Influence of 2022 Winter Olympics on Tourism Development of Zhangjiakou City and the Countermeasures

Mega-event is an important driving force for the development of urban tourism industry. As a co-host city of 2022 Winter Olympics, Zhangjiakou will encounter new opportunities in tourism development. This paper build a dynamic model about the influence of Olympics on urban tourism industry, and put forward specific strategies for the city promoting its tourism development by taking the opportunity of hosting the Winter Olympics.

Local and regional contributions to PM_(2.5) in the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics infrastructure areas during haze episodes

The 2022 Winter Olympics is scheduled to take place in Beijing and Zhangjiakou,which were defined as OIAs(Olympic infirastructure areas)in this study.This study presents the characteristics and source apportionment of PM_(2.5) in the OIAs,China.The entire region of China's Mainland,except for the OIAs,was divided into 9 source regions,including four regions in the BTH(Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei)region,the four provinces surrounding the BTH and the remaining areas.Using CAMx/PSAT,the contributions of the nine regions to the PM_(2.5) concentration in the OIAs were simulated spatially and temporally.The simulated source apportionment results showed that the contribution of regional transportation was 48.78%,and when PM_(2.5) concentration was larger than 75μg/m^(3) central Hebei was the largest contributor with a contribution of 19.18%,followed by Tianjin,northern Hebei,Shanxi,Inner Mongolia,Shandong,southern Hebei,Henan and Liaoning.Furthermore,the contribution from neighboring regions of the OIAs was 47.12%,which was nearly twice that of long-range transportation.Haze episodes were analyzed,and the results presented the importance of regional transportation during severe PM_(2.5) pollution periods.It was also found that they were associated with differences in pollution sources between Zhangjiakou and Beijing.Regional transportation was the main factor affecting PM_(2.5) pollution in Zhangjiakou due to its low local emissions.Stagnant weather with a low planetary boundary layer height and a low wind velocity prevented the local emitted pollutants in Beijing from being transported outside,and as a result,local emissions constituted a larger contribution in Beijing.

Optimization of COVID-19 prevention and control measures during the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics:a model-based study

Background:The continuous mutation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has made the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic complicated to predict and posed a severe challenge to the Beijing 2022Winter Olympics and Winter Paralympics held in February and March 2022.Methods:During the preparations for the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics,we established a dynamic model with pulsedetection and isolation efect to evaluate the efect of epidemic prevention and control measures such as entry policies,contact reduction,nucleic acid testing,tracking,isolation,and health monitoring in a closed-loop managementenvironment,by simulating the transmission dynamics in assumed scenarios.We also compared the importance ofeach parameter in the combination of intervention measures through sensitivity analysis.Results:At the assumed baseline levels,the peak of the epidemic reached on the 57th day.During the simulationperiod(100 days),13,382 people infected COVID-19.The mean and peak values of hospitalized cases were 2650and 6746,respectively.The simulation and sensitivity analysis showed that:(1)the most important measures to stopCOVID-19 transmission during the event were daily nucleic acid testing,reducing contact among people,and dailyhealth monitoring,with cumulative infections at 0.04%,0.14%,and 14.92%of baseline levels,respectively(2)strictlyimplementing the entry policy and reducing the number of cases entering the closed-loop system could delay thepeak of the epidemic by 9 days and provide time for medical resources to be mobilized;(3)the risk of environmentaltransmission was low.Conclusions:Comprehensive measures under certain scenarios such as reducing contact,nucleic acid testing,health monitoring,and timely tracking and isolation could efectively prevent virus transmission.Our research resultsprovided an important reference for formulating prevention and control measures during the Winter Olympics,andno epidemic spread in the closed-loop during the games indirectly proved the rationality of our research results.

Machine Learning-Based Temperature and Wind Forecasts in the Zhangjiakou Competition Zone during the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games

Weather forecasting for the Zhangjiakou competition zone of the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games is a challenging task due to its complex terrain.Numerical weather prediction models generally perform poorly for cold air pools and winds over complex terrains,due to their low spatiotemporal resolution and limitations in the description of dynamics,thermodynamics,and microphysics in mountainous areas.This study proposes an ensemble-learning model,named ENSL,for surface temperature and wind forecasts at the venues of the Zhangjiakou competition zone,by integrating five individual models—linear regression,random forest,gradient boosting decision tree,support vector machine,and artificial neural network(ANN),with a ridge regression as meta model.The ENSL employs predictors from the high-resolution ECMWF model forecast(ECMWF-HRES) data and topography data,and targets from automatic weather station observations.Four categories of predictors(synoptic-pattern related fields,surface element fields,terrain,and temporal features) are fed into ENSL.The results demonstrate that ENSL achieves better performance and generalization than individual models.The root-mean-square error(RMSE) for the temperature and wind speed predictions is reduced by 48.2% and 28.5%,respectively,relative to ECMWF-HRES.For the gust speed,the performance of ENSL is consistent with ANN(best individual model) in the whole dataset,whereas ENSL outperforms on extreme gust samples(42.7% compared with 38.7% obtained by ECMWF-HRES in terms of RMSE reduction).Sensitivity analysis of predictors in the four categories shows that ENSL fits their feature importance rankings and physical explanations effectively.

Knowledge Graph-Driven Weather Overview Generation for the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games

Weather Overview is regarded as one of the crucial meteorological services supporting the Beijing 2022 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games(hereafter as Beijing 2022).As generation of Weather Overview involves multipledata,large-scale weather conditions,and vulnerability to weather changes,there still exist quite some challenges in obtaining Weather Overview.At present,knowledge graph(KG)is believed to be an effective way to describe information and knowledge.Thus,this study focuses on development of a framework to automatically generate Weather Overview using KG.We first present a three-layer KG model to generate accurate content of Weather Overview:(1)knowledge acquisition of entities and relationships to construct the specific corpora;(2)knowledge representation of the relationships between weather conditions and the events based on ontology;and(3)knowledge application of corpora,variables,and weather conditions to query and reason knowledge with Neo4j.Moreover,an XML Schema is used to achieve the standardized Weather Overview,which is formed by sentence-paragraph-text generation.This model is validated for a typical case at the Yanqing National Alpine Skiing Centre in Beijing 2022.Compared to the manual method,the accuracy and standardization of Weather Overview can be maintained above 90%,and it can be automatically generated within seconds.The method proposed in this study provides a helpful meteorological service solution to other large-scale sports events.

A Pre-game Evaluation of the Tourism Legacy of the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games

The role of tourism in social and economic development and stabilizing the Olympic legacy has been widely discussed.Beijing is the first“Dual-Olympic City”.For the first time,the Beijing Winter Olympics has adopted a model of three competition areas,which has attracted much attention to the study of its tourism legacy.In the legacy plan,the construction of the“Beijing-Zhangjiakou Sports Culture and Tourism Belt”was proposed.The development of ice and snow tourism and the cultivation of the ice and snow tourism market is also reflected in many policy documents and government actions.The scientific planning before the competition laid a good foundation for the sustainable development of its ice and snow tourism heritage.This research combines Olympic legacy research with tourism destination theory,and focuses on ice and snow tourism directly related to the Winter Olympics and the significance of pre-event planning for legacy protection.At the same time,the improvement of the quality of ice and snow tourism destinations is embedded in the pre-Olympic legacy,and opinions and suggestions on how to ensure the stability of the legacy after the games are given.This study uses the literature review method and the second-hand materials survey research method,then through establishing a tourism legacy pre-game evaluation model and the use of geographic information,government reports,policies,publicly released statistics and news reports,etc..It explores the legacy of the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics,aiming to lay the foundation for preserving the continuous value of the ice and snow tourism legacy during and after the Olympics.The results indicate that the Beijing Winter Olympics has made relatively complete plans and reliable progress in both tangible and intangible legacy.Complete tourism infrastructure,an optimistic sport and cultural atmosphere,and the improvement of residents’health concept and sports awareness have become boosters for the development of ice and snow tourism in the Beijing-Zhangjiakou region.