Multi-scale Modeling and Finite Element Analyses of Thermal Conductivity of 3D C/SiC Composites Fabricating by Flexible-Oriented Woven Process

Thermal conductivity is one of the most significant criterion of three-dimensional carbon fiber-reinforced SiC matrix composites(3D C/SiC).Represent volume element(RVE)models of microscale,void/matrix and mesoscale proposed in this work are used to simulate the thermal conductivity behaviors of the 3D C/SiC composites.An entirely new process is introduced to weave the preform with three-dimensional orthogonal architecture.The 3D steady-state analysis step is created for assessing the thermal conductivity behaviors of the composites by applying periodic temperature boundary conditions.Three RVE models of cuboid,hexagonal and fiber random distribution are respectively developed to comparatively study the influence of fiber package pattern on the thermal conductivities at the microscale.Besides,the effect of void morphology on the thermal conductivity of the matrix is analyzed by the void/matrix models.The prediction results at the mesoscale correspond closely to the experimental values.The effect of the porosities and fiber volume fractions on the thermal conductivities is also taken into consideration.The multi-scale models mentioned in this paper can be used to predict the thermal conductivity behaviors of other composites with complex structures.

Ablation Processes for HfC-Coated 2.5D Needle-Punched Composites Used for Aerospace Engines Under Hypersonic Flight Conditions

The working environment of aerospace engines is extremely harsh with temperature exceeding 1700℃and accompanied by thermal coupling effects.In this condition,the materials employed in hypersonic aircraft undergo ablation issues,which can cause catastrophic accidents.Due to the excellent high-temperature stability and ablation resistance,HfC exhibits outstanding thermal expansion coefficient matching that of C/SiC composites.2.5D needle-punched C/SiC composites coated with HfC are prepared using a plasma spraying process,and a high-enthalpy arc-heated wind tunnel is employed to simulate the re-entry environment of aircraft at 8 Mach and an altitude of 32 km.The plasma-sprayed HfC-coated 2.5D needle-punched C/SiC composites are subjected to long-term dynamic testing,and their properties are investigated.Specifically,after the thermal assessment ablation experiment,the composite retains its overall structure and profile;the total mass ablation rate is 0.07445 g/s,the average linear ablation rate in the thickness direction is-0.0675μm/s,and the average linear ablation rate in the length direction is 13.907μm/s.Results verify that plasma-sprayed HfC coating exhibits excellent anti-oxidation and ablation resistance properties.Besides,the microstructure and ablation mechanism of the C/SiC composites are studied.It is believed that this work will offer guideline for the development of thermal protection materials and the assessment of structural thermal performance.

C/SiC/MoSi_2-SiC-Si multilayer coating for oxidation protection of carbon/carbon composites

C/SiC/MoSi2-SiC-Si oxidation protective multilayer coating for carbon/carbon （C/C） composites was prepared by pack cementation and slurry method. The microstructure, element distribution and phase composition of the as-received coating were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy （EDS） and X-ray diffraction （XRD）. The results show that the multilayer coating was composed of MoSi2, SiC and Si. It could effectively protect C/C composites against oxidation for 200 h with the mass loss of 3.25% at 1873 K in static air. The mass loss of the coated C/C composites results from the volatilization of SiO2 and the formation of cracks and bubble holes in the coating.

Oxidation behavior of C/C composites with SiC/ZrSiO_4-SiO_2 coating

A SiC/ZrSiO4？SiO2 （SZS） coating was successfully fabricated on the carbon/carbon （C/C） composites by pack cementation, slurry painting and sintering to improve the anti-oxidation property and thermal shock resistance. The anti-oxidation properties under different oxygen partial pressures （OPP） and thermal shock resistance of the SZS coating were investigated. The results show that the SZS coated sample under low OPP, corresponding to the ambient air, during isothermal oxidation was 0.54% in mass gain after 111 h oxidation at 1500 ° C and less than 0.03% in mass loss after 50 h oxidation in high OPP, corresponding to the air flow rate of 36 L/h. Additionally, the residual compressive strengths （RCS） of the SZS coated samples after oxidation for 50 h in high OPP and 80 h in low OPP remain about 70% and 72.5% of those of original C/C samples, respectively. Moreover, the mass loss of SZS coated samples subjected to the thermal cycle from 1500 ° C in high OPP to boiling water for 30 times was merely 1.61%.

