Hemorrhagic gastric and duodenal ulcers after the Great East Japan Earthquake Disaster

AIM:To elucidate the characteristics of hemorrhagic gastric/duodenal ulcers in a post-earthquake period within one medical district.METHODS:Hemorrhagic gastric/duodenal ulcers in the Iwate Prefectural Kamaishi Hospital during the 6-mo period after the Great East Japan Earthquake Disaster were reviewed retrospectively.The subjects were 27patients who visited our hospital with a chief complaint of hematemesis or hemorrhagic stool and were diagnosed as having hemorrhagic gastric/duodenal ulcers by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy during a 6-mo period starting on March 11,2011.This period was divided into two phases:the acute stress phase,comprising the first month after the earthquake disaster,and the chronic stress phase,from the second through the sixth month.The following items were analyzed according to these phases:age,sex,sites and number of ulcers,peptic ulcer history,status of Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)infection,intake of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,and degree of impact of the earthquake disaster.RESULTS:In the acute stress phase from 10 d to 1mo after the disaster,the number of patients increased rapidly,with a nearly equal male-to-female ratio,and the rate of multiple ulcers was significantly higher than in the previous year(88.9%vs 25%,P<0.005).In the chronic stress phase starting 1 mo after the earthquake disaster,the number of patients decreased to a level similar to that of the previous year.There were more male patients during this period,and many patients tended to have a solitary ulcer.All patients with duodenal ulcers found in the acute stress phase were negative for serum H.pylori antibodies,and this was significantly different from the previous year’s positive rate of 75%(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Severe stress caused by an earthquake disaster may have affected the characteristics of hemorrhagic gastric/duodenal ulcers.

GIS as an Information Infrastructure for Recovery and Reconstruction after the Great East Japan Earthquake

This study considers the regional characteristics of the Tohoku region and the extent of the damage caused by the Great East Japan Earthquake and makes proposals for recovery and reconstruction of the areas affected by this disaster as well as for a reduction of the impact of natural disasters that may occur in the future with GIS （geographic information systems） as a social infrastructure positioned at the heart of the information infrastructure. Due to the fact that social media that used ICT （information and communication technology） was useful in the days directly after the disaster, it can be said that it is necessary to investigate the provision of an information infrastructure that uses ICT to reduce the impact of disasters. Therefore, this study proposes the construction of a geographical information database using GIS and the provision and sharing of information using social media GIS after discussion of the relationship between the development of the computerization of Japan and GIS as a valid example of using information systems for recovery and reconstruction after the Great East Japan Earthquake.

Analysis of Ship Refuge Action in Tsunami Using AIS Data： Case of the 2011 East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami

A massive earthquake occurred in the Tohoku and Kanto regions of Japan on the 1 lth of March 2011. In response, a tsunami alert, a tsunami warning and an advisory were issued for the entire Pacific coast region. This research investigates the evacuation behavior of ships by AIS （automatic identification system） data in Onahama port after the tsunami warning was issued. The unusual behavior observed was attributed to the emergency evacuation of ships. This research investigates the evacuation behaviors of the vessels using the data obtained from AIS, around the Onahama Port during alerting the major tsunami warning. The result shows that most vessels in the port started evacuating approximately 10 min after the major tsunami warning and completed offshore evacuation 40 min after this warning. This contributed in understanding the actual status of the vessel evacuation. In addition, the travel paths of each vessel revealed the influence of the tsunami on the vessels. Furthermore, the exceptional situation where several vessels moved in the same direction at the speed almost same for about 2 hours was confirmed. As a result, it can be estimated that the waves that affected both vessels were the drawback of the tsunamis.

Evaluation of the Long-Term Changes in Fatigue of Cancer Survivors Who Received Outpatient Chemotherapy in the Area Affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake

Objective: The aim of the study is to evaluate the long-term changes in fatigue of cancer patients receiving outpatient chemotherapy after a disaster such as the Great Earthquake. Methods: From 2012 to 2014, we measured subjective fatigue, autonomic function, and physical activity with reference to the criteria for chronic fatigue syndrome. Results: The participants were 13, 9 males (69.2%) and 4 females (30.8%). The most common cancer among the participants was lung cancer 4 patients (30.8%). In 2012, eight patients (61.6%) received anti-cancer drugs and three (23.0%) received the drug by intravenous drip and oral administration. Physical fatigue (p = 0.004), mental fatigue (p = 0.002), comprehensive fatigue (p = 0.012), and comprehensive evaluations (p = 0.032) were significantly different. Significant differences in the autonomic nervous function were observed during the three years from 2012 to 2014 (log LF [p = 0.017], log HF [p = 0.023] and log LF/HF [p = 0.039]). Similar to Subjective fatigue, Significant differences in physical activity were observed during the three years from 2012 to 2014 (DA [p = 0.042], TST [p = 0.037], SE [p = 0.018], AW [p = 0.023] and Naps [p = 0.014]). Conclusions: The participants fatigue worsened at one time, but showed improvement over time. In the event of an emergency such as a disaster, it is necessary to evaluate the physical and mental condition based on objective indicators of cancer patients receiving anti-cancer drug treatment and provide nursing support.

