A series of homo and copolymers of styrene (ST) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) in three different media (bulk, tetrahydrofuran, and benzene) have been investigated by free radical polymerization method. The sa...A series of homo and copolymers of styrene (ST) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) in three different media (bulk, tetrahydrofuran, and benzene) have been investigated by free radical polymerization method. The samples obtained from the synthesis were characterized by Fourier Transform-Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (<sup>1</sup>H NMR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results show that the synthesis of the polymers is more feasible under neat conditions rather than solvent directed reaction. Moreover, the DSC data shows that the polystyrene obtained is amorphous in nature and therefore displayed only a glass transition signal rather than crystallization and melting peaks. In addition, this study indicates that homolopolymerization of styrene via free radical polymerization tends to be preferable in less polar solvents like THF than in non-polar solvents like benzene. Benzene might destabilize the formation of the reactive radicals leading to the formation of the products. In summary, the homolpolymerization of styrene is more feasible than the homopolymerization 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate under the experimental setup used. Styrene is more reactive than 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate than free radical polymerization reaction due in part of the generation of the benzylic radical intermediate which is more stable leading to the formation of products than alkyl radical which are less stable. Furthermore, polymerization of styrene under neat conditions is preferable in solvent-assisted environments. The choice of solvent for the synthesis of these polymers is crucial and therefore the selection of solvent that leads to the formation of a more stable reaction intermediate is more favorable. It is worth noting that the structure of the proposed copolymer consists of a highly polar and hydrophilic monomer, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and a highly non-polar and hydrophobic monomer, styrene. These functionalities constitute an amphiphilic copolymer with diverse characteristics. A plausible explanation underlying our observations is that the reaction conditions employed in the synthesis of these copolymers might not be the right route required under free radical polymerization.展开更多
To obtain porous alumina ceramic with high strength,a novel gelcasting system based on 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate(HEMA)dissolved in tert-butyl alcohol(TBA)was developed.The polymerization of the HEMA-TBA gelcasting s...To obtain porous alumina ceramic with high strength,a novel gelcasting system based on 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate(HEMA)dissolved in tert-butyl alcohol(TBA)was developed.The polymerization of the HEMA-TBA gelcasting system,the thermal behavior of obtained green body,and the microstructures and mechanical properties of the sintered bodies were investigated by rheometer,TG-DSC,SEM and bending strength testing,respectively.The results show that,(1)10 mg/mL of the initiator(benzoyl peroxide)is the optimal amount for polymerization of this gelscasting system at 25 ℃;(2)The alumina suspension of the HEMA-TBA gelcasting system showing shear-thinning behavior is sufficiently low for gelcasting process;(3)The bending strength of porous alumina ceramic samples,whose porosities range from 42% to 56%,is from(8±0.5)to(91±4.5)MPa.展开更多
Silk was grafted using 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate(HEMA)by atom transfer radical polymerization(ATRP)method.The amino groups and hydroxyl groups on the side chains of the silk fibroin was reacted with 2-bromoisobutyry...Silk was grafted using 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate(HEMA)by atom transfer radical polymerization(ATRP)method.The amino groups and hydroxyl groups on the side chains of the silk fibroin was reacted with 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide(BriB-Br)to obtain efficient macroinitiator for ATRP.And the macroinitiator was grafted with HEMA in water aqueous using CuBr/N,N,N',N",N"-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine(PMDETA)as catalyst system.The effects of monomer concentration,the proportion of CuBr and PMDETA,grafting temperature and time on the silk grafting were discussed,and the optimal grafting technology was obtained.FT-IR characterization of the grafted silk showed a peak corresponding to HEMA,which indicated that HEMA was grafted onto the surface of silk.ATRP method could be applied on the silk modification and this technique provided a new way for silk grafting.展开更多
The copolymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA, M//1) and methyl methacrylate (MMA, M//2) in cyclohexanone was studied. The multiple experiments of solution copolymerization with low conversion were carried out...The copolymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA, M//1) and methyl methacrylate (MMA, M//2) in cyclohexanone was studied. The multiple experiments of solution copolymerization with low conversion were carried out at two sensitive composition feed points at 60, 80, 100, 120 and 140 degree C, respectively. The composition of the copolymers was analyzed by **1H-NMR. The reactivity ratios which were estimated by the Error-in-Variable Method (EVM) of Mayo-Lewis equation were found to be r//1 equals 0.328, r//2 equals 1.781 for 60 degree C; 0.375, 1.709 for 80 degree C; 0.406, 1.654 for 100 degree C; 0.439, 1.540 for 120 degree C and 0.455, 1.400 for 140 degree C, and the 95% joint confidence intervals of the reactivity ratios were also determined. According to r//1 and r//2, Arrhenius relations and the activity energy difference between the homo- and cross-propagation were calculated. (Author abstract) 12 Refs.展开更多
Polymer science encompasses a different range of materials critical to industries spanning from packaging to biomedicine. Understanding the synthesis, characterization, and applications of common homopolymers and copo...Polymer science encompasses a different range of materials critical to industries spanning from packaging to biomedicine. Understanding the synthesis, characterization, and applications of common homopolymers and copolymers is fundamental to advancing polymer research and development. In this comprehensive review, we explore various preparation methods, including free radical, anionic, and cationic polymerization, utilized for synthesizing homopolymers and copolymers. Furthermore, we investigate solvent choices commonly employed for polymer characterization, ranging from neat conditions, polar protic and polar aprotic solvents. We also explored characterization techniques, including Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). In addition to industrial applications, we highlight the diverse biological applications of homopolymers, poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA) and polystyrene, which find its extensive use in biomedicine. By synthesizing and analyzing this wealth of information, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the synthesis, characterization, and applications of homopolymers and copolymers, with a particular focus on their biological applications. This holistic approach not only contributes to advancements in polymer science and technology but also fosters innovation in biomedicine, ultimately benefiting human health and well-being.展开更多
Color stability of dental resin modified glass ionomer （RMGI） has been a challenge to dentistry; therefore, systematic changes in 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate （HEMA） content were performed experimentally to find an...Color stability of dental resin modified glass ionomer （RMGI） has been a challenge to dentistry; therefore, systematic changes in 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate （HEMA） content were performed experimentally to find an idea to enhance the color stability. Changes in color （△E＊ab） and color coordinates （△L＊, △a＊ and △b＊） of experimental 10-50 wt pct HEMA-added dental glass ionomers （HAGIs） and corresponding RMGIs were determined after 5000 cycles of thermocycling. Color changes of HAGIs were not influenced by the HEMA content while △L＊, △a＊ and △b＊ values were influenced by the HEMA content. Color stability of 30% or 40% HEMA-added HAGIs was not different from those of the commercial RMGIs. Since the influence of HEMA itself on the color stability of HAGIs was limited, compositional modification to increase the color stability of these materials should be developed.展开更多
Multiarm star block copolymers hyperbranched polyethylenimine-b-poly（2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate） （HPEI-b- PHEMA） with average 28 PHEMA arms have been prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization （ATRP） of H...Multiarm star block copolymers hyperbranched polyethylenimine-b-poly（2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate） （HPEI-b- PHEMA） with average 28 PHEMA arms have been prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization （ATRP） of HEMA in a mixed solvent of methanol and water using a core-first strategy. The hyperbranched macroinitiator employed was prepared on the basis of well-defined hyperbranched polyethylenimine with Mw/Mn of 1.04 by amidation with 