3-D Geological Modeling-Concept,Methods and Key Techniques

3-D geological modeling plays an increasingly important role in Petroleum Geology, Mining Geology and Engineering Geology. The complexity of geological conditions requires different modeling methods in different situations. This paper summarizes the general concept of geological modeling; compares the characteristics of borehole-based modeling, cross-section based modeling and multi- source interactive modeling; analyses key techniques in 3-D geological modeling; and highlights the main difficulties and directions of future studies.

ANALYSIS OF SLAB EDGING BY A 3-D RIGID VISCO-PLASTIC FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

3-D rigid visco-plastic finite element method (FEM) is used in the analysisof metal forming processes, including strip and plate rolling, shape rolling, slab edging, specialstrip rolling. The shifted incomplete Cholesky decomposition of the stiffness matrix with thesolution of the equations for velocity increment by the conjugate gradient method is combined. Thistechnique, termed the shifted ICCG method, is then employed to solve the slab edging problem. Theperformance of this algorithm in terms of the number of iterations, friction variation, shiftedparameter psi and the results of simulation for processing parameters are analysed. Numerical testsand application of this technique verify the efficiency and stability of the shifted ICCG method inthe analysis of slab edging.

A, ■-Ω METHOD FOR 3-D EDDY CURRENT ANALYSIS

After the field equations and the snonumuoo conditions between the interfaces for 3D eddy current problems Under various gauges were discussed, it was pointed cut in this paper that using the magnetic vector potential A. the electric scalar potential and Coulomb gauge △ .A = 0 in eddy current regions and using the magntetic scalar potential Ω in the non-conducting regions are more suitable. All field equations, the boundary conditions, the interface continuity conditions and the corresponding variational principle of this method are also given

A TENSOR ANALYSIS METHOD FOR ESTIMATING 3-D MOTION PARAMETERS

By using the center projection image sequence to estimate 3-D motion parameters,one needs to know the corresponding relationship between the feature of motion object in spaceand the projection coordinate on image plane.In order to avoid using the relationship of featurecorrespondence,the tensor analysis method in the affine transformation system is presented,andthe simulation data of experimental results are given.

A study on 3-D velocity structure of crust and upper mantle in Sichuan -Yunnan region, China

Based on the first arrival P and S data of 4 625 regional earthquakes recorded at 174 stations dispersed in the Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces, the 3-D velocity structure of crust and upper mantle in the region is determined, incorporating with previous deep geophysical data. In the upper crust, a positive anomaly velocity zone exists in the Sichuan basin, whereas a negative anomaly velocity zone exists in the western Sichuan plateau. The boundary between the positive and negative anomaly zones is the Longmenshan fault zone. The images of lower crust and upper mantle in the Longmenshan fault, Xianshuihe fault, Honghe fault and others show the characteristic of tectonic boundary, indicating that the faults likely penetrate the Moho discontinuity. The negative velocity anomalies at the depth of 50 km in the Tengchong volcanic area and the Panxi tectonic zone appear to be associated with the temperature and composition variations in the upper mantle. The overall features of the crustal and the upper mantle structures in the SichuanYunnan region are the lower average velocity in both crust and uppermost mantle, the large crustal thickness variations, and the existence of high conductivity layer in the crust or/and upper mantle, and higher geothermal value. All these features are closely related to the collision between the India and the Asia plates. The crustal velocity in the SichuanYunnan rhombic block generally shows normal value or positive anomaly, while the negative anomaly exists in the area along the large strike-slip faults as the block boundary. It is conducive to the crustal block side-pressing out along the faults. In the major seismic zones, the seismicity is relative to the negative anomaly velocity. Most strong earthquakes occurred in the upper-mid crust with positive anomaly or normal velocity, where the negative anomaly zone generally exists below.

Thre-dimensional topographic responses in MT using finite diference method

In this paper, the magnetotelluric response to 3-D earth topography was studied using the finite difference method for rectangular cells. Three numerical modeling calculations were carried out; the results indicate that the finite difference method is applicable to the magnetotelluric problem in estimating the 3-D topographic responses.

A SELF-SIMILAR CRACK EXPANSION METHOD FOR THREE-DIMENSIONAL CRACKS IN AN INFINITE OR SEMI-INFINITE MEDIUM

The Self-Similar Crack Expansion (SSCE) method is used to calculate stress intensity factors for three-dimensional cracks in an infinite medium or semi-infinite medium by the boundary integral element technique, whereby, the stress intensity factors at crack tips are determined by calculating the crack-opening displacements over the crack surface. For elements on the crack surface, regular integrals and singular integrals are precisely evaluated based on closed form expressions, which improves the accuracy. Examples shaw that this method yields very accurate results for stress intensity factors of penny-shaped cracks and elliptical cracks in the full space, with errors of less than 1% as compared with analytical solutions. The stress intensity factors of subsurface cracks ate in good agreement with other analytical solutions.