Seismic Design of Offshore Wind Turbine Withstands Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami

Japan＇s first open sea offshore wind farm, Kamisu offshore windfarm Phase l, was stricken by an earthquake of intensity 6 on the Japanese seismic scale and a five-meter-high tsunami during the Great East Japan Earthquake on March 11,2011. The wind farm resumed operation on March 14 after checks revealed no damage to the system, even though the wind farm was temporarily forced to stop due to the grid failure caused by the earthquake. Wind turbines require a precise seismic design especially in an earthquake-prone country such as Japan. Wind power Kamisu Phase 2 was built one year after the earthquake based on the experience of Kamisu Phase 1. This paper presents the seismic design of offshore wind turbines and the situation during the earthquake and tsunami.

New energy policy and low-carbon society in Japan after the Great East Japan Earthquake

The Great East Japan Earthquake in March 2011 devastated the eastern region of Japan.Due to the resulting nuclear accident,Japanese Cabinet decided to revise its energy policies.The Energy and Environment Council in National Policy Unit published options on the nation's scenarios for energy and economy in 2030.We estimated the economic impacts of the options to national economy and households in 2030.Finally,we clarified significant factors to establish a secure,affluent and low-carbon society based on the energy scenarios.

Consumer Reaction to the Great East Japan Earthquake

Following the Great East Japan Earthquake in March 2011, the demand for bottled water increased sharply. In this paper, the authors analyze who purchased more bottled water after the earthquake using Quick Purchase Report data. The results are as follows： first, consumers who before the earthquake tended to purchase less bottled water tended to increase the volume purchased after the earthquake; second, the motives for purchasing bottled water after the earthquake differed between consumers in the Tokyo and Osaka metropolitan districts.

Characteristics of Tsunami Damage to the Tide Walls in Iwate Prefecture from the Great East Japan Earthquake

This research paper describes the tsunami damage to tide walls observed using aerial photographs and field investigations at 13 locations along the coast of Iwate Prefecture, where significant tsunami damage occurred as a result of the Great East Japan Earthquake. This paper also summarizes the characteristics of the damage. The tide walls in Iwate Prefecture were constructed on a ria （hilly type） coast, this geographical feature of lwate being different from that of the other disaster areas, primarily Miyagi and Fukushima Prefectures. The results of our investigations show that all the devastated tide walls suffered from overflow before being damaged. In particular, the sloping and vertical type tide walls with slope protection were damaged by scouring of the infill sand or back fill soil due to the overflow of the tsunami. In the case of vertical type tide walls without slope protection, damage was caused by scouring of the back fill soil.

Damage Analysis of the Great East Japan Earthquake

This paper tries to comprehensively summarize the reasons of damages at the Great East Japan Earthquake on March 11, 2011 and what are the lessons in terms of earthquake and tsunami safety of building and cities. The paper examines the damage of tsunami affected areas and analyses the damage to extract lessons in order to safely reconstruct the affected areas from the view point of building regulations such as ＂Disaster Risk Area＂ provided by the Article 39 of the Building Standard Law and the Urbanization Control Area and UPA （Urbanization Promotion Area） provided by the Article 8 of the Ordinance of the City Planning Law of Japan.

日本3·11大地震对郯庐断裂带(中南段)位移场影响的数值模拟研究

通过建立的2个有限元模型,从位移场的角度探究了日本3·11大地震对郯庐断裂带(中南段)区域的影响。结果表明,日本3·11大地震所引起的同震水平位移在郯庐断裂带附近达到了mm至cm级。在郯庐断裂带的东侧,位移值最大处的中国东北地区达到了30mm,在华北地区,位移值最大处的烟台、威海等地也达到了12mm;在郯庐断裂带的西侧,位移值最大的东北地区有20mm,而在华北地区,位移值最大只有8mm。可见郯庐断裂带的东西两侧位移值差别非常明显。总体而言,日本3·11大地震对中国影响比较大的地方主要在郯庐断裂带的北段,即中国东北地区。考虑到实际地壳介质对应变传递的延迟效应,日本3·11大地震对中国郯庐断裂带的实际影响会有1个滞后,因此,2011年以来辽宁、吉林的多次地震与日本3·11大地震可能存在一定的相关性,可见日本大地震对山东、江苏段的影响仍然不可忽视。