2-bromo-isobutyryl bromide. The polymerization condition was optimized to prepare star copolymers with narrow dispersity, and the variables included the volume ratio of methanol to water, the molar ratio of initiating site to CuC1 and the molar ratio of [CuCl]：[CuBr2]. Under the optimized polymerization condition, the lowest Mw/Mn value of the obtained star copolymers was around 1.3. Kinetic analysis showed that an induction period existed in the polymerization of HEMA. After this induction period, a linear dependence of ln（[M]0/[M]t） on time was observed. The obtained HPEI-b-PHEMA could adsorb hydrophilic molecules. The comparison with the star copolymer with hydrophobic core and hydrophilic PHEMA shell verified that both the hydrophilic core and shell could host the hydrophilic guests, but the amidated HPEI core was more effective than the PHEMA shell.展开更多
通过低温等离子体技术对聚乙二醇双丙烯酸酯(PEGDA)/甲基丙烯酸β-羟乙酯(HEMA)共聚物水凝胶生物材料进行表面改性,以骨髓基质干细胞(BMSc)为细胞模型,考察了细胞在等离子体表面改性前后的水凝胶材料的黏附和增值行为.材料的表面性能通...通过低温等离子体技术对聚乙二醇双丙烯酸酯(PEGDA)/甲基丙烯酸β-羟乙酯(HEMA)共聚物水凝胶生物材料进行表面改性,以骨髓基质干细胞(BMSc)为细胞模型,考察了细胞在等离子体表面改性前后的水凝胶材料的黏附和增值行为.材料的表面性能通过X射线光电子能谱、接触角和扫描电镜进行表征.研究结果表明,材料表面经氩等离子体处理后,其亲水性得到较大的改善,表面自由能由45.9 m J/m2增加到70.3 m J/m2;体外实验结果证明,BMSc在等离子体处理后材料表面培养24 h后出现明显细胞核,168 h细胞融合成片,通过等离子体处理方法有利于细胞在水凝胶材料表面的黏附和增殖.展开更多
One-pot synthesis of magnetic nanogels via photochemical method is reported in this paper. Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)(PHEMA) magnetic nanogels are synthesized by in-situ polymeriza-tion of 2-hydroxyethyl methac...One-pot synthesis of magnetic nanogels via photochemical method is reported in this paper. Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)(PHEMA) magnetic nanogels are synthesized by in-situ polymeriza-tion of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate(HEMA) and N,N'-methylene-bis-(acrylamide)(MBA) in Fe3O4 aqueous suspension under UV irradiation. The structure and compositions of magnetic nanogels are characterized by FTIR,TGA,SEM,TEM and PCS. TGA measurement indicates that magnetic nanogels contain 90% magnetite. Both naked Fe3O4 and magnetic nanogels are superparamagnatic at room temperature according to magnetization curves. The swollen capability of the hydrogel shell is proved by contrasting the particles sizes obtained by SEM,TEM and PCS. Particle diameters can be manipu-lated by changing monomer concentration and irradiation time. A mechanism of the coating process is proposed.展开更多
文摘A series of homo and copolymers of styrene (ST) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) in three different media (bulk, tetrahydrofuran, and benzene) have been investigated by free radical polymerization method. The samples obtained from the synthesis were characterized by Fourier Transform-Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (<sup>1</sup>H NMR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results show that the synthesis of the polymers is more feasible under neat conditions rather than solvent directed reaction. Moreover, the DSC data shows that the polystyrene obtained is amorphous in nature and therefore displayed only a glass transition signal rather than crystallization and melting peaks. In addition, this study indicates that homolopolymerization of styrene via free radical polymerization tends to be preferable in less polar solvents like THF than in non-polar solvents like benzene. Benzene might destabilize the formation of the reactive radicals leading to the formation of the products. In summary, the homolpolymerization of styrene is more feasible than the homopolymerization 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate under the experimental setup used. Styrene is more reactive than 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate than free radical polymerization reaction due in part of the generation of the benzylic radical intermediate which is more stable leading to the formation of products than alkyl radical which are less stable. Furthermore, polymerization of styrene under neat conditions is preferable in solvent-assisted environments. The choice of solvent for the synthesis of these polymers is crucial and therefore the selection of solvent that leads to the formation of a more stable reaction intermediate is more favorable. It is worth noting that the structure of the proposed copolymer consists of a highly polar and hydrophilic monomer, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and a highly non-polar and hydrophobic monomer, styrene. These functionalities constitute an amphiphilic copolymer with diverse characteristics. A plausible explanation underlying our observations is that the reaction conditions employed in the synthesis of these copolymers might not be the right route required under free radical polymerization.
基金Project(51202296) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘To obtain porous alumina ceramic with high strength,a novel gelcasting system based on 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate(HEMA)dissolved in tert-butyl alcohol(TBA)was developed.The polymerization of the HEMA-TBA gelcasting system,the thermal behavior of obtained green body,and the microstructures and mechanical properties of the sintered bodies were investigated by rheometer,TG-DSC,SEM and bending strength testing,respectively.The results show that,(1)10 mg/mL of the initiator(benzoyl peroxide)is the optimal amount for polymerization of this gelscasting system at 25 ℃;(2)The alumina suspension of the HEMA-TBA gelcasting system showing shear-thinning behavior is sufficiently low for gelcasting process;(3)The bending strength of porous alumina ceramic samples,whose porosities range from 42% to 56%,is from(8±0.5)to(91±4.5)MPa.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.50673071,No.50973079)Natural Science Fund for Colleges and Universities in Jiangsu Province,China(No.07KJD540188,No.09KJA540001)
文摘Silk was grafted using 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate(HEMA)by atom transfer radical polymerization(ATRP)method.The amino groups and hydroxyl groups on the side chains of the silk fibroin was reacted with 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide(BriB-Br)to obtain efficient macroinitiator for ATRP.And the macroinitiator was grafted with HEMA in water aqueous using CuBr/N,N,N',N",N"-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine(PMDETA)as catalyst system.The effects of monomer concentration,the proportion of CuBr and PMDETA,grafting temperature and time on the silk grafting were discussed,and the optimal grafting technology was obtained.FT-IR characterization of the grafted silk showed a peak corresponding to HEMA,which indicated that HEMA was grafted onto the surface of silk.ATRP method could be applied on the silk modification and this technique provided a new way for silk grafting.
文摘The copolymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA, M//1) and methyl methacrylate (MMA, M//2) in cyclohexanone was studied. The multiple experiments of solution copolymerization with low conversion were carried out at two sensitive composition feed points at 60, 80, 100, 120 and 140 degree C, respectively. The composition of the copolymers was analyzed by **1H-NMR. The reactivity ratios which were estimated by the Error-in-Variable Method (EVM) of Mayo-Lewis equation were found to be r//1 equals 0.328, r//2 equals 1.781 for 60 degree C; 0.375, 1.709 for 80 degree C; 0.406, 1.654 for 100 degree C; 0.439, 1.540 for 120 degree C and 0.455, 1.400 for 140 degree C, and the 95% joint confidence intervals of the reactivity ratios were also determined. According to r//1 and r//2, Arrhenius relations and the activity energy difference between the homo- and cross-propagation were calculated. (Author abstract) 12 Refs.
文摘Polymer science encompasses a different range of materials critical to industries spanning from packaging to biomedicine. Understanding the synthesis, characterization, and applications of common homopolymers and copolymers is fundamental to advancing polymer research and development. In this comprehensive review, we explore various preparation methods, including free radical, anionic, and cationic polymerization, utilized for synthesizing homopolymers and copolymers. Furthermore, we investigate solvent choices commonly employed for polymer characterization, ranging from neat conditions, polar protic and polar aprotic solvents. We also explored characterization techniques, including Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). In addition to industrial applications, we highlight the diverse biological applications of homopolymers, poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA) and polystyrene, which find its extensive use in biomedicine. By synthesizing and analyzing this wealth of information, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the synthesis, characterization, and applications of homopolymers and copolymers, with a particular focus on their biological applications. This holistic approach not only contributes to advancements in polymer science and technology but also fosters innovation in biomedicine, ultimately benefiting human health and well-being.