DAMAGE MECHANISM ANALYSIS OF 2D 1×1 BRAIDED COMPOSITES UNDER UNIDIRECTIONAL TENSION

Coupling with the periodical displacement boundary condition,a representative volume element(RVE) model is established to simulate the progressive damage behavior of 2D1×1 braided composites under unidirectional tension by using the nonlinear finite element method.Tsai-Wu failure criterion with various damage modes and Mises criterion are considered for predicting damage initiation and progression of yarns and matrix.The anisotropic damage model for yarns and the isotropic damage model for matrix are used to simulate the microscopic damage propagation of 2D1×1braided composites.Murakami′s damage tensor is adopted to characterize each damage mode.In the simulation process,the damage mechanisms are revealed and the tensile strength of 2D1×1braided composites is predicted from the calculated average stress-average strain curve.Numerical results show good agreement with experimental data,thus the proposed simulation method is verified for damage mechanism analysis of 2D braided composites.

Elastic Modulus Prediction of Three-dimension-4 Directional Braided C_f/SiC Composite Based on Double-scale Model

Double-scale model for three-dimension-4 directional（3D-4d） braided C/SiC composites has been proposed to investigate its elastic properties. The double-scale model involves micro-scale that takes fiber/ matrix/porosity in fibers tows into consideration with unit cell which considers the 3D-4d braiding structure. Micro-optical photographs of composites have been taken to study the braided structure. Then a parameterized finite element model that reflects the structure of 3D-4d braided composites is proposed. Double-scale elastic modulus prediction model is developed to predict the elastic properties of 3D-4d braided C/SiC composites. Stiffness and eompliance-averaging method and energy method are adopted to predict the elastic properties of composites. Static-tension experiments have been conducted to investigate the elastic modulus of 3D-4d braided C/SiC composites. Finally, the effect of micro-porosity in fibers tows on the elastic modulus of 3D-4d braided C/SiC composites has been studied. According to the conclusion of this thesis, elastic modulus predicted by energy method and stiffness-averaging method both find good agreement with the experimental values, when taking the micro-porosity in fibers tows into consideration. Differences between the theoretical and experimental values become smaller.

Study on the Critic Ablation Property of 2D Carbon Reinforced Silicon Carbide (C/SiC) Laminated Composites via CVI Process

Two dimensions (2D) C/SiC laminated composites is the material with isotropic properties in laminated sheets, which is considered as a promising thermal skin for aircrafts. There are intense thermal flux and thermal impact at the local interference region during the flight of the aircrafts. Therefore, mastering ablation and mechanical properties of 2D C/SiC laminated composite under extreme environments become the guild lines for the designs of the flight corridor and the aircraft security. This paper presents the experimental results of the ablation and thermal impact of C/SiC composites under different thermal environments (thermal flux ~5 MW/m2), which were carried out with the equipments of free-jets and conduct pipes. The effects on the ablation and mechanical properties of the C/SiC composites are studied, including gas pressure, thermal temperature, and the rates of temperature increasing and decreasing. The results show that the active oxidation and ablation behaviors of 2D C/SiC laminated composites under the thermal flux 5 MW/m2 consist with that of theoretical simulations. The critical failure conditions of 2D C/SiC laminated composite is also provided for the enveloping designs of the whole composites lightweight aircrafts.

Tensile Properties of 3-Dimension-4-directional Braided C_f/Si C Composite based on Double-scale Model

The longitude tensile properties of 3-Dimension-4-directional（3D-4d） braided C/Si C composites（CMCs） were investigated with the help of a double scale model. This model involves micro-scale and unit-cell scale. In micro-scale, the tensile properties of fiber tows which involves matrix cracking, interfacial debonding, and fiber failure are studied. The unit-cell scale model can reflect the braided structure and simulate the tensile properties of 3D-4d CMCs by introducing the tensile properties of fiber tows into it. Quasi-static tensile tests of 3D-4d braided CMCs were performed on a PWS-100 test system. The predicted tensile stressstrain curve by the double scale model is in good agreement with that of the experimental results.

Analytical Model of Elastic Modulus and Coefficient of Thermal Expansion for 2.5D C/SiC Composite

To make better use of 2.5D C/SiC composites in industry, it is necessary to understand the mechanical properties. A finite element model＇of 2.5D composites is established, by considering the fiber undulation and the porosity in 2.5D C/SiC composites. The fiber direction of warp is defined by cosine function to simulate the undulation of warp, and based on uniform strain assumption, analytical model of the elastic modulus and coefficient of thermal expansion （CTE） for 2.5D C/SiC composites were established by using dual- scale model. The result is found to correlate reasonably well with the predicted results and experimental results. The parametric study also demonstrates the effects of the fiber volume fraction, distance of warp yarn, and porosity in micro-scale on the mechanical properties and the coefficients of thermal expansion.

