Importance:Several methods have been established in recent decades that allow use of spot urine to estimate dietary sodium intake.However,their accuracies have been controversial in children.Objective:To validate the ...Importance:Several methods have been established in recent decades that allow use of spot urine to estimate dietary sodium intake.However,their accuracies have been controversial in children.Objective:To validate the performance of three commonly used methods-the Kawasaki,Tanaka,and International Cooperative Study on Salt,Other Factors,and Blood Pressure(INTERSALT)methods.Additionally,this study explored the accuracies of the Tanaka and INTERSALT methods by using spot urine samples taken at four separate times.Method:Forty-one adolescents aged 14 to 16 years completed two non-consecutive 24-hour urine collections and their mean values were used as reference data.The second-morning urine was used for assessment with the Kawasaki method;a casual spot urine and spot urine samples taken at four separate times(morning,afternoon,evening,and overnight)were used for assessment with the Tanaka and INTERSALT methods.Results:The mean differences were 1801 mg,542 mg,47 mg,and-31 mg for the Kawasaki,Tanaka,INTERSALT 1(with potassium),and INTERSALT2(without potassium)methods with their required spot urine,respectively.The proportions of relative difference levels within±10%were 4.9%for the Kawasaki method,19.5%for the Tanaka method,36.6%for the INTERSALT 1 method,and 36.6%for the INTERSALT2 method.Interpretation:The INTERSALT method seemed to provide minimally biased estimations of mean population sodium intake with casual spot urine.However,there is a need to be cautious regarding inconsistencies in estimation among different levels of sodium intake.The methods assessed in this study were unable to accurately estimate sodium intake at the individual level.展开更多
AIM： To assess the association between endogenous cortisol level and the risk of central serous chorioretinopathy（CSC）.METHODS： Case-control studies were systematically searched on PubM ed, Embase, Cochrane, China...AIM： To assess the association between endogenous cortisol level and the risk of central serous chorioretinopathy（CSC）.METHODS： Case-control studies were systematically searched on PubM ed, Embase, Cochrane, China National Knowledge Infrastructure（CNKI） for publishes between January 1990 and July 2017 to assess the association between endogenous cortisol level and CSC. The main endpoints were serum cortisol level at 8 a.m. and 24-hour urine 17-hydroxysteroids level. We assessed pooled data using a random-effects model.RESULTS： Of 86 identified studies, 5 were eligible included in our analysis. The 5 studies included a total of 315 participants, of whom 187 had CSC. Statistically significant association was observed between serum cortisol level（summary SMD=0.77, 95%CI=0.55-0.99）, 24-hour urine 17-hydroxysteroids level（summary SMD=0.95, 95%CI=0.61-1.30）, and the risk of CSC.CONCLUSION： Endogenous cortisol level is associated with an increased risk of CSC. Combined treatment targeting the serum cortisol level at 8 a.m. and 24-hour urine 17-hydroxysteroids level can be a potential preventive strategy for individuals who are at risk of CSC and therapeutic strategy for patients with CSC.展开更多
A simple method to collect 24-hour urine (24U) by sampling 2.5% of the voided urine each time was developed for analyzing the biomarkers of the intakes of salt (NaCl), vegetables and grains (K, Mg), soys (isoflavones)...A simple method to collect 24-hour urine (24U) by sampling 2.5% of the voided urine each time was developed for analyzing the biomarkers of the intakes of salt (NaCl), vegetables and grains (K, Mg), soys (isoflavones), sea-foods (taurine), protein (urea nitrogen) etc. This method was applied to WHO-coordinated CARDIAC (Cardiovascular Diseases and Alimentary Comparison) study covering 61 populations in 25 countries, and revealed significant positive associations of Na or Na/K with blood pressure (BP) and stroke mortality and significant inverse associations of isoflavones or taurine with coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality, indicating the adverse effect of salt intake on BP and stroke and beneficial effect of soy or sea food intakes on CHD. Furthermore, higher urinary taurine and/or Mg excretions were associated with significantly lower risks of metabolic syndromes such as obesity, hypertension and hypercholestelomia. 24U collections were useful to prove nutritional improvement by intervention studies for observing soy intake effect on BP and atherogenic index in Japanese immigrants living in Brazil, and in Australian Aboriginals, for observing taurine effect on BP in Tibetans and for confirming soy and fish effects on the risks of metabolic syndromes in Japanese businessmen. 24U collection was utilized for population strategy to reduce salt and to increase soy intake in 5.6 million people of Hyogo Prefecture. A simple method for 24U collection has enabled us to utilize nutritional biomarkers for hypertension-related disease risk analyses, and to apply objective nutritional intake estimation to intervention studies as well as to population strategy for nutritional improvement, and therefore, the methodology will contribute to hypertension-related disease prevention and global health promotion.展开更多
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016 YFC1300101)。
文摘Importance:Several methods have been established in recent decades that allow use of spot urine to estimate dietary sodium intake.However,their accuracies have been controversial in children.Objective:To validate the performance of three commonly used methods-the Kawasaki,Tanaka,and International Cooperative Study on Salt,Other Factors,and Blood Pressure(INTERSALT)methods.Additionally,this study explored the accuracies of the Tanaka and INTERSALT methods by using spot urine samples taken at four separate times.Method:Forty-one adolescents aged 14 to 16 years completed two non-consecutive 24-hour urine collections and their mean values were used as reference data.The second-morning urine was used for assessment with the Kawasaki method;a casual spot urine and spot urine samples taken at four separate times(morning,afternoon,evening,and overnight)were used for assessment with the Tanaka and INTERSALT methods.Results:The mean differences were 1801 mg,542 mg,47 mg,and-31 mg for the Kawasaki,Tanaka,INTERSALT 1(with potassium),and INTERSALT2(without potassium)methods with their required spot urine,respectively.The proportions of relative difference levels within±10%were 4.9%for the Kawasaki method,19.5%for the Tanaka method,36.6%for the INTERSALT 1 method,and 36.6%for the INTERSALT2 method.Interpretation:The INTERSALT method seemed to provide minimally biased estimations of mean population sodium intake with casual spot urine.However,there is a need to be cautious regarding inconsistencies in estimation among different levels of sodium intake.The methods assessed in this study were unable to accurately estimate sodium intake at the individual level.
文摘AIM： To assess the association between endogenous cortisol level and the risk of central serous chorioretinopathy（CSC）.METHODS： Case-control studies were systematically searched on PubM ed, Embase, Cochrane, China National Knowledge Infrastructure（CNKI） for publishes between January 1990 and July 2017 to assess the association between endogenous cortisol level and CSC. The main endpoints were serum cortisol level at 8 a.m. and 24-hour urine 17-hydroxysteroids level. We assessed pooled data using a random-effects model.RESULTS： Of 86 identified studies, 5 were eligible included in our analysis. The 5 studies included a total of 315 participants, of whom 187 had CSC. Statistically significant association was observed between serum cortisol level（summary SMD=0.77, 95%CI=0.55-0.99）, 24-hour urine 17-hydroxysteroids level（summary SMD=0.95, 95%CI=0.61-1.30）, and the risk of CSC.CONCLUSION： Endogenous cortisol level is associated with an increased risk of CSC. Combined treatment targeting the serum cortisol level at 8 a.m. and 24-hour urine 17-hydroxysteroids level can be a potential preventive strategy for individuals who are at risk of CSC and therapeutic strategy for patients with CSC.
文摘A simple method to collect 24-hour urine (24U) by sampling 2.5% of the voided urine each time was developed for analyzing the biomarkers of the intakes of salt (NaCl), vegetables and grains (K, Mg), soys (isoflavones), sea-foods (taurine), protein (urea nitrogen) etc. This method was applied to WHO-coordinated CARDIAC (Cardiovascular Diseases and Alimentary Comparison) study covering 61 populations in 25 countries, and revealed significant positive associations of Na or Na/K with blood pressure (BP) and stroke mortality and significant inverse associations of isoflavones or taurine with coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality, indicating the adverse effect of salt intake on BP and stroke and beneficial effect of soy or sea food intakes on CHD. Furthermore, higher urinary taurine and/or Mg excretions were associated with significantly lower risks of metabolic syndromes such as obesity, hypertension and hypercholestelomia. 24U collections were useful to prove nutritional improvement by intervention studies for observing soy intake effect on BP and atherogenic index in Japanese immigrants living in Brazil, and in Australian Aboriginals, for observing taurine effect on BP in Tibetans and for confirming soy and fish effects on the risks of metabolic syndromes in Japanese businessmen. 24U collection was utilized for population strategy to reduce salt and to increase soy intake in 5.6 million people of Hyogo Prefecture. A simple method for 24U collection has enabled us to utilize nutritional biomarkers for hypertension-related disease risk analyses, and to apply objective nutritional intake estimation to intervention studies as well as to population strategy for nutritional improvement, and therefore, the methodology will contribute to hypertension-related disease prevention and global health promotion.