3·11大地震中减隔震装置的破坏及性能探讨

减隔震结构在日本的应用已较为成熟,2011年东日本大地震后,通过震后调查发现减隔震建筑整体表现卓越,有效地保护了生命及财产安全,达到了预期的设计目标。但也发现减隔震建筑有亟待改进之处,如需要进行多目标设计和极限状态设计,以便在各种工况下均能发挥作用,同时也应该在减少残余变形和减少竖向地震动响应等方面予以考虑。对东日本大地震中减隔震建筑的性能表现进行探讨,得到的一些经验和借鉴,有利于未来减隔震结构的发展。

3·11大地震中大空间结构破坏主因及加固对策

通过对日本3·11大地震的震后现场调查,发现既有大跨空间结构梁柱连接节点的设计假定与真实情况不符。本次地震造成了这类建筑钢屋架与混凝土柱的连接部位普遍存在不同程度的损坏,在同类建筑中,作为灾民临时避难安置场所的500余座体育馆建筑,存在极大的安全隐患。为了探究这类损伤的原因,建立了某一体育馆的结构整体模型和连接部位的精细化弹塑性模型,并有针对性地提出了在连接处安装橡胶垫的加固方法,通过数值模拟计算和现场实测证明这是一种有效易行的节点连接加固方法。

首例油阻尼器破坏对结构设计的经验教训——日本3·11地震的启示

日本3·11震后调查发现一栋消能减震钢结构上的油阻尼器发生了严重的损伤和破坏,表明消能构件在极端荷载作用下是可能受损、甚至完全失效的。明确提出了在设计概念上,消能构件是提高结构抗震能力的附属设备,是可消耗的、可替换的,应重视消能减震结构的抗震概念设计。总结了消能减震结构基于性能的设计方法还有许多问题需进一步解决和完善。

Disaster Recovery and Reconstruction Following the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami: A Business Process Management Perspective

The Tohoku Regional Bureau(TRB) of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism(MLIT) performed various actions in response to the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami. The total disaster recovery and reconstruction period is expected to last for 10 years, of which the first five years are regarded as the concentrated reconstruction period. As of 2013, a majority of the mega projects that involved restoration actions have been completed, which indicates a more effective rate of completion compared with the MLIT projects performed in normal non-disaster situations. This short article explains the management process of the recovery and reconstruction utilized by the TRB—an interorganizational process—from a business process management(BPM) perspective and creates a simple organization construction diagram of the entire process. The study focused on the transactions and actor roles to identify their strengths. The findings indicate the utilization of different operational procedures in some parts of the process, the importance of liaison role, as well as some obstacles. The lessons learned from this analysis can assist managers and researchers in designing and managing restoration processes for future disasters.

“3·11”东日本大震灾应急语言服务

本研究以“3·11”东日本大震灾为个案分析日本针对突发灾害的多语言服务情况。在阐述日本应急语言服务相关法规、制度及运行机制的基础上,详细介绍了“3·11”东日本大震灾应急多语言服务具体措施,包括服务方式:窗口咨询,电话咨询,电视、收音机广播,网络/网络“收音机”广播服务等;服务语言:10多个外语语种、“简明日语”和方言服务;服务内容:提供便于携带的《日常生活多语种指南》和《防灾多语种指南》手册,提供重灾区避难所、地震/余震、撤离联系电话/集合地点、防核辐射知识、水电、银行、道路交通、饮用水和蔬菜污染等相关应急、日常信息等。震灾突发时日本实施多语言服务的成果,大多得益于平时充分的准备工作和以往丰富实践经验与教训的总结。日本通过成立多语言服务团队挖掘市民力量,实施人才培训,储备用于应急的社会资源,实现了纵向(政府)与横向(民间团体)有机联合的机制,但同时也存在一些不足之处,如对应急语言服务宣传不足、未建立常驻外国人之间完善有效的“社会联络网机制”等。基于震灾应急语言的经验和不足以及此后日本应急语言服务的完善与提升,提出对中国构筑应急多语言服务体系的启示。