2D C/SiC复合材料在1300℃水氧环境下的疲劳行为研究

采用应力比为0．1，频率为3Hz的正弦波分别在室温和1300℃水氧环境对2DC／SiC复合材料进行了拉一拉疲劳试验．结果表明，若取循环基数为10^5，室温和高温水氧环境下的疲劳极限分别为244．8MPa和93．3MPa，高温下的水氧腐蚀是材料失效的主要原因．根据疲劳断口特征分析得出以下结论：在高温水氧环境下，足够大的外载荷将会显著削弱SiO2层的封填裂纹效果，导致氧化性气氛通过外力拉开的微裂纹扩散进入材料内部．外载荷越大，气体在材料内部的扩散越快，复合材料的疲劳寿命越短。

ZrC-SiC-MoSi_(2)涂覆C/C-SiC-ZrC陶瓷基复合材料在氧乙炔焰下的烧蚀行为及机理

为进一步提高C/C复合材料在不同烧蚀环境下的烧蚀性能,采用浆料刷涂法在C/C-SiC-ZrC陶瓷基复合材料上制备Zr含量分别为34%和60%(质量分数)的ZrC-SiC-MoSi_(2)涂层,并且利用氧乙炔焰研究涂层C/C-SiC-ZrC复合材料在3种不同氧气及乙炔流量下的烧蚀行为。结果表明:随着Zr含量的增加,涂层内部的ZrC和SiC颗粒尺寸明显减小,且颗粒分布更加均匀。Zr含量为60%的涂层线烧蚀率随氧气和乙炔流量的增加而增加,而Zr含量为34%的涂层线烧蚀率随氧气和乙炔流量的增加,先增加后降低。此外,详细讨论ZrC-SiC-MoSi_(2)涂层在不同条件下的烧蚀机理。随着氧气和乙炔流量的增加,主要的烧蚀机制由氧化变为氧化和蒸发的结合作用,最后变为氧化、蒸发及剥蚀的结合作用。

2D C/SiC复合材料低速冲击损伤研究

通过2D C/SiC复合材料的低速冲击试验和冲击后压缩试验,以及超声C扫描和红外热波两种无损检测方法,研究了冲击能量与冲击损伤的关系及其对压缩性能的影响.结果表明:C/SiC具有较好的损伤容限能力,冲击能量低于1.5J时几乎无目视损伤,高于9J时有被击穿的趋势.冲击后的名义压缩强度和压缩模量随着冲击能量的增加呈下降趋势,最多分别下降了44.7%和16.9%.

硼在先驱体转化制备2DC_f／SiC材料中的应用

研究了含硼(B)的聚碳硅烷(PCS)／二乙烯基苯(DVB)先驱体的裂解,并以B为活性填料,SiC微粉为惰性填料,PCS／DVB为先驱体制备了2D Cf／SiC-B材料。考察了B粉含量对材料力学性能和抗氧化性能的影响。结果表明,B的引入可以有效提高先驱体的陶瓷产率,缩短制备周期,当浆料中B含量为15(?)％时,6次浸渍-交联-裂解周期后,材料的弯曲强度达到301．3MPa,与不添加活性填料制备的材料9个周期后的性能基本相当。当浆料中B含量为5(?)％时,材料的力学性能和抗氧化性能均较好,9个周期后,材料的弯曲强度和断裂韧性分别达到351．3 MPa,13．7 MPa·m1/2,较不添加活性填料制备的材料力学性能有所提高,在1300℃马弗炉中氧化10 min后,弯曲强度和断裂韧性保留率分别达到了79．4％和80.3％,较未添加活性填料的Cf／SiC材料有明显提高。

CVI结合浆料浸渍法制备2D C/SiC复合材料的微观结构和力学性能(英文)

采用CVI结合浆料浸渍工艺制备2D C/SiC复合材料。研究了SiC微粉对复合材料微结构和力学性能的影响。结果表明,当碳纤维预制沉积SiC80h后,微粉主要渗入到纤维束间。复合材料的力学强度随着渗微粉前CVI时间的增加及渗入浆料浓度的降低而增加。微粉的渗入大大降低了材料的层间剪切强度,而对材料的拉伸强度影响较小。

2D C/SiC复合材料蠕变寿命分布规律研究

运用统计学方法,对2D C/SiC复合材料高温拉伸蠕变寿命的分布规律进行研究。通过线性回归分析得到适合表征材料高温拉伸蠕变寿命的正态、对数正态和两参数Weibull三种分布模型的拟合参数;结合失效概率和拟合优度检验,利用信息理论,对三种分布模型进行综合评价,认为三种分布中两参数Weibull分布最适合描述2D C/SiC高温拉伸蠕变寿命的分布规律。

2D-C/SiC复合材料开孔试件拉伸特性和失效分析

通过对2D-C/SiC复合材料4mm和6mm开孔试件进行拉伸试验,研究了开孔试件的拉伸特性和失效模式,与标准试件拉伸试验结果比较获得了开孔尺寸对试件强度的影响。相比于标准拉伸试件,4mm和6mm开孔试件的拉伸强度分别减小了1.0%和6.6%。通过在开孔试件不同位置粘贴应变片,获得了试件在拉伸过程中最小净截面上的应变变化规律,直观地体现了试件拉伸过程中的应变集中现象,并通过有限元对开孔试件的应变分布进行模拟,模拟结果与试验值吻合较好;通过在试件表面粘贴声发射探头,获得了拉伸过程中试件材料的损伤参量变化规律,反映了试件的宏观损伤演化规律,并结合试件断口照片分析了开孔试件的失效行为。

PIP工艺制备2D C/SiC复合材料Z-向穿刺工艺

针对2DC/SiC复合材料存在碳布层间缺乏纤维增强,层间结合较差的问题,提出通过Z-向穿刺工艺提高碳布层间结合,克服材料使用时可靠性不高的问题,并比较了穿刺工艺对复合材料微观结构和力学性能的影响。结果表明,通过Z-向穿刺工艺制得试样2DC/SiC-Zpin的弯曲强度、弯曲模量和剪切强度分别为247.8MPa、37.8GPa和32.1MPa,而未穿刺试样2DC/SiC的弯曲强度、弯曲模量和剪切强度分别只有219.3MPa、34.4GPa和23.3MPa,由此可见,采用Z-向穿刺工艺能明显提高复合材料的力学性能。微观结构分析认为,试样力学性能提高的根本原因在于采用Z-向穿刺纤维加强了碳布层间结合,使材料具有较好的整体性,克服了复合材料层间结合较弱对力学性能带来的不利影响。

2DC/SiC复合材料阻尼性能研究

测试了CVI工艺制备的2D C/S iC复合材料的阻尼性能,讨论了其阻尼机制,分析了涂层、测试频率和热处理等因素对其阻尼峰的影响。结果表明,2D C/S iC复合材料的阻尼峰值可达1.86×10-2,其阻尼机制主要为微裂纹扩展、增强纤维阻尼及界面阻尼;S iC涂层可大幅度降低2D C/S iC复合材料的阻尼性能,消除阻尼特性曲线上的阻尼峰;2D C/S iC复合材料阻尼峰随加载频率的升高而降低;高温热处理使2D C/S iC复合材料阻尼峰降低。

C/C-SiC-ZrB_(2)-ZrC复合材料在等离子体高频脉冲达2000次过程中的烧蚀特性

研究等离子体单次毫秒级加载条件下C/C-SiC-ZrB_(2)-ZrC复合材料在不同次数高频脉冲过程中的烧蚀行为与机理。烧蚀试验在自研台架上进行,测试过程中等离体子体-空气射流交替冲击试样表面。结果表明,随冲击次数增加,前1000次内烧蚀率迅速下降,随后在达2000次过程中烧蚀率缓慢降低。微结构、物相及烧蚀表面温度特征说明烧蚀试样表面形成一层不完整的混合陶瓷烧蚀产物层,且裸露的碳含量在1000次冲击烧蚀以后趋于稳定。烧蚀产物层削弱了热应力诱发的机械剥蚀并保护其亚层的碳不被侵蚀,进而导致烧蚀率的演变。

SiO_(2)与ZrO_(2)组元对铜基摩擦材料与C/C-SiC复合材料配副摩擦磨损性能的影响

在粉末冶金铜基摩擦材料中分别添加SiO_(2)和ZrO_(2),研究SiO_(2)和ZrO_(2)对粉末冶金铜基摩擦材料与C/C-SiC复合材料配副时摩擦磨损性能的影响,并分析两者影响机制的内在关联。结果表明,含SiO_(2)或ZrO_(2)的铜基摩擦材料与C/C-SiC复合材料配副时,能在高制动速度下保持较高的平均摩擦因数,分别为0.3758和0.3424,摩擦材料的磨损量较低,为1.44μm/次和0.95μm/次,配副材料几乎无磨损。SiO_(2)在制动过程中易脱落,形成磨粒,对摩擦材料与配副材料表面造成磨粒磨损,而ZrO_(2)在基体中保持完整,以硬质微凸体的形式对C/C-SiC复合材料摩擦表面产生犁削作用。SiO_(2)在高制动速度下破碎脱落后易嵌入C/C-SiC复合材料表面摩擦膜,有利于以Cu及Cu的化合物为主的磨屑在其周围积累,促进摩擦转移膜在C/C-SiC复合材料摩擦表面的形成,从而改善材料的摩擦磨损性能。