基金supported by the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF) Science Research Center grant funded by the Korean Ministry of Education,Science and Technology (MEST) through Bone Metabolism Research Center (No.0617-20080007)
文摘Color stability of dental resin modified glass ionomer （RMGI） has been a challenge to dentistry; therefore, systematic changes in 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate （HEMA） content were performed experimentally to find an idea to enhance the color stability. Changes in color （△E＊ab） and color coordinates （△L＊, △a＊ and △b＊） of experimental 10-50 wt pct HEMA-added dental glass ionomers （HAGIs） and corresponding RMGIs were determined after 5000 cycles of thermocycling. Color changes of HAGIs were not influenced by the HEMA content while △L＊, △a＊ and △b＊ values were influenced by the HEMA content. Color stability of 30% or 40% HEMA-added HAGIs was not different from those of the commercial RMGIs. Since the influence of HEMA itself on the color stability of HAGIs was limited, compositional modification to increase the color stability of these materials should be developed.
基金financially supported by the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in Universitiesthe National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21074088, 31201426)
文摘Multiarm star block copolymers hyperbranched polyethylenimine-b-poly（2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate） （HPEI-b- PHEMA） with average 28 PHEMA arms have been prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization （ATRP） of HEMA in a mixed solvent of methanol and water using a core-first strategy. The hyperbranched macroinitiator employed was prepared on the basis of well-defined hyperbranched polyethylenimine with Mw/Mn of 1.04 by amidation with 2-bromo-isobutyryl bromide. The polymerization condition was optimized to prepare star copolymers with narrow dispersity, and the variables included the volume ratio of methanol to water, the molar ratio of initiating site to CuC1 and the molar ratio of [CuCl]：[CuBr2]. Under the optimized polymerization condition, the lowest Mw/Mn value of the obtained star copolymers was around 1.3. Kinetic analysis showed that an induction period existed in the polymerization of HEMA. After this induction period, a linear dependence of ln（[M]0/[M]t） on time was observed. The obtained HPEI-b-PHEMA could adsorb hydrophilic molecules. The comparison with the star copolymer with hydrophobic core and hydrophilic PHEMA shell verified that both the hydrophilic core and shell could host the hydrophilic guests, but the amidated HPEI core was more effective than the PHEMA shell.
文摘通过低温等离子体技术对聚乙二醇双丙烯酸酯(PEGDA)/甲基丙烯酸β-羟乙酯(HEMA)共聚物水凝胶生物材料进行表面改性,以骨髓基质干细胞(BMSc)为细胞模型,考察了细胞在等离子体表面改性前后的水凝胶材料的黏附和增值行为.材料的表面性能通过X射线光电子能谱、接触角和扫描电镜进行表征.研究结果表明,材料表面经氩等离子体处理后,其亲水性得到较大的改善,表面自由能由45.9 m J/m2增加到70.3 m J/m2;体外实验结果证明,BMSc在等离子体处理后材料表面培养24 h后出现明显细胞核,168 h细胞融合成片,通过等离子体处理方法有利于细胞在水凝胶材料表面的黏附和增殖.
基金Supported by the Shanghai Municipal Commission for Special Project of Nanometer Science and Technology (Grant No. 0452nm068)
文摘One-pot synthesis of magnetic nanogels via photochemical method is reported in this paper. Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)(PHEMA) magnetic nanogels are synthesized by in-situ polymeriza-tion of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate(HEMA) and N,N'-methylene-bis-(acrylamide)(MBA) in Fe3O4 aqueous suspension under UV irradiation. The structure and compositions of magnetic nanogels are characterized by FTIR,TGA,SEM,TEM and PCS. TGA measurement indicates that magnetic nanogels contain 90% magnetite. Both naked Fe3O4 and magnetic nanogels are superparamagnatic at room temperature according to magnetization curves. The swollen capability of the hydrogel shell is proved by contrasting the particles sizes obtained by SEM,TEM and PCS. Particle diameters can be manipu-lated by changing monomer concentration and irradiation time. A mechanism of the coating process is proposed.
