I present the effervescent zone model to account for the compact dense circumstellar material(CSM)around the progenitor of the core collapse supernova(CCSN)SN 2023ixf.The effervescent zone is composed of bound dense c...I present the effervescent zone model to account for the compact dense circumstellar material(CSM)around the progenitor of the core collapse supernova(CCSN)SN 2023ixf.The effervescent zone is composed of bound dense clumps that are lifted by stellar pulsation and envelope convection to distances of≈tens×au,and then fall back.The dense clumps provide most of the compact CSM mass and exist alongside the regular(escaping)wind.I crudely estimate that for a compact CSM within R_(CSM)≈30 au that contains M_(CSM)≈0.01 M_(⊙),the density of each clump is k_(b)≳3000 times the density of the regular wind at the same radius and that the total volume filling factor of the clumps is several percent.The clumps might cover only a small fraction of the CCSN photosphere in the first days post-explosion,accounting for the lack of strong narrow absorption lines.The long-lived effervescent zone is compatible with no evidence for outbursts in the years prior to the SN 2023ixf explosion and the large-amplitude pulsations of its progenitor,and it is an alternative to the CSM scenario of several-years-long high mass loss rate wind.展开更多
基金supported by a grant from the Israel Science Foundation(769/20)。
文摘I present the effervescent zone model to account for the compact dense circumstellar material(CSM)around the progenitor of the core collapse supernova(CCSN)SN 2023ixf.The effervescent zone is composed of bound dense clumps that are lifted by stellar pulsation and envelope convection to distances of≈tens×au,and then fall back.The dense clumps provide most of the compact CSM mass and exist alongside the regular(escaping)wind.I crudely estimate that for a compact CSM within R_(CSM)≈30 au that contains M_(CSM)≈0.01 M_(⊙),the density of each clump is k_(b)≳3000 times the density of the regular wind at the same radius and that the total volume filling factor of the clumps is several percent.The clumps might cover only a small fraction of the CCSN photosphere in the first days post-explosion,accounting for the lack of strong narrow absorption lines.The long-lived effervescent zone is compatible with no evidence for outbursts in the years prior to the SN 2023ixf explosion and the large-amplitude pulsations of its progenitor,and it is an alternative to the CSM scenario of several-years-long high mass loss rate wind.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFA1600404)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12173082)+6 种基金science research grants from the China Manned Space Project(CMS-CSST-2021-A12)the Yunnan Province Foundation(202201AT070069)the Top-notch Young Talents Program of Yunnan Provincethe Light of West China Program provided by the Chinese Academy of Sciencesthe International Centre of Supernovae,Yunnan Key Laboratory(202302AN360001)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12288102,12033003,and 11633002)the Scholar Program of Beijing Academy of Science and Technology(DZ:BS202002)。
文摘Ⅱ型超新星是宇宙中最常见的恒星爆炸,其富氢的大质量前身星最后阶段的演变让人捉摸不透.这类恒星晚期演化和由此产生的星周环境的差异导致了超新星丰富的观测多样性.为了建立Ⅱ型超新星爆炸与大质量恒星晚期演化之间的联系,有必要捕捉超新星爆炸的第一缕光,即由激波爆发冷却产生的高能光子电离星周物质造成的闪亮光谱.近邻星系M 101中爆发的SN 2023ixf为探索这个问题提供了难得的机会.本文利用爆炸后1~5天内频繁拍摄地闪亮光谱,对这颗超新星周围物质的性质进行严格的约束.计算得出,SN 2023ixf前身星在爆炸前最后2~3年中以高达M≈6×10^(-4)M⊙a^(-1)速率损失物质.这些物质以55 km s^(-1)的速度运动,在距离前身星不到7×10^(14)cm的位置形成致密的星周物质壳层.考虑到如此高的质量损失率和相对较大的风速,以及20年前的前身星图像,SN2023ixf可能是刚从红超巨星演化而来的黄巨超巨星产生的超新星爆炸.
