Objective：Hyperglycemia stimulates secretion of transforming growth factor-βl （TGF-βl） in cultured glomerular mesangial cells, thereby increases production of extracellular matrix （ECM）. We examined the effect ...Objective：Hyperglycemia stimulates secretion of transforming growth factor-βl （TGF-βl） in cultured glomerular mesangial cells, thereby increases production of extracellular matrix （ECM）. We examined the effect of antisense mRNA for Smad2 on high glucose-induced ECM production in rat mesangial cells. Methods..A mammalian expression vector, pES2a, which expresses antisense Smad2 mRNA and green fluorescent protein （EGFP）, was transfected into mesangial cells. Following incubation in high glucose medium, EGFP expression and Smad2 mRNA level were determined by fluorescence microscopy and PCR, respectively. Secreted fibronectin and type IV collagen were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results ：Within 48 h of incubation in high glucose medium, Smad2 mRNA level significantly increased by 1.6 fold in association with increases in prodtaction of both fibronectin （from [45.86±2.73] to [84.19±6.81] ng/ml） and type IV collagen （from [16. 28±0. 90] to [55.27±4.75] ng/ml） in nontransfected cells （P〈0.05）. In pES2a-transfected cells, the high glucose-induced increase in Smad2 mRNA was abrogated completely, in parallel with significant suppression of the high glucose-indtmed increase in fibronectinproduction （[54.44±4.99] ng/ml） and type Ⅳ collagen （[20.96±2.47] ng/ml）. An empty vector was without effects. Coneluslon：These findings demonstrate that Smad2 plays a critical role in mediating high glucose-stimulated ECM production in mesangial cells, indicating that inhibition of Smad2 activity by antisense Smad2 mRNA may be an effective means to attenuate glomerular matrix accumulation in diabetic nephropathy.展开更多
In general, there are three popular basis representations, standard （canonical, polynomial） basis, normal basis, and dual basis, for representing elements in GF（2^m）. Various basis representations have their disti...In general, there are three popular basis representations, standard （canonical, polynomial） basis, normal basis, and dual basis, for representing elements in GF（2^m）. Various basis representations have their distinct advantages and have their different associated multiplication architectures. In this paper, we will present a unified systolic multiplication architecture, by employing Hankel matrix-vector multiplication, for various basis representations. For various element representation in GF（2^m）, we will show that various basis multiplications can be performed by Hankel matrix-vector multiplications. A comparison with existing and similar structures has shown that time complexities. the proposed architectures perform well both in space and展开更多
We obtain the structure of the rings in which every element is either a sum or a difference of a nilpotent and an idempotent that commute. This extends the structure theorems of a commutative weakly nil-clean ring, of...We obtain the structure of the rings in which every element is either a sum or a difference of a nilpotent and an idempotent that commute. This extends the structure theorems of a commutative weakly nil-clean ring, of an abelian weakly nil-clean ring, and of a strongly nil-clean ring. As applications, this result is used to determine the 2-primal rings R such that the matrix ring Mn（R） is weakly nil-clean, and to show that the endomorphism ring EndD（V） over a vector space VD is weakly nil-clean if and only if it is nil-clean or dim（V） = 1 with D Z3.展开更多
文摘Objective：Hyperglycemia stimulates secretion of transforming growth factor-βl （TGF-βl） in cultured glomerular mesangial cells, thereby increases production of extracellular matrix （ECM）. We examined the effect of antisense mRNA for Smad2 on high glucose-induced ECM production in rat mesangial cells. Methods..A mammalian expression vector, pES2a, which expresses antisense Smad2 mRNA and green fluorescent protein （EGFP）, was transfected into mesangial cells. Following incubation in high glucose medium, EGFP expression and Smad2 mRNA level were determined by fluorescence microscopy and PCR, respectively. Secreted fibronectin and type IV collagen were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results ：Within 48 h of incubation in high glucose medium, Smad2 mRNA level significantly increased by 1.6 fold in association with increases in prodtaction of both fibronectin （from [45.86±2.73] to [84.19±6.81] ng/ml） and type IV collagen （from [16. 28±0. 90] to [55.27±4.75] ng/ml） in nontransfected cells （P〈0.05）. In pES2a-transfected cells, the high glucose-induced increase in Smad2 mRNA was abrogated completely, in parallel with significant suppression of the high glucose-indtmed increase in fibronectinproduction （[54.44±4.99] ng/ml） and type Ⅳ collagen （[20.96±2.47] ng/ml）. An empty vector was without effects. Coneluslon：These findings demonstrate that Smad2 plays a critical role in mediating high glucose-stimulated ECM production in mesangial cells, indicating that inhibition of Smad2 activity by antisense Smad2 mRNA may be an effective means to attenuate glomerular matrix accumulation in diabetic nephropathy.
文摘In general, there are three popular basis representations, standard （canonical, polynomial） basis, normal basis, and dual basis, for representing elements in GF（2^m）. Various basis representations have their distinct advantages and have their different associated multiplication architectures. In this paper, we will present a unified systolic multiplication architecture, by employing Hankel matrix-vector multiplication, for various basis representations. For various element representation in GF（2^m）, we will show that various basis multiplications can be performed by Hankel matrix-vector multiplications. A comparison with existing and similar structures has shown that time complexities. the proposed architectures perform well both in space and
文摘We obtain the structure of the rings in which every element is either a sum or a difference of a nilpotent and an idempotent that commute. This extends the structure theorems of a commutative weakly nil-clean ring, of an abelian weakly nil-clean ring, and of a strongly nil-clean ring. As applications, this result is used to determine the 2-primal rings R such that the matrix ring Mn（R） is weakly nil-clean, and to show that the endomorphism ring EndD（V） over a vector space VD is weakly nil-clean if and only if it is nil-clean or dim（V） = 1 with D Z3.