Improved treatments for evaluating horizontal magnetic components through the 3-D FDM in E-polarization induction problems

To improve the accuracy of the numerical evaluation through the 3-D finite difference method, the surface boundary conditions are added to modify the old program. The author has tested the new program by making calculations for the model constructed by Wanamaker, et al (1984). The comparison between the numerical results obtained from this paper and those by Wannamaker, et al (1984) indicates that a pronounced improvement is realized in the evaluation of the horizontal magnetic components. Moreover, better calculations for the vertical magnetic components are also obtainable by using the new program.

基于FDTD的脉冲法计算三维目标宽带RCS频率响应

探讨了采用基于时域有限差分法(FDTD)的脉冲法来快速获取三维目标宽带RCS频率响应。将入射波设置为高斯脉冲,对目标进行瞬态分析,将得到的电磁场进行傅里叶变换,从而得到目标的频域散射特性,并对比文献证明了程序的有效性。计算了某新型飞机的双站RCS分布情况,以及该飞机的鸭冀在不同迎角下的宽带RCS频率响应,并对结果进行了分析。

基于光子晶体1×3谐振腔滤波器的研究

考虑到滤波器输入波导中入射电磁波和反射电磁波的相位差,通过CMT理论分析了不同设计情况下的工作性能,然后优化设计了光子晶体1×3谐振腔滤波器结构.用FDTD方法研究了滤波器工作特性,改变1×3谐振腔下侧调谐柱位置得到滤波器结构的96个不同通带峰值波长平均正规化传输率为89.6%,相邻峰值波长平均间隔为1.25nm、平均传输带宽为1.19nm、谐振腔平均品质因数为1350.2、提取的峰值波长调谐范围在1534.04～1653.16nm.结果表明:该滤波器具有正规化传输率高、带宽窄、波长信号提取强度平稳等特性.其结构在密集型波分解复用(DWDDM)系统设计、光信号传感器件设计、密集型光路集成化设计等领域具有潜在的应用价值.

Scattering of seismic waves by three-dimensional large-scale hill topography simulated by a fast parallel IBEM

To solve seismic wave scattering by a large-scale three-dimensional(3-D) hill topography, a fast parallel indirect boundary element method(IBEM) is developed by proposing a new construction method for the wave field, modifying the generalized minimum residual(GMRES) algorithm and constructing an Open MP plus MPI parallel model. The validations of accuracy and efficiency show that this method can solve 3-D seismic response of a large-scale hill topography for broadband waves, and overcome the weakness of large storage and low efficiency of the traditional IBEM. Based on this new algorithm architecture, taking the broadband scattering of plane SV waves by a large-scale Gaussian-shaped hill of thousands-meters height as an example, the influence of several important parameters is investigated, including the incident frequency, the incident angle and the height-width and length-width ratio of the hill. The numerical results illustrate that the amplification effect on the ground motion by a near-hemispherical hill is more significant than the narrow hill. For low-frequency waves, the scattering effect of the higher hill is more pronounced, and there is only a single peak near the top of the hill. However, for high-frequency waves, rapid spatial variation of displacement amplitude appears on the hill surface.

Propagation of traveling wave solutions for nonlinear evolution equation through the implementation of the extended modi ed direct algebraic method

In this work,di erent kinds of traveling wave solutions and uncategorized soliton wave solutions are obtained in a three dimensional(3-D)nonlinear evolution equations(NEEs)through the implementation of the modi ed extended direct algebraic method.Bright-singular and dark-singular combo solitons,Jacobi's elliptic functions,Weierstrass elliptic functions,constant wave solutions and so on are attained beside their existing conditions.Physical interpretation of the solutions to the 3-D modi ed KdV-Zakharov-Kuznetsov equation are also given.

Numerical simulation of 3-D water collapse with an obstacle by FEM-level set method

An interface capturing approach based on a level set function for simulating transient two-phase viscous incompressible flows is applied in this paper. A narrow-band signed distance function is adopted to indicate the phase fields and the interface. The multiphase flow is numerically solved by three stages with finite element method （FEM）： （1） solving a two-fluid Navier-Stokes （N-S） equations over the whole domain, （2） transporting the level set function with the obtained velocity field, （3） the level set function correction through a renormalization with continuous penalization which preserves the thickness of the interface. In this paper, the 3-D water colunm collapse with an obstacle is simulated, which yielded good agreement with the experimental data.

