INVERSE KINEMATIC AND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF A 3-DOF PARALLEL MECHANISM

According to the structure character of the passive sub-chain of the 3TPS-TPparallel mechanism, the kinematic constraint equations of the movable platform are established,based on which the closed-form inverse kinematics formula of the parallel mechanism are presented.Through parting the spherical joints of the active sub-chains and using the force and momentequilibrium of both the active sub-chains and passive sub-chain, the constraint forces acting on theparted joints are determined. Subsequently, the analytic expressions of the actuator driving forcesare derived by means of the force equilibrium of the upper links of active sub-chains.

Discrete Element with Flexible Connector for Dynamic Analysis of 3-D Beam Structures

Combined multi-body dynamics with structural dynamics, a new discrete element with flexible connector, which is applicable for 3-D beam structures, is developed in this paper. Both the generalized elastic coefficient matrix of the flexible connector and the mass matrix of discrete element may be off-diagonal in a general case. The zero-length rigid element is introduced to simulate the node at which multiple elements are jointed together. It may also be effective when the axes of adjacent elements are not in the same line. The examples for eigenvalue calculation show that the model is successful. It can be extended to the geometric nonlinear response analysis.

3-D fracture network dynamic simulation based on error analysis in rock mass of dam foundation

Accurate 3-D fracture network model for rock mass in dam foundation is of vital importance for stability,grouting and seepage analysis of dam foundation.With the aim of reducing deviation between fracture network model and measured data,a 3-D fracture network dynamic modeling method based on error analysis was proposed.Firstly,errors of four fracture volume density estimation methods(proposed by ODA,KULATILAKE,MAULDON,and SONG)and that of four fracture size estimation methods(proposed by EINSTEIN,SONG and TONON)were respectively compared,and the optimal methods were determined.Additionally,error index representing the deