Vaccination for coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)is a critical strategy in controlling the current pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2).After widespread COVID-19 vaccine implementat...Vaccination for coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)is a critical strategy in controlling the current pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2).After widespread COVID-19 vaccine implementation,isolated case reports about myocarditis as a potential adverse reaction started coming.As of November 12,2021,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)has reported 1793 cases of myocarditis or pericarditis among young people with age 12-29 years,most cases have been reported in the male adolescent age group after the second dose of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines.It is very important to monitor the safety standards and adverse reactions of vaccines to effectively implement the vaccination policies.The CDC and the United States Food and Drug Administration actively monitor vaccine-associated adverse reactions a well-known platform such as Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System.CDC continues to recommend COVID-19 vaccines and booster doses for eligible individuals(age limit according to the type of vaccine)after careful consideration from risk-benefit assessment and favorable outcomes from vaccination.Mechanisms behind COVID-19 vaccine-induced myocarditis are not clear yet but several possibilities such as molecular mimicry between the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and self-antigens,immune response to mRNA,and activation of host immunological system,trigger of the pre-existing dysregulated immunological system have been documented in the literature.Overall,data suggests a good prognosis,especially in young patients.In this review article,we cover currently available data on COVID-19 vaccine-related myocarditis incidence,concerns,possible mechanisms of myocarditis,current treatment,and outcome trends,risk vs benefit assessment of COVID-19 vaccination in this current pandemic.展开更多
Background:Data on the immunogenicity and safety of heterologous immunization schedules are inconsistent.This study aimed to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of homologous and heterologous immunization schedules...Background:Data on the immunogenicity and safety of heterologous immunization schedules are inconsistent.This study aimed to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of homologous and heterologous immunization schedules.Methods:Multiple databases with relevant studies were searched with an end date of October 31,2021,and a website including a series of Coronavirus disease 2019 studies was examined for studies before March 31,2022.Randomized controlled trials(RCTs)that compared different heterologous and homologous regimens among adults that reported immunogenicity and safety outcomes were reviewed.Primary outcomes included neutralizing antibodies against the original strain and serious adverse events(SAEs).A network meta-analysis(NMA)was conducted using a random-effects model.Results:In all,11 RCTs were included in the systematic review,and nine were ultimately included in the NMA.Among participants who received two doses of CoronaVac,another dose of mRNA or a non-replicating viral vector vaccine resulted in a significantly higher level of neutralizing antibody than a third CoronaVac 600 sino unit(SU);a dose of BNT162b2 induced the highest geometric mean ratio(GMR)of 15.24,95%confidence interval[CI]:9.53–24.39.Following one dose of BNT162b2 vaccination,a dose of mRNA-1273 generated a significantly higher level of neutralizing antibody than BNT162b2 alone(GMR=1.32;95%CI:1.06–1.64),NVX-CoV2373(GMR=1.60;95%CI:1.16–2.21),or ChAdOx1(GMR=1.80;95%CI:1.25–2.59).Following one dose of ChAdOx1,a dose of mRNA-1273 was also more effective for improving antibody levels than ChAdOx1(GMR=11.09;95%CI:8.36–14.71)or NVX-CoV2373(GMR=2.87;95%CI:1.08–3.91).No significant difference in the risk for SAEs was found in any comparisons.Conclusions:Relative to vaccination with two doses of CoronaVac,a dose of BNT162b2 as a booster substantially enhances immunogenicity reactions and has a relatively acceptable risk for SAEs relative to other vaccines.For primary vaccination,schedules including mRNA vaccines induce a greater immune response.However,the comparatively higher risk for local and systemic adverse events introduced by mRNA vaccines should be noted.Registration:PROSPERO;https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/;No.CRD42021278149.展开更多
This is a succinct and current review of pertinent literature to guide developing serum therapy as an emergent treatment to save human lives at times of natural or genetically engineered viral/bacterial pandemics. The...This is a succinct and current review of pertinent literature to guide developing serum therapy as an emergent treatment to save human lives at times of natural or genetically engineered viral/bacterial pandemics. The origin of 2019-nCoV and implications of COVID-19 are discussed using direct quotes of published scientific literature to avoid misinterpretation on this very important event that has caused great loss of human lives and international social economy. It is the goal of this review to warn against and to correct international misunderstanding created by deliberate falsification of scientific documentations and events. This misunderstanding may lead to further destruction of life, economy, and political relations. People should not be blind-sighted when making life decisions.展开更多
The novel coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)is still rampant all over the world,causing incalculable losses to the world.Major pharmaceutical organizations around the globe are focusing on vaccine research and drug de...The novel coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)is still rampant all over the world,causing incalculable losses to the world.Major pharmaceutical organizations around the globe are focusing on vaccine research and drug development to prevent further damage caused by the pandemic.The messenger RNA(mRNA)technology has got ample of attention after the success of the two very effective mRNA vaccines during the recent pandemic of COVID-19.mRNA vaccine has been promoted to the core stage of pharmaceutical industry,and the rapid development of mRNA technology has exceeded expectations.Beyond COVID-19,the mRNA vaccine has been tested for various infectious diseases and undergoing clinical trials.Due to the ability of constant mutation,the viral infections demand abrupt responses and immediate production,and therefore mRNA-based technology offers best answers to sudden outbreaks.The need for mRNA-based vaccine became more obvious due to the recent emergence of new Omicron variant.In this review,we summarized the unique properties of mRNA-based vaccines for infectious diseases,delivery technologies,discussed current challenges,and highlighted the prospects of this promising technology in the future.We also discussed various clinical studies as well preclinical studies conducted on mRNA therapeutics for diverse infectious diseases.展开更多
文摘Vaccination for coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)is a critical strategy in controlling the current pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2).After widespread COVID-19 vaccine implementation,isolated case reports about myocarditis as a potential adverse reaction started coming.As of November 12,2021,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)has reported 1793 cases of myocarditis or pericarditis among young people with age 12-29 years,most cases have been reported in the male adolescent age group after the second dose of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines.It is very important to monitor the safety standards and adverse reactions of vaccines to effectively implement the vaccination policies.The CDC and the United States Food and Drug Administration actively monitor vaccine-associated adverse reactions a well-known platform such as Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System.CDC continues to recommend COVID-19 vaccines and booster doses for eligible individuals(age limit according to the type of vaccine)after careful consideration from risk-benefit assessment and favorable outcomes from vaccination.Mechanisms behind COVID-19 vaccine-induced myocarditis are not clear yet but several possibilities such as molecular mimicry between the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and self-antigens,immune response to mRNA,and activation of host immunological system,trigger of the pre-existing dysregulated immunological system have been documented in the literature.Overall,data suggests a good prognosis,especially in young patients.In this review article,we cover currently available data on COVID-19 vaccine-related myocarditis incidence,concerns,possible mechanisms of myocarditis,current treatment,and outcome trends,risk vs benefit assessment of COVID-19 vaccination in this current pandemic.
基金National Key R&D Program of China(No.2021YFC2301601)
文摘Background:Data on the immunogenicity and safety of heterologous immunization schedules are inconsistent.This study aimed to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of homologous and heterologous immunization schedules.Methods:Multiple databases with relevant studies were searched with an end date of October 31,2021,and a website including a series of Coronavirus disease 2019 studies was examined for studies before March 31,2022.Randomized controlled trials(RCTs)that compared different heterologous and homologous regimens among adults that reported immunogenicity and safety outcomes were reviewed.Primary outcomes included neutralizing antibodies against the original strain and serious adverse events(SAEs).A network meta-analysis(NMA)was conducted using a random-effects model.Results:In all,11 RCTs were included in the systematic review,and nine were ultimately included in the NMA.Among participants who received two doses of CoronaVac,another dose of mRNA or a non-replicating viral vector vaccine resulted in a significantly higher level of neutralizing antibody than a third CoronaVac 600 sino unit(SU);a dose of BNT162b2 induced the highest geometric mean ratio(GMR)of 15.24,95%confidence interval[CI]:9.53–24.39.Following one dose of BNT162b2 vaccination,a dose of mRNA-1273 generated a significantly higher level of neutralizing antibody than BNT162b2 alone(GMR=1.32;95%CI:1.06–1.64),NVX-CoV2373(GMR=1.60;95%CI:1.16–2.21),or ChAdOx1(GMR=1.80;95%CI:1.25–2.59).Following one dose of ChAdOx1,a dose of mRNA-1273 was also more effective for improving antibody levels than ChAdOx1(GMR=11.09;95%CI:8.36–14.71)or NVX-CoV2373(GMR=2.87;95%CI:1.08–3.91).No significant difference in the risk for SAEs was found in any comparisons.Conclusions:Relative to vaccination with two doses of CoronaVac,a dose of BNT162b2 as a booster substantially enhances immunogenicity reactions and has a relatively acceptable risk for SAEs relative to other vaccines.For primary vaccination,schedules including mRNA vaccines induce a greater immune response.However,the comparatively higher risk for local and systemic adverse events introduced by mRNA vaccines should be noted.Registration:PROSPERO;https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/;No.CRD42021278149.
文摘This is a succinct and current review of pertinent literature to guide developing serum therapy as an emergent treatment to save human lives at times of natural or genetically engineered viral/bacterial pandemics. The origin of 2019-nCoV and implications of COVID-19 are discussed using direct quotes of published scientific literature to avoid misinterpretation on this very important event that has caused great loss of human lives and international social economy. It is the goal of this review to warn against and to correct international misunderstanding created by deliberate falsification of scientific documentations and events. This misunderstanding may lead to further destruction of life, economy, and political relations. People should not be blind-sighted when making life decisions.
基金This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(No.2019A1515010776)the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Basic Research Cooperation Project(No.19JCZDJC64100)+2 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2021YFE0106900,2021YFA1201002,and 2021YFC2302402)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31871003 and 3217100573)the Beijing Nova Program from Beijing Municipal Science&Technology Commission(No.Z201100006820005).
文摘The novel coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)is still rampant all over the world,causing incalculable losses to the world.Major pharmaceutical organizations around the globe are focusing on vaccine research and drug development to prevent further damage caused by the pandemic.The messenger RNA(mRNA)technology has got ample of attention after the success of the two very effective mRNA vaccines during the recent pandemic of COVID-19.mRNA vaccine has been promoted to the core stage of pharmaceutical industry,and the rapid development of mRNA technology has exceeded expectations.Beyond COVID-19,the mRNA vaccine has been tested for various infectious diseases and undergoing clinical trials.Due to the ability of constant mutation,the viral infections demand abrupt responses and immediate production,and therefore mRNA-based technology offers best answers to sudden outbreaks.The need for mRNA-based vaccine became more obvious due to the recent emergence of new Omicron variant.In this review,we summarized the unique properties of mRNA-based vaccines for infectious diseases,delivery technologies,discussed current challenges,and highlighted the prospects of this promising technology in the future.We also discussed various clinical studies as well preclinical studies conducted on mRNA therapeutics for diverse infectious diseases.