Exponential Convergence Theory of the Multipole and Local Expansions for the 3-D Laplace Equation in Layered Media

In this paper,we establish the exponential convergence theory for the multipole and local expansions,shifting and translation operators for the Green's function of 3-dimensional Laplace equation in layered media.An immediate application of the theory is to ensure the exponential convergence of the FMM which has been shown by the numerical results reported in[27].As the Green's function in layered media consists of free space and reaction field components and the theory for the free space components is well known,this paper will focus on the analysis for the reaction components.We first prove that the density functions in the integral representations of the reaction components are analytic and bounded in the right half complex wave number plane.Then,by using the Cagniard-de Hoop transform and contour deformations,estimates for the remainder terms of the truncated expansions are given,and,as a result,the exponential convergence for the expansions and translation operators is proven.

Analysis of 3-D Frictional Contact Mechanics Problems by a Boundary Element Method

The development of two boundary element algorithms for solving 3-D, frictional, and linear elastostatic contact problems is reported in this paper. The algorithms employ nonconforming discreti- zations for solving 3-D boundary element models, which provide much needed flexibility in the bound- ary element modeling for 3-D contact problems. These algorithms are implemented in a new 3-D boundary element code and verified using several examples. For the numerical examples studied, the results using the new boundary element algorithms match very well with the results using a commercial finite element code, and clearly demonstrate the feasibility of the new boundary element approach for 3-D contact analysis.

Stability Conditions for Wave Simulation in 3-D Anisotropic Media with the Pseudospectral Method

Simulation of elastic wave propagation has important applications in many areas such as inverse problemand geophysical exploration.In this paper,stability conditions for wave simulation in 3-D anisotropic media with the pseudospectral method are investigated.They can be expressed explicitly by elasticity constants which are easy to be applied in computations.The 3-Dwave simulation for two typical anisotropic media,transversely isotropic media and orthorhombic media,are carried out.The results demonstrate some satisfactory behaviors of the pseudospectral method.

Compute extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field exposure by 3-D impendance method

A 3-D impedance method has been introduced to compute the electric currents induced in a human body exposed to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field. The 3-D impedance method has been deduced from Maxwell equations and is put into the computation and simulation effectively to the visible human body model, which has 196×114×626 cells and more than 40 types of tissues. As the result, two representative cases are investigated. One is exposure of the human body to 100 μT （1 000 mG）, the limit recommended by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection for the public and the other one is the exposure of human body to 0.4 laT （4 mG）, the level at which a statistical link appears with a doubled risk of development of childhood leukaemia. The distribution of induced current density can be obtained and the maximum of induced current are found to be 16 mA/m^2 and 0.07 mA/m^2.

New Multipole Method for 3-D Capacitance Extraction

This paper describes an efficient improvement of the multipole accelerated boundary element method for 3-D capacitance extraction. The overall relations between the positions of 2-D boundary elements are considered instead of only the relations between the center-points of the elements, and a new method of cube partitioning is introduced. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate that the method is accurate and has nearly linear computational growth as O(n), where n is the number of panels/boundary elements. The proposed method is more accurate and much faster than Fastcap.

平行板型三维脉冲电场传感器的研制

宽频带传感器是脉冲电磁场测量的关键设备之一,目前用于脉冲电场测量的传感器大都是单极化形式,只能测量半空间、单极化方向上的电场。为此,研制了一种可用于脉冲电场测量的三维平行板型结构传感器,它由三维电场天线和光发射机组成,与相应的光纤传输系统配合,可以对三维脉冲电场进行同时、全空间测量。应用FDTD法对三维电场测量天线模型进行了数值模拟,重点分析了三维天线的极间耦合、三维场分量的合成与频率特性。计算结果表明,平行板型三维电场天线可以满足脉冲电场测量要求。根据数值模拟的结果实际制作了三维电场传感器并对该传感器进行了实验验证。测量结果表明,该三维电场传感器的性能达到了设计要求。

土壤非线性击穿效应对垂直接地体散流特性的影响

基于L-D(Liew and Darveniza)提出的土壤非线性击穿模型,利用Taku Noda和Yoshihiro Baba等分别提出的导体在无耗介质和有耗介质中的细导线处理方案,开发了一套三维时域有限差分(three dimension finite-difference timedomain,3-D FDTD)算法,研究了在不同雷电流幅值和波形以及土壤低频电导率作用下,土壤非线性击穿效应对垂直接地体受土壤击穿影响的散流区域、冲击阻抗和暂态地电位升等参数的影响。结果表明,当土壤低频电导率为0.02 S/m和0.005 S/m时,垂直接地体横向散流半径分别约为0.5 m和1.2 m;接地极尖端部位的纵向散流区域分别约为0.3 m和0.9 m。此外,暂态地电位升的变化特性与注入的雷电流幅值和波头时间以及土壤低频电导率密切相关,但无论是否考虑土壤击穿效应,垂直接地极冲击阻抗最大值保持不变,仅决定于土壤低频电导率等相关土壤特性参数。工程上定义的冲击阻抗值仅表征了未考虑土壤击穿情况下的稳定阶段阻抗值,远小于文中计算的冲击阻抗最大值。