息反演水质参数,降低监测成本,提高监测速度和质量,为大范围水环境监测提供了一种新的方法。通过分析小浪底水库的Sentinel-2多光谱影像以及采样点实测水质数据,建立了最佳光谱波段的水质参数反演模型,对小浪底水库的化学需氧量(COD)、总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)和氨氮(NH_3-N)进行了遥感反演,验证了反演模型的精确度和稳定性,并反演了各水质参数的空间分布规律。结果表明:在4种水质参数反演模型中,COD模型精确度和稳定性最高,其次是TP、TN,最低的是NH_3-N,水库出水口和部分边缘COD质量浓度较高,水库中心TN、TP和NH_3-N质量浓度高于边缘处。

新型H_(2)S的荧光探针制备及其在水样中的应用

以2-(3,5,5-三甲基环己-2-烯-1-基)丙二腈(TCM)和4-羟基苯甲醛为原料合成TCM-OH作为荧光团,以7-硝基-1,2,3-苯并二唑胺(NBD)作为识别单元,设计并合成了一种新型的近红外荧光探针(TCM-NBD),用于检测水样中的H_(2)S。考察了不同pH对探针响应H_(2)S的影响、探针对H_(2)S浓度和时间响应、探针的选择性和灵敏度,并推测可能的响应机理。结果显示,探针TCM-NBD对H_(2)S可以实现快速响应(<10 min);在0~25μmol/L范围内,吸光度和荧光强度与H_(2)S浓度之间均呈良好的线性关系,相关性分别为0.9947和0.9926,检测限分别为0.28、0.84μmol/L。该探针抗干扰性强,灵敏度高,可以成功应用于环境水样中的H_(2)S测定。

风机转速对CO_(2)空气源热泵热水器性能影响的试验研究

为了定量探究CO_(2)空气源热泵热水器系统性能随风机转速的变化规律,通过试验研究了不同工况下,改变风机转速对排气压力、过热度、CO_(2)质量流量、系统制热量、系统总功耗以及制热性能系数COP的影响;利用响应曲面法对试验进行了优化分析,同时利用试验数据拟合了COP回归模型,并进行可信度分析;通过回归模型预测了系统的最优运行工况并进行试验验证。结果表明:在压缩机频率和电子膨胀阀(EEV)开度一定的情况下,存在着最佳风机转速;在45~85 Hz范围内,随着压缩机频率的提高,COP先增大后减小,增幅最高可达8.97%,各频率下COP最大时对应的最佳风机转速不断减小;随着EEV开度在35%~55%范围内不断增大,COP先增大后减小,增幅可达到6.6%,各EEV开度下COP最大时对应的最佳风机转速不断增大;当压缩机频率为65 Hz、EEV开度为50%时,对应的最佳风机转速为1000 r/min,系统COP达到峰值(4.09)。本文所拟合的COP回归模型最大误差为4.5%;预测系统最优运行工况为:压缩机频率68 Hz、EEV开度52%、风机转速956 r/min,此时系统COP最大,可达到4.29,预测误差为3.7%。本研究可为CO_(2)空气源热泵热水器系统保持高效运行提供理论指导。

高压水蒸气对β-Li_(2)TiO_(3:)Eu^(3+)荧光粉的全谱发光性能影响

采用水热法制备荧光粉前驱体后通过高温煅烧的方法,合成了由电偶极跃迁主导的高色纯度的β-Li_(2)TiO_(3):Eu^(3+)红色荧光粉.设计了适用于DHT11的拓扑电路,对荧光粉体湿度和温度进行测试.研究发现,高压腔体中加水量为5 mL,β-Li_(2)TiO_(3):0.5 mol%Eu^(3+)的相对湿度可达81%RH.在波长为396 nm的近紫外光激发下,β-Li_(2)TiO_(3):0.5 mol%Eu^(3+)发射由电偶极跃迁主导的613 nm的红光,荧光寿命为773.36μs,高压水蒸气处理对β-Li_(2)TiO_(3):0.5 mol%Eu^(3+)的电偶极跃迁发射峰和磁偶极跃迁发射峰位置没有变化,但发射峰强度增强并且荧光寿命降至386.81μs.高压水蒸气高压处理后的荧光粉色坐标x=0.47,y=0.51,色温为3300 K,红光色纯度为96.6%,比高压处理前显示出更优异的显色性能.高压水蒸气处理后的β-Li_(2)TiO_(3):0.5 mol%Eu^(3+)电偶极跃迁谱线强度参数Ω_(2)增加至4.21×10^(-19)cm^(2),^(5)D_(0)→^(7)F_(2)跃迁的荧光分支比β2也增加至96.9%,而量子效率η减小至57%,证实了湿度对荧光粉的发光效率具有极大的影响.

共沉淀法和浸渍法制备的HoCeMn/TiO_(2)催化剂的脱硝性能

采用浸渍法和共沉淀法制备了HoCeMn/TiO_(2)脱硝催化剂并对其结构和性能进行了表征。结果表明共沉淀法增强了活性组分和载体的相互作用,从而增加了HoCeMnTi-C催化剂表面Ce^(3+)、Mn^(4+)以及吸附氧的含量,使其表现出优异的低温氧化还原性能。此外,共沉淀法制备的HoCeMnTi-C具有更多的表面酸性位点及更强的表面酸性。催化剂表面酸性和氧化还原性能的提高有助于氨的吸附和活化,从而显著提高其活性。表面酸性位点的增多还抑制了H_(2)O和SO_(2)在催化剂表面的吸附,提升了催化剂的抗水抗硫性能。催化剂上的选择性催化还原(SCR)反应遵循Eley-Rideal(E-R)机制,催化剂硫中毒是源于形成的硫酸盐覆盖或破坏了催化剂活性位。

基于三维点云计算的CO_(2)-水-岩反应程度量化表征方法

CO_(2)地质封存是减少大气中CO_(2)排放,降低温室效应的重要途径,CO_(2)注入含水地层中时,CO_(2)-水-岩反应可能引起岩石矿物的侵蚀,对CO_(2)地质封存安全性产生显著影响。在室内实验中,通过表征岩石表面的形貌特征可以有效地评估CO_(2)-水-岩反应程度,为CO_(2)地质封存的安全性评估提供科学依据。通过三维点云计算可以精确量化地表征CO_(2)-水-岩反应程度,这种方法首先运用三维激光扫描技术,构建岩石表面的三维模型,确定CO_(2)-水处理前岩石表面三维模型的基准面,并基于处理前的均方根粗糙度确定处理后岩石表面三维模型的基准面。基于三维模型点云信息,提出了两种不同的体积计算新方法,并通过对规则模型体积的计算比较了两种计算方法的准确性与适用性,可根据实际情况选择两种计算方法量化表征CO_(2)-水处理前后岩石表面的侵蚀体积。最后,以陕西省咸阳市某煤矿煤样为例,开展了CO_(2)-水-岩反应模拟试验,验证了计算的可行性。试验结果表明:该文提出的侵蚀体积计算方法可有效地量化表征CO_(2)-水-岩反应程度,CO_(2)-水处理后岩石表面不同区域的侵蚀差异性明显,岩石表面的侵蚀体积与均方根粗糙度之间存在显著的正比关系,随着均方根粗糙度的增大,侵蚀体积也相应上升。