双辊铸轧2060铝锂合金的偏析行为

为探究溶质偏析行为对双辊铸轧Al-Li合金组织和腐蚀行为的影响,成功制备了不同工艺范围下的铝锂合金铸轧板坯,并构建了热-流耦合模型。结合场发射型扫描电子显微镜(SEM),能谱分析仪(EDS),和透射电子显微镜(TEM)探究了不同工艺条件下组织的耐蚀性差异。结果表明:TRC-3高铸轧速条件下的制备出现了显著的宏观偏析现象。通过结合温度和流速的计算,详细分析了这种偏析机制的结果。偏析将遗传到最终的T6状态组织,恶化T_(1)相的析出,并恶化最终的耐腐蚀性能。深入讨论了偏析对腐蚀行为的影响机理,并提出了一种能够实现低偏析、高耐腐蚀性的铸轧铝锂合金工艺。

飞秒激光表面织构化对CFRP/2060铝锂合金高速激光连接接头剪切性能的影响

激光表面织构化作为提高异质结构接头剪切性能的有效手段,已广泛应用于碳纤维增强复合材料(CFRP)与金属材料激光连接领域中。采用波长515 nm的飞秒激光在2060铝锂合金表面制备微结构,采用能量密度分布均匀的矩形光斑实现CFRP和2060铝锂合金异质接头的高速光纤激光连接,探讨飞秒激光刻蚀深度、扫描线间距对异质结构接头剪切强度的影响规律。结果表明,通过飞秒激光织构化处理,异质接头剪切强度得到了大幅提升,接头破坏形式均为界面断裂和基体断裂的混合断裂模式。在激光功率5 kW、焊接速度高达3.6 m/min条件下,接头平均剪切强度可达35.7 MPa,是未经飞秒激光织构化接头的2.3倍。

2060铝锂合金化学铣切工艺优化及表面质量改善

针对铝锂合金化铣过程中含锂相的溶解过快导致表面粗糙度高的问题,借助三维显微镜、动电位极化测试等手段研究了Na_(2)CO_(3)及苯环类添加剂RA-8对2060铝锂合金化铣速度、表面粗糙度及溶解行为的影响,优化了化铣配方。结果表明:单一Na_(2)CO_(3)即可抑制含锂相的溶解,其与RA-8的协同作用可进一步改善表面质量,且对化铣速度的影响较小;针对2060铝锂合金,较优的化铣参数为:NaOH 160 g/L,Na_(2)S 30 g/L,三乙醇胺(TEA) 50 g/L,Na_(2)CO_(3)0.5 mol/L,RA-8 0.4 g/L,Al^(3+)0~70 g/L,温度为90℃。在此条件下化铣试样表面粗糙度(R_(a))为0.95~1.21μm,腐蚀速度为20~50μm/min。

Machine Learning Design of Aluminum-Lithium Alloys with High Strength

Due to the large unexplored compositional space,long development cycle,and high cost of traditional trial-anderror experiments,designing high strength aluminum-lithium alloys is a great challenge.This work establishes a performance-oriented machine learning design strategy for aluminum-lithium alloys to simplify and shorten the development cycle.The calculation results indicate that radial basis function(RBF)neural networks exhibit better predictive ability than back propagation(BP)neural networks.The RBF neural network predicted tensile and yield strengths with determination coefficients of 0.90 and 0.96,root mean square errors of 30.68 and 25.30,and mean absolute errors of 28.15 and 19.08,respectively.In the validation experiment,the comparison between experimental data and predicted data demonstrated the robustness of the two neural network models.The tensile and yield strengths of Al-2Li-1Cu-3Mg-0.2Zr(wt.%)alloy are 17.8 and 3.5 MPa higher than those of the Al-1Li4.5Cu-0.2Zr(wt.%)alloy,which has the best overall performance,respectively.It demonstrates the reliability of the neural network model in designing high strength aluminum-lithium alloys,which provides a way to improve research and development efficiency.

Effect of precipitate evolution on corrosion behavior of friction stir welded joints of AA2060-T8 alloy

Friction stir welding was used to join two AA2060-T8 plates,and then the effect of precipitate evolution on microstructure and corrosion behavior of the joint was investigated.The evolution of precipitates on the top surface of the joint was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.The corrosion behaviors of different regions in the joint were investigated by an electrochemistry method and an alternating salt spray exposure.The corrosion was mainly dependent on the nature of precipitates in each region of the joint.The shoulder affected zone had the worst corrosion resistance as a result of the re-dissolved ofθ′(Al2Cu),T1(Al2CuLi)andδ′(Al3Li)phases,the formation of intergranular precipitates and precipitate-free zones.However,the thermomechanically affected zone had a slightly improved corrosion resistance because it had no intergranular precipitates.The heat affected zone and base metal had the best corrosion resistance.

Strain localization and damage development in 2060 alloy during bending

The microstructure evolution and damage development of the third-generation Al-Li alloy 2060 （T8） were studied using in situ bending tests. Specimens were loaded with a series of punches of different radii, and the microstructure evolution was studied by scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, and digital image correlation （DIC） methods. The evolution of the microscopic fracture strain distribution and microstructure in 2060 alloy during bending was characterized, where the dispersion distribution of precipitates was recorded by backscattered electron imaging and later inputted into a DIC system for strain calculations. The experimental results showed that strain localization in the free surface of bent specimens induced damage to the microstructure. The region of crack initiation lies on the free surface with maximum strain, and the shear crack propagates along the macro-shear band in the early stages of bending. Crack propagation in the later stages was interpreted on the basis of the conventional mechanism of ductile fracture.

Evolution of the texture and mechanical properties of 2060 alloy during bending

In this study, we examined the evolution of the texture and mechanical properties of 2060 （T8） alloy during bending. A pixel rotation method （PRM） was proposed and used to characterize the textural evolution during bending determined by electron backscatter diffraction. The results showed that the textural components changed insignificantly, with the exception of a decrease in the cube texture. The tensile and yielding properties of the alloy were evaluated at three different orientations with respect to the rolling direction. The mechanical strength was found to increase in three directions with decreasing bending radius; thus, it was concluded that the 2060 （T8） alloy sheet satisfies the usage requirement after bending deformation.

Influence Mechanism of Cerium on the Threshold of Short Fatigue Crack for Aluminum-lithium Alloy 2090

The thresholds of short fatigue cracks for aluminum-lithium alloys 2090 and 2090+Ce are quantitatively evaluated. The essential reason resulting in stronger short crack effect has been ascertained. Influence of cerium on the threshold of short fatigue cracks for aluminum-lithium alloy 2090 was investigated. The results show that, by adding Ce into this alloy, DeltaK(i) and DeltaK(Cl.th) are increased. The influence mechanism of Ce on the threshold of short fatigue crack for alloy 2090 was explored fi om the bound energy, T, phase, the energy of anti-phase boundary, the energy of super-lattice intrinsic stacking fault and the electron bonds. By adding Ce into alloy 2090, the bound energy of Cu atom in this alloy is increased; the effect of thinning and dispersing T, phase is obtained; the effect of increasing the energy of anti-phase boundary and decreasing the energy of super-lattice intrinsic stacking fault for delta ' phase can be achieved.

2060-T8E30铝锂合金的高温拉伸变形行为及显微组织研究

利用Sans CMT4104型拉伸试验机、光学显微镜、电子显微镜研究变形温度、应变速率对2060铝锂合金热变形行为与显微组织的影响,分析合金在不同热变形条件下的真应力-真应变曲线,并结合Zener-Hollomon方程得到合金的热变形参数。通过对合金第二相、空洞、断口形貌的观察,研究了合金热拉伸显微组织的演变规律。结果表明:高温拉伸时合金的峰值应力随变形温度的升高和应变速率的减小而下降。合金的延伸率随变形温度的升高而提高,随应变速率的减小先提高后降低,在500℃/0.01 s^(-1)条件下延伸率最佳,达到170%。通过计算,得到合金的变形激活能为227.28 kJ/mol。显微组织显示,随着变形温度的升高和应变速率的减小,空洞的数量增多、尺寸增大;在变形温度为475~500℃时,合金析出了第二相并发生了几何动态再结晶。

2060铝锂合金FSW接头微观组织和力学性能

对2060铝锂铝合金FSW接头性能进行分析,采用光学显微镜、SEM、EBSD等手段对2060铝锂合金的微观组织、拉伸性能、显微硬度、断口形貌、各向异性等性能进行分析.结果表明,最高强度系数为89.9%,最高延伸率为9.44%;FSW接头各向异性不明显;2060铝锂合金主要强化相为Al2Cu Li,并且沿一定晶体学取向分布,对基体有较强的强化作用.在焊核区及热影响区处,析出相溶解,在冷却过程中析出并长大,与基体没有特定的晶体学取向关系,形成粗大的平衡相;由于焊接过程中剧烈的塑性变形与动态再结晶,织构变为弱织构,不存在明显的晶体学取向.