加固后东北大学建筑系大楼在3·11地震中损坏原因分析

2011年东日本大地震发生后,发现一些抗震加固过的建筑在地震中也遭到了损坏。以一栋位于日本仙台的加固建筑为例,通过实地考察分析总结了其遭受破坏的典型损伤特征。结构在抗震加固前,应对结构的局部损伤和整体性能有准确的把握;抗震加固时应考虑局部加固对结构整体性能的影响,避免因抗震加固造成新的薄弱部位和薄弱层,从而削弱结构的整体性能。抗震加固应从这些受损的建筑物中吸取教训,进一步改进和完善现有的抗震鉴定方法和加固措施。

Media Preference, Information Needs, and the Language Proficiency of Foreigners in Japan after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake

After the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake, the Japanese government identified the lack of proficiency in the Japanese language as one characteristic of foreigners that should be considered in disaster prevention planning.This article seeks to understand how proficiency in a local language affects disaster information gathering behavior by using the results of a questionnaire survey conducted after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake. Respondents were categorized based on their Japanese and English language abilities. Their media mode, language preferences, information importance, and information-gathering difficulties also were examined. It was found that foreigners skilled in Japanese demonstrated similar information gathering behavior as Japanese respondents, but foreigners unskilled in Japanese showed little usage of Japanese-language media. This group also encountered difficulties due to a lack of Japanese proficiency, but many members were able to acquire some level of Japanese-language information through Internet-based methods. To address language proficiency in disaster prevention planning, information provision in languages other than Japanese should be increased, and Japanese information should be shared in a way that facilitates translation. Although this survey wassignificant in its scope, the results should be considered within the limitations of the Internet-based response collection and focus only on the less-affected area of Japan.

The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction at Five:Lessons from the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami

The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030(SFDRR) represents an inclusive approach to disaster risk reduction, linked to development and recovery. Building on previous international guidelines, the SFDRR promotes practical and measurable outcomes for reducing disaster losses, including indicators to measure progress towards seven specific global targets.Evaluated in the context of the priorities and global targets of the SFDRR, the article considers the case of the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami of 2011 to illustrate advances and limitations in pre-disaster tsunami hazard engineering and post-disaster recovery. With respect to the targets set out in the Sendai Framework related to risk reduction and tsunami engineering, especially Priority 1,understanding disaster risk, there have been significant advances in hazard assessment and systems for tsunami detection and warning. Although the SFDRR emphasizes actions in the recovery phase through Priority 4, enhancing disaster preparedness with an emphasis on the concept of build back better, on its own this does not function as a clear directive for guiding recovery. However, the overall people-centered and inclusive approach of the SFDRR, as well as the global targets and several sub-priorities, can be a useful way to shape good practices in recovery and evaluate recovery progress.

Verification of the Time Tsunami Attacked Coasting Ships Using AIS-Case of the 2011 Japan Tsunami

This research aims to elucidate the navigational situation of ships during the massive tsunami that occurred in the Tohoku district of Japan on March 11,2011. In particular, it focuses on the time the massive tsunami encountered ships. AIS （automatic identification system）, which is required to be fitted aboard large ships for identifying and locating vessels, was used for the analysis of the navigational status of ships. It was confirmed that a group of ships sailing off the coast suddenly changed course. It was also verified that the ships had been struck by the tsunami, and the time of the strike was identified. The novelty and importance of this research are as follows. First, the behaviour of many ships that encountered the massive tsunami was clarified. There are no earlier instances of simultaneous and detailed recording of the behaviour of many ships encountering a massive tsunami. Second, the movement of the ships that encountered the tsunami was analysed, and the time of the maximum wave of the tsunami was verified. The research presents, for the first time in ship history, the status of a ship at the time of a tsunami using objective navigational data.

Sustainable Post-Disaster Solutions--London 1666, Lisbon 1755 and Japan 2011reLearning from the Past

Natural disasters have impacted human settlements throughout the centuries, imparting lessons as new ways and strategies to avoid or minimize the damage inflicted by the natural processes. This on-going process has created new landscapes instrumental to man＇s balance of the use of the land by taking into account the probability of further natural disasters. This paper discusses the responses to disaster challenges taking past experiences on ＂after disaster decisions＂ in London 1666, in Lisbon 1755 as a framework to analyse the more recent Great East Japan Earthquake disaster. The concept of sustainability which adds a new perspective to the subject of more resistant solutions and strategies as the opportunity for a new design is presented by the destruction. Sustainable environmental, social and cultural issues improvements are important goals introduced in the 20th century and enrich long-term human adaptations to natural processes. They are also considered in this analysis as an evolving final product of the human adaptation that results in more durable cultural landscapes.