Mechanistic Insights of Cells in Porous Scaffolds via Integrated Culture Technologies

This research aimed to combine 3 cell and tissue culture technologies to obtain mechanistic insights of cells in porous scaffolds. When cultivated on 2D （2-dimensional） surfaces, HDFs （human dermal fibroblasts） behaved individually and had no strict requirement on seeding density for proliferation; while HaCat cells relied heavily on initial densities for proliferation and colony formation, which was facilitated when co-cultured with HDFs. Experiments using a 3D CCIS （3-dimensional cell culture and imaging system） indicated that HDFs colonised openpores of varying sizes （125-420 ~tm） on modular substrates via bridge structures; while HaCat cells formed aperture structures and only colonised small pores （125 txm）. When co-cultured, HDFs not only facilitated HaCat attachment on the substrates, but also coordinated with HaCat cells to colonise open pores of varying sizes via bridge and aperture structures. Based on these observations, a 2-stage strategy for the culture of HDFs and HaCat cells on porous scaffolds was proposed and applied successfully on a cellulosic scaffold. This research demonstrated that cell colonisation in scaffolds was dependent on multiple factors; while the integrated 2D＆3D culture technologies and the 3D CCIS was an effective and efficient approach to obtain mechanistic insights of their influences on tissue regeneration.

Application and Progress of Cultured Models of Gallbladder Carcinoma

Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) is a malignant tumor of the bil-iary system that is aggressive, difficult to detect early, and has a low surgical resection rate and poor prognosis. Ap-propriate in vitro growth models are expected to focus on the study of the biological behavior and assess treatment effects. Nonetheless, cancer initiation, progression, and in-vasion include spatiotemporal changes and changes in the cell microenvironment intracellular communication, and in-tracellular molecules, making the development of in vitro growth models very challenging. Recent advances in bioma-terial methods and tissue engineering, particularly advances in bioprinting procedures, have paved the way for advances in the creative phase of in vitro cancer research. To date, an increasing number of cultured models of gallbladder disease have emerged, such as two-dimensional (2D) GBC growth cell cultures, three-dimensional (3D) GBC growth cell cul-tures, xenograft models, and 3D bioprinting methods. These models can serve as stronger platforms, focusing on tumor growth initiation, the association with the microenvironment, angiogenesis, motility, aggression, and infiltration. Bioprint-ed growth models can also be used for high-throughput drug screening and validation, as well as translational opportuni-ties for individual cancer therapy. This study focused on the exploration, progress, and significance of the development of GBC cultural models. We present our views on the short-comings of existing models, investigate new innovations, and plan future improvements and application possibilities for cancer models.