高频脉冲电流耦合交流CMT焊对2060铝合金接头组织与力学性能的影响

采用不同频率的高频脉冲电流耦合交流CMT(cold metal transfer)焊,分别以ER4043及ER5356焊丝为填充材料,对2060铝锂合金进行焊接。结果表明,不同频率的高频脉冲电流对焊接接头的气孔数量及大小影响显著。耦合高频电流焊接后,焊缝中心的气孔数量减少,气孔大都集中在熔合线及焊缝边缘;与填充ER4043焊丝相比,填充ER5356焊丝的气孔数量少,尺寸也较小。不同的脉冲频率均能不同程度地细化显微组织,填充焊丝为ER4043,脉冲频率为40 k Hz时,组织细化现象显著,接头各区的硬度较高;填充焊丝为ER5356,脉冲频率为60、70 k Hz时,组织细化现象显著,接头各区的硬度较高。

阳极氧化对2060-T8铝锂合金氧化膜的形貌控制

2060-T8铝锂合金具有密度低、弹性模量高、比强度和比刚度高、疲劳性能好及焊接性能好等优点。铝锂合金中的元素Li,化学性质极活泼,易使铝锂合金表面形成的自然钝化膜发生破坏,缩短合金使用寿命。本研究采用硼酸直流阳极氧化在2060-T8铝锂合金表面制备了氧化膜,探究电流和覆膜时间对2060-T8铝锂合金氧化膜形貌的影响规律。结果表明:通过调节电流大小、覆膜时间,可有效获得表面平整致密的氧化膜,进而提高合金的耐腐蚀性能。

2060Al-Li合金FSW工艺的温度与应力场模拟

使用Abaqus软件建立了2060-T8 Al-Li合金的搅拌摩擦焊3D有限元模型,对焊接过程的温度场及焊后的残余应力进行了模拟。结果表明:焊接高温区域在水平方向上呈椭圆形,搅拌头前方材料的温度梯度大于后方材料的温度梯度;温度模拟结果与热电偶测量结果比较吻合。纵向残余拉应力在垂直焊缝方向上呈现典型的"双峰"分布规律;其峰值在轴肩作用区边缘。在垂直于焊缝方向上,焊缝区域的边缘是最危险区域;在平行于焊缝方向上,焊缝的末端出现了Mises等效应力的最大值。

2060铝锂合金的淬透性

利用新型的薄板叠层端淬法结合时效后强度变化,评价2060铝锂合金的淬透性,并采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、场发射透射电子显微镜(STEM)及能谱(EDS)对末端淬火并T8时效后的微观组织进行了分析。结果表明:以抗拉强度下降5%作为淬透深度的判断依据,则2060铝锂合金的淬透深度约为15 mm。随着距淬火端距离的增大,抗拉强度依次降低直至稳定,但在距淬火端12~18 mm的区间内,强度发生较明显变化。端淬过程中析出的富Cu相降低了固溶体过饱和程度,阻碍后续时效过程中同一位置T1相(Al2CuLi)的析出和长大,导致合金抗拉强度逐渐减小。

转速对2060铝锂合金RFSSW接头成形及拉剪性能的影响

以2060铝锂合金为研究对象,进行了回填式搅拌摩擦点焊试验,研究了不同转速下接头内部成形及其与拉伸性能的关系.结果表明,点焊接头在不同转速下出现了未完全回填缺陷、孔洞缺陷及向下弯曲的钩状结构.未完全回填缺陷与孔洞缺陷在低转速与高转速下易出现,钩状结构向下弯曲且随转速的增加其高度先增加再减小.拉剪载荷随转速的提高先增加再降低;在转速为2200 r/min时,接头拉剪载荷达到9800 N.拉剪试样的断裂方式均为剪切断裂,断裂位置可分为三类:沿搭接界面断裂、沿套筒作用区底部断裂及沿包含两者的混合断裂.

2060铝锂合金薄板组织特征及疲劳损伤行为

通过带有原位观察设备的疲劳试验机、金相显微镜、EBSD、SEM以及TEM等设备对进口2060-T8E30铝锂合金薄板的组织特征、疲劳损伤行为以及疲劳试验过程中微观组织的演变过程进行了系统研究。结果表明,2060铝锂合金薄板为完全再结晶的块状嵌套组织,织构类型以立方织构和高斯织构为主,晶内析出相主要为T1相,长度在50~60 nm左右;轴向加载疲劳试验时,裂纹在试样边部缺口附近晶粒中沿最大Schmid因子方向萌生并向晶内扩展,在到达并穿过第一个晶界后裂纹发生偏折,变为垂直于加载方向扩展,继续扩展时,裂纹遇到其他晶界后发生小的偏折,但基本方向不变,直至最终发生瞬断。裂纹萌生和扩展过程中,裂纹尖端出现了较大范围的塑性变形区,该区域中T1析出相被位错切过,降低了尖端的应力集中。合金中较大的晶粒取向差以及小尺寸可被位错切过的T1析出相,是疲劳裂纹呈“锯齿”状穿晶扩展并获得良好耐损伤性能的主要原因。

Effect of Rare Earth Elements on Anisotropy and Microstructure of Al-Li Alloy 2195 Sheets

For the purpose of decreasing the applied limitation resulting from the anisotropic mechanical property of Al-Li alloy 2195, this study employed a complex heat treatment process, involving the pre-tension, thermo-infiltration of the rare earth element Ce, solution treatment, and artificial aging technology. The results indicate that the infiltration of rare earth element Ce benefits the abatement of anisotropy of Al-Li alloy 2195 sheet, in contrast with that of the normal heat treatment process. The gradient of the Vickers-hardness decreases at least 50% through the thickness, and the tensile strength in the rolling direction also increases significantly. If Ce was infiltrated into the alloy under the optimum pre-deformation, the yield strength （σ0.2） increased by 30 MPa while the tensile strength （σb） enhanced by 25 MPa compared to the rare earth free samples. Meanwhile, the fractography illustrated that the fracture surface of the sample became more desirable.

2060-T8铝锂合金顶锻式摩擦塞补焊接头组织性能研究

采用不同焊接压力对2060-T8铝锂合金进行了顶锻式摩擦塞补焊试验研究,分析了接头微观组织特征,第二相分布规律以及力学性能。结果表明:增大焊接压力可有效消除接头未焊合及孔洞缺陷。接头热影响区晶粒尺寸增大,热机械影响区及塞棒热机械影响区晶粒发生明显塑性变形,母材与塞棒之间产生了细小的等轴晶组织。接头不同区域较母材均发生软化,硬度最低值出现在塞棒热机械影响区,约为90 HV。当焊接压力为30 k N时,接头抗拉强度最高,达到378.9 MPa,断后伸长率为5.9%,接头系数为0.746。接头断裂方式为韧性断裂。

Co-strengthening contribution of δ′and T_1 precipitates in Al-Li alloys 2090 and 2090+Ce

The microstructure of dislocation in two kinds of ahiminum-lithium alloys 2090 and 2090 ＋ Ce was observed by means of TEM technology. The contributions of δ＇ and T1 precipitates to strength were separately calculated by using the results of quantitative metallography and analysis of micro-deformation behavior; the co-strengthening effect of δ＇ and T1 precipitates was studied. The results show that the adding relationship of co-strengthening of δ＇ and T1 is in accordance with q = 1.4 form at the near peak-aged condition, i.e., △τ^1.4δ = △τ^1.4δ＋ △τ^1.4T1, but the adding relationship is approximately a linear relation （q = 1） at the under-aged condition and becomes the parabola form when over-aged （q = 2）. The adding relationship of co-strengthening contribution of δ＇ and T1 is obviously dependent on aging time.

EFFECTS AND MECHANISMS OF EXTRINSIC STRENGTHENING DURING AGING FOR AL ALLOY 2090+Ce

The influence of aging temperature and time on fracture feature of monotonic tensile samples of alumi-num-Iithium alloy 2090+Ce was investigated.The effects and mechanisms of extrinsic strengthening during aging for this alloy with a flat unrecrystallized structure were discussed.The mechanisms were analysed from four aspects.The theory of extrinsic strengthening from the delamination strengthening was presented.The results in this research show that the strength and ductility of aluminum-lithium alloy with a flat unrecrystallized structure are superior to those with recrystallized structure.Several reasons have been advanced for the ductility improvement effect of flat uncrystallized structure,including wedging action between flat grain,action of short-transverse delamination on impeding the growth of main crack,action on the reduction in the detrimental influence of weak grain boundaries and action on impeding the intergranular fracture on main fracture surface.The strengthening effect of flat uncrystallized structure is attributed to the extrinsic strengthening derived from delamination strengthening.From underage to peakage,the fracture mode of this alloy is transgranular fracture plus short-transverse delamination.The tendency of short-transverse delamination in creases with aging,thereby enhancing the delamination strengtheniag effect.Under overaging condition,the fracture mode is predominately intersubgranular,which results in the loss of delamination strengthening.