原油乳状液对20钢的腐蚀

以某油田原油和采出水为原料配制了不同含水率的油包水或水包油乳状液,利用失重法和电化学测试技术研究了20钢的腐蚀行为,分析了不同含水率和不同类型乳状液的腐蚀性。结果表明:乳状液的腐蚀性低于采出水的腐蚀性,且水包油乳状液腐蚀性大于油包水乳状液;由于油包水乳状液中原油在20钢表面吸附形成的油膜的完整性较好,20钢与水分子接触受到一定限制,腐蚀比较轻;随着含水率增大,油膜完整性逐渐受到破坏,乳状液腐蚀性明显变强;在水包油乳状液中,20钢与采出水直接接触,20钢表面只存在分散状的油膜,其对金属基体的保护作用较弱,随着含水率的增加,水包油乳状液对20钢的腐蚀接近于采出水;在油水界面处,20钢腐蚀严重,其腐蚀行为与在水包油乳状液中的类似。

原油输油管线的泄漏原因

某油田使用的一条原油输送管线举升段短时间内多次发生泄漏,经检查输送管泄漏部位腐蚀严重并伴有壁厚减薄。采用宏观分析、材质理化检验(包括化学成分分析、金相组织分析、力学性能分析)、电子显微分析、X射线衍射仪分析以及腐蚀模拟试验,对发生泄漏失效的流体输送管进行分析。结果表明,此流体输送管所输送的流体偏酸性并含有高矿化度的地层水,由于管线跨越位置流体流速变化引发沉积结垢,垢下的小阳极大阴极腐蚀原电池引发严重局部腐蚀,并在固体颗粒物和砂砾的冲击下加速了管壁的腐蚀穿孔。

连续球压痕法测试钢管应变时效后拉伸强度的变化

以不同状态的20钢国产新管和断裂管为研究对象,采用连续球压痕与常规拉伸试验相对比的方法,对不同状态钢管的屈服强度和抗拉强度进行了测试。结果表明:连续球压痕法能够准确反映应变时效前后20钢管的力学性能变化,可以对不同状态的20钢管的力学性能进行无损测试。

高温高压下20钢和13Cr钢在不同含量甲酸-CO_2环境中的腐蚀行为

采用腐蚀失重测试、腐蚀产物分析等方法,研究了20钢和13Cr钢在模拟油井管道环境(甲酸与CO_2共存,100℃、1MPa)中的腐蚀速率和腐蚀类型,并探讨了甲酸含量对其腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明:两种钢的腐蚀速率均随甲酸含量的增加而增大,13Cr钢的腐蚀速率低于20钢的;20钢的腐蚀类型为均匀腐蚀,13Cr钢的为点蚀;20钢表面有FeCO_3的生成和碳酸盐的沉积,FeCO_3产物层覆盖部位不断发生基体的溶解,而钙、镁碳酸盐沉积的位置不断出现产物沉积,在基体腐蚀相对较慢的部位形成突起;13Cr钢优先发生铬的溶解,形成以Cr(OH)_3为主的钝化膜,随着甲酸含量的增加,钝化膜的稳定性、致密性均降低,H^+和Cl^-通过钝化膜与基体接触,促进了点蚀的发生。

20钢奥氏体逆相变淬火

采用正交回归设计实验方法,分析了20钢一次淬火温度和二次淬火温度对奥氏体逆相变淬火后硬度的影响,建立了硬度回归方程。结果表明,随二次淬火温度的升高,硬度逐渐降低:20钢奥氏体逆相变淬火后的硬度最大可达49 HRC。

某油田地面单井管道腐蚀原因分析

某油田地面单井管道腐蚀严重,穿孔事故频发。通过宏观观察、化学成分分析、金相检验、微观形貌分析及腐蚀产物分析等方法,对穿孔管道的腐蚀原因进行了分析;通过实验室高温高压模拟腐蚀试验,对管道材料的腐蚀模式进行了分析。结果表明:管道腐蚀穿孔原因为高矿化度、高浓度氯离子的地层水中的CO2和H2S气体产生电化学腐蚀所致;此外,管道材料20钢耐腐蚀性能较差也是重要的原因之一。

铸铁浴渗碳工艺的探讨

本文将20钢试样在铸铁浴中进行不同温度和时间的渗碳，用金相法测定层深，根据公式：ρ2=koτ·e-Q/RY对碳的激活能（Q）进行计算．结果表明：试样在1270℃的铸铁液中保留30秒，渗碳层达0．25mm；在1300℃的铸铁液中保留30秒，渗碳层达O．27mm。且与气体渗碳法相比激活能下降近41％。

热处理对20钢韧脆转变温度的影响

针对煤炭行业常用的20钢冻结管的作业环境,参考低温用管的有关标准,对热轧态及不同正火状态下的20钢冻结管的拉伸性能和低温冲击韧性进行检验分析,并采用Origin软件拟合20钢的韧脆转变温度曲线。分析结果表明:经过860℃、880℃、910℃正火后,20钢的韧脆转变温度下降到-30^-20℃;正火态的组织晶粒度比热轧态的粗大,但正火后20钢的低温冲击性能大幅度提高。

Design of Quenching Process for Large-sized AISI P20 Steel Block Used as Plastic Die

For large-sized AISI P20 steel block used as plastic die with a thickness of more than 200 mm, appropriate quenching processes are the key to obtain much thick hardened layer. In this paper, different quenching processes of AISI P20 steel block such as oil quenching, direct water quenching, water quenching with precooling and water quenching with pre-cooling and self-tempering were numerically investigated by computer simulation based on the detailed discussion on the mathematical models of quenching processes including partial differential equations of heat transfer, thermal physical properties, latent heat, heat transfer coefficient and calculation of phase transformation, The results show that the water quenching with pre-cooling and self-tempering process can not only effectively avoid quenching cracks, but also obtain deeper harden depth than oil quenching.

Observation and Analysis of the Microstructure in CarburizedSurface Layer of Steel 20Cr2Ni4A Treated with ConventionalAnd Rare Earth Carburizing Processes

Observation and analysis with TEM show that the fine granular dispersed carbides in hypereutectoid zone of steel 20Cr2Ni4A are distributed in the matrix of large number of lath martensite after rare earth carburizing. But while treating by conventional carburization and double quench hardening the retained carbides are finer and more dispersive, and its matrix is perfectly twin martersite. The different micrcotructures of matrix around carbide are formed with different kinds of carburization processes.

Effect of Rare Earth Elements on Isothermal Transformation and Microstructures in 20Mn Steel

The effect of rare earth elements on the isothermal transformation and microstructures in 20Mn steel is in- vestigated by means of metallography and dilatometry.Rare earth elements decrease both the incubation period of pro-eutectoid ferrite and the rate of pearlitic transformation.In addition,rare earth elements play a role of reducing needle-like ferrite and the amount of pearlite,densifing the lamellar space of pearlite and enhcing segregation of carbide in granular bainite.It is suggested that rare earth elements may decrease the interfacial energy of grain boundary and interphase,hinder the diffusion of carbon atoms and form rare earth carbides with high melting point which reduce the carbon content in austenite.

Surface Nanocrystallization of Steel 20 Induced by Fast Multiple Rotation Rolling

In order to expand the application of steel 20 in precision device,fast multiple rotation rolling( FMRR) is applied to fabricate a nanostructured layer on the surface of steel 20. The FMRR samples are then Cr-Rare earth-boronized under low-temperature. The microstructure of the top surface layer is characterized by transmission electron microscopy( TEM). Microhardness of the top surface is measured by a Vickers microhardness tester. The boride layer is characterized by using scanning electron microscopy( SEM).Experimental results show that a nanostructured layer with their grain size range from 200 to 400 nm is obtained in the top surface layer. The microhardness of FMRR sample changes gradiently along the depth from about274 HV in the top surface layer to about 159 HV in the matrix,which is nearly 1.7 times harder than that of the original sample. The penetrating rate is enhanced significantly when the FMRR samples are Cr-Rare earthboronized at 600 ℃ for 6 h. Thickness of the boride layer increases to around 20 μm,which is nearly twice thicker than that of the original sample.

EFFECTS OF STRESS RATIO AND FREQUENCY ON CORROSION FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH MECHANISM IN LOW ALLOY STEELS

Based on theoretical analysis about local strain,strain rate and dissolving rate at crack tip, the corrosion fatigue crack growth rate of steels ZG20SiMn and SM50B-Zc in fresh water and 3.5% NaCl solution were measured experimentally,and the PH and electrode potential within crack were also measured continuously along with crack propagating.It showed that the increase of crack growth rate,caused by both decreasing frequency and raising stress ratio,was mainly accelerated by hydrogen embrittlement.

Thermodynamic Simulation on the Change in Phase for Carburizing Process

The type of technology used to strengthen the surface structure of machine parts,typically by carbon-permeation,has made a great contribution to the mechanical engineering industry because of its outstanding advantages in corrosion resistance and enhanced mechanical and physical properties.Furthermore,carbon permeation is considered as an optimal method of heat treatment through the diffusion of carbon atoms into the surface of alloy steel.This study presented research results on the thermodynamic calculation and simulation of the carbon permeability process.Applying Fick’s law,the paper calculated the distribution of carbon concentration in the alloy steel after it is absorbed from the surface into the internal of the sample.Using the SYSWELD software,an analysis was performed on the carbon permeability process to determine the distribution of carbon concentrations in 20CrMo steel that was then followed by a detailed analysis of the microstructure of the sample post the carburizing process.According to the calculation results,the surface carbon content was 0.9%and steadily decreased into the core.After 3 hours,the depth of the absorbent layer was measured at 0.5 mm for both the cylindrical and cubic samples.By analyzing the phase,the distribution of martensite phases such as ferrite/pearlite and residual austenite was also determined after the carburizing process.

Effects of Strain Ratio on Fatigue Behavior of G20Mn5QT Cast Steel

Due to traffic and wave actions, cast steel joints are subjected to variable-amplitude fatigue loading, which may cause fatigue problems. The ratio of the minimum strain to the maximum strain(strain ratio)can be employed to analyze the influence of variable-amplitude fatigue both in the elastic and plastic ranges. To evaluate the effect of the strain ratio on G20Mn5 QT cast steel, the fatigue tests of smooth specimens were carried out at the strain ratio of 0.1. The cyclic deformation and the relationships between the strain amplitude, the stress amplitude, the Smith, Watson and Topper(SWT)parameter and fatigue life were studied and compared with those at the strain ratio of-1. Compared with other methods, Basquin formula and Solonberg formula provide reliable and appropriate ranges of S-N curve and fatigue limit at different strain ratios respectively. The SWT parameter can be used to predict the fatigue life at other strain ratios accurately.

ATOMIC DIFFUSION CONTROL DURING TEMPERING OF STEEL 20Cr11MoVNbNB

Studies were made of the effect of tempering at temperatures from 25 to 750℃ for 0.5 to 100 h on changes of hardness,precipitated phase and its alloying element content as well as activation energy of tempering for quenched steel 20Cr11MoVNbNB.Tempering of the steel at temperatures below 400℃ may be controlled by the diffusion of C atoms in α-Fe,and above 400℃,by diffusion of Cr,also Mo or V,in α-Fe.

ON THE SWERVING OF STRENGTH CURVE FOR STEEL 20Cr11MoVNbNB

Study was made on the swerving of the curves of strength and hardness vs L-M parameter P=T(20+lgt)for steel 20Crl 1MoVNbNB aged at 550.600 and 650℃ for 0—5000 h,T being aging temperature in K and taging time in h.The swerving seems to be due to:(1)the coarsening of the mean size of principal precipitate M_(23)C_6,(2)the precipitation of Laves phase MoFe_2;(3)the decrease of Mo content in matrix and(4)the recovery and recrystallization of the matrix phase.

Effect of M-A constituents formed in thermo-mechanical controlled process on toughness of 20CrNi2MoV steel

The effect of martensite–austenite(M–A)constituents formed in thermo-mechanical controlled process on impact toughness of 20CrNi2MoV steel was investigated.The variation in fraction,size and morphology of M–A constituent and its effect on toughness under different cooling rates were carried out.The result shows that there was no significant change in the fraction of M–A constituent under different cooling rates,but the distribution and size of M–A constituent were greatly influenced by cooling rate,which consequently influenced toughness.The amount of large blocky M–A constituents decreased from 4.7%to 1.7%,while that of elongated M–A constituents increased from 3.8%to 8.6%with the cooling rate increasing from 7 to 26°C/s,and the corresponding impact energy decreased from 132 to 84 J.The deterioration of impact toughness could be related to the increase in the elongated M–A constituents.The elongated M–A constituents existing along the prior austenite grain boundaries in samples of 26°C/s could easily lead to the formation of cleavage crack,which then results in the lower crack initiation energy than that of low cooling rate samples.

Effect of Cooling Rate on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 20CrNi2MoV Steel

Thermo-mechanical process and continuous cooling process were carried out on 20CrNi2MoV steel. Three cooling rates were implemented to optimize the mechanical properties. The microstructure evolution, precipitation behavior, and strengthening mechanisms were systematically investigated, and the fracture mechanisms were analyzed via combination of impact fracture morphologies and deflection-load curves. The experimental results indicate that the transformed microstructure of experimental steel is all complex consisting of granular bainitic ferrite and bainitic ferrite with dispersed martensite/austenite （M/A） constituents in the matrix at cooling rates of 13, 21, and 29 ℃/s. When the cooling rate increases, the grain of the steel is obviously refined. The sizes of the bainitic ferrite are 5.8, 4.7, and 3.1 μm under cooling rates of 13, 21, and 29 ℃/s, respectively. The refinement of the bainitic ferrite plays a dominant role in strength increasing and also contributes to high crack propagation energy. However, the morphologies of M/A constituents obtained under different cooling rates contribute to different crack initiation energies and then affect the impact property.

Experimental Study on Medium and Low Cycle Fatigue Properties of Cast Steel GS20Mn5V

Owing to the remarkable advantages in mechanical behavior,cast steel nodes have been widely used in static structures.Nowadays,cast steel nodes also gain increasing popularity due to the superior fatigue performance in dynamic structures,but they are not yet widely used because the fatigue properties of cast steel are not well understood.In this paper,the fatigue test of cast steel GS20Mn5V commonly used in steel castings is carried out.The strength of medium and low cycle fatigue and the fatigue limit are obtained.The feasibility of the estimated S-N(fatigue stress versus life)curve is tested.The double logarithmic linear model(DLLM)and the reversed generalized Pareto model(RGPM)are used to fit the experimental data,and the comparison is made.The P-S-N(the relationship between fatigue stress and life at different survival rates)curve obtained by the RGPM is proposed.The results show that the estimated S-N curve is not suitable for low cycle fatigue life,fitting the experimental data with the RGPM is the best,and obtaining the P-S-N curve from the RGPM is feasible.