Women in the Musical Culture of Danzig in the First Half of the 20th Century

The musical culture of pre-war Danzig/Gdansk remains an area that is not well enough recognized in the scholarly literature.Numerous traces of this musical life are preserved in the collections of the Gdansk Library of the Polish Academy of Sciences.The collection ranges from scholarly publications and scores to an extensive number of concert programs and posters.The collection testifies to the dynamism and diversity of the city’s pre-war musical life.Notable among the collected materials is the role of female figures-composers,singers,and instrumentalists who made significant contributions to the shape of Gdansk musical life.In this article,I will present forgotten profiles of musically committed women:Martha Reincke,Ella Mertins,and Lotte Prins.In light of the surviving materials,it can be assumed that they were significant figures in the musical culture and social life of the city.

Restoring 20th Century Architecture:Few Words about a Possible Theory

The restoration of twentieth-century architecture has led the discipline to develop a solid theory which,considering the complexity of new issues to be resolved,can provide useful instruments,above all critical ones,for operational practice.

古代教育人物群体的最初建构——以20世纪上半叶38种教育史著作为中心的考察

清末民国是中国教育史学科的初建时期,将什么样的古代人物写入教科书是学科建设的重要内容。截至1949年,全国共出版通论性质的中国教育史著作38种,共选入古代教育人物187人,按其选入频次可分为低频人物(162人)、中频人物(21人)和高频人物(4人),有86人只被选入1次。从所选入人物及其频次看:这些著作以儒家思想为主线,宋以后则更侧重理学思想;从所选入人物的时代分布看:“厚古薄今”倾向明显;从所选中频人物、高频人物看:所选入人物身份比较混杂,教育家之外,传说人物、政治家、诗人、军事家、天文历算家、经学家等都有;从所选入人物学派背景看:春秋战国时期的人物体现出儒墨道法相争而以儒家为主导、儒道法相抗衡的现象,而两宋时期的人物则体现出学派蜂起而以程朱理学为主导的现实;从所选入人物的重要性看:所选入人物的重要性与被选入频次基本相称,同时也存在应当选入而未选入、所选入人物被高估或被低估等情况。在中国教育史学科体系中建构一个较为科学合理的古代教育人物群体具有重要的学术价值和社会价值。在具体实践中,可将20世纪上半叶我国38种教育史著作中中频人物、高频人物25人视为学科初建时期构建出来的古代教育人物基本群体,其中高频人物4人可以视为核心群体。基本群体基本能够反映中国古代教育的实际状况,但核心群体却不足以反映古代教育的核心价值。因此,如能让非儒家的一些中频人物进入核心群体,让一些低频人物进入基本群体,将会是理想的结果。

Landscape pattern dynamics of water body in Kaifeng city in the 20th century

Landscape spatial pattern mainly refers to the distribution of patches, which are different in size and shape in space owing to the interaction of various ecological activities. In landscape ecology study, landscape pattern has been one of the key study areas. Water body landscape plays an important role in the development history of a city, but at present city water body landscape in many cities has been destroyed, hence protecting water body in the city is becoming more and more important. In order to protect city water body landscape reasonably, the precondition is to probe the dynamics of water body landscape. Based on historical data and remote sensing data, six indexes including patch number, patch area, landscape dominance index, fractal dimension, patch density and connectivity index etc. were used to analyze landscape pattern dynamics of water body in Kaifeng city since the end of the Qing Dynasty (in the 20th century). The results showed: (1) Since the end of the Qing Dynasty, landscape area of water body in Kaifeng city increased first and then decreased from 1898 to 2002AD; the landscape dominant degree had the same changing tendency with the area. (2) Patch number of water body landscape in Kaifeng city had an increase from 1898 to 2002, but maximum area of patch, minimum area of patch and average area of patch decreased, which resulted in an increase in landscape fragment degree. (3) Connectivity index decreased and fractal dimension increased from 1898 to 2002. The reasons for these changes were the repeated overflows and flooding of the Yellow River and the influence of human activities.

Precipitation Changes in Wet and Dry Seasons over the 20th Century Simulated by Two Versions of the FGOALS Model

Seasonal precipitation changes over the globe during the 20th century simulated by two versions of the Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System （FGOALS） model are assessed. The two model versions differ in terms of their AGCM component, but the remaining parts of the system are almost identical. Both models reasonably reproduce the mean-state features of the timings of the wet and dry seasons and related precipitation amounts, with pattern correlation coefficients of 0.65-0.84 with observations. Globally averaged seasonal precipitation changes are analyzed. The results show that wet sea- sons get wetter and the annual range （precipitation difference between wet and dry seasons） increases during the 20th century in the two models, with positive trends covering most parts of the globe, which is consistent with observations. However, both models show a moistening dry season, which is opposite to observations. Analysis of the globally averaged moisture budget in the historical climate simulations of the two models shows little change in the horizontal moisture advection in both the wet and dry seasons. The globally averaged seasonal precipitation changes are mainly dominated by the changes in evaporation and vertical moisture advection. Evaporation and vertical moisture advection combine to make wet seasons wetter and enhance the annual range. In the dry season, the opposite change of evaporation and vertical moisture advection leads to an insignificant change in precipitation. Vertical moisture advection is the most important term that determines the changes in precipitation, wherein the thermodynamic component is dominant and the dynamic component tends to offset the effect of the thermodynamic component.

Changes of Air–sea Coupling in the North Atlantic over the 20th Century

Changes of air–sea coupling in the North Atlantic Ocean over the 20 th century are investigated using reanalysis data,climate model simulations, and observational data. It is found that the ocean-to-atmosphere feedback over the North Atlantic is significantly intensified in the second half of the 20 th century. This coupled feedback is characterized by the association between the summer North Atlantic Horseshoe（NAH） SST anomalies and the following winter North Atlantic Oscillation（NAO）. The intensification is likely associated with the enhancement of the North Atlantic storm tracks as well as the NAH SST anomalies. Our study also reveals that most IPCC AR4 climate models fail to capture the observed NAO/NAH coupled feedback.

On Chinese Image of American Literature in the 20^(th) Century

Due to the influence and control of many factors such as geographical location and historical conditions,many of the 20thCentury American literature works portray distorted Chinese image different from reality. In American literature,China doesn't exist as a real country with a geographical location,but it exists in a virtual space in the world composed of cultural imagination. Literature is the reflected thought that can accommodate numerous social fields,and American literature can mostly reflect the overall cognition of different fields for Chinese image. This paper analyzes the characterization and cognition of Chinese image in the20thCentury American literature works,understanding the history and features of Chinese image in the 20thCentury American literature works,in order to obtain the enlightenment of how to better establish Chinese image.

Briefing of the Research on the Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons in Soviet Russia in the 20th Century

The study of Dragon-Carving and the Literary Mind in Russia began around 1918.The Chapter“Tracing the origin of the Dao”translated by B.M.Alexeyev,the founder of modern Russian Sinology,is the earliest Russian translation of this book.He proposed a lot of problems inspiring future generations to think about,standardizing the direction for the future researchers of“Dragon Study”in Soviet Russia.L.D.Bozdneeva’s textbook Medieval Eastern Literature(1970),K.I.Grekina’s Monograph Chinese Literary Theory in the Early19-20th century(1971),V.A.K'ri'vzo'v’s paper Discussion on Liu Xie’s Aesthetic Views(1978),I.S.Lisevich’s Monograph Ideology of Chinese Literature at the Turn of the Ancient and the Middle Ages(1979),and Li Fuqing’s paper published after the dissolution of the Soviet Union,Genre of Chinese Medieval Literature(1994),have made a useful discussion of the concept and terminology,literary theory and aesthetic ideology of the Dragon-Carving and the Literary Mind.In the monograph Tai Chi:the Global Model in Chinese Literature and Culture in the 1-13th Century,published by K.I.Gorekina in 1995,Dragon-Carving and Literary Mind was interpreted by universe ontology,which reflects the rising of new academic trend in the research of“Dragon Study”in Russia.In recent years,young talents begin to join in Russian Dragon-Carving and Literary Mind research,and doctoral thesis focused on it have been published,showing a good situation that this research has qualified successors.

关于劳伦斯、乔伊斯、康拉德三位经典作家的对话——阮炜教授20世纪英国文学访谈录

阮炜教授为英国爱丁堡大学文学博士,在现当代英语文学、中西文化文明比较和西方古典学研究方面成就斐然。20世纪英国文学作为西方文学和世界文学的重要组成部分,无论是英文系的英美文学教程,还是中文系的外国文学课,都必然会涉及这些内容。就20世纪英国文学的三位重要代表性作家劳伦斯、乔伊斯、康拉德,高照成博士对英国文学专家阮炜教授进行了一次较有深度的专访。

Book Review of The Medical Empire in 20th Century American Literature

As a book review of Medicine Empire in American Literature of the 20th Century by Jiang Tianping’s team, thispaper provides an examination of the developing process of the western medicine’s interaction with the imperialpolitics in the 20th century. It points out that the book has made a great contribution to the interdisciplinary research,medical research, especially western colonialism research.

Snapshots of the 20th Century

Thispicturefromthecentury'sfirstdecadeshowsthreegenerationsofafamilyfromYantaiinShandongProvince.Thethen-smallcityofYantaiopeneditsdoorsin1861andforabinebecamethebustestPOrtinthecountry.Foreigndepartmentstoresopenedandforeignproducts,includingphotogr...

China:Major Events of the 20th Century

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The Influence of Consumer Culture on American New Woman and Their Literary Image in the Early 20th Century

By the study of three great American literary works, The Great Gatsby, Tender is the Night and The Age of Innocence, this paper aims to give a holistic interpretation of"New Woman"and their intrinsic relationship with consumer culture in the light of Baudrillard's theories about the consumer society and the consumer culture.

20世纪以来日本学者的白居易诗歌研究

20世纪以来,日本学者的白居易诗歌研究,主要体现在对白居易及其诗歌的一般性综论、对白居易文集版本及其诗作的考论、对白居易诗作的个案探析、对白居易诗作传播接受及影响的考察、对白居易诗歌日中联系的比较等领域。它们从不同板块呈示日本学者对白居易诗歌研究的推进及贡献,不断夯实了东亚古典诗学的学科建构。

Law and Inspiration——The laws of S&T Innovations of Originality as Reflected by Noble Prize Laureates in Natural Sciences and Major Scientific Accomplishments in the 20th Century

Today in the 21st century, Science and technology (S&T)develops by leaps and bounds. Such progress has fundamentally changed the development pace of history, becoming the principal driving force for the progress of human civilization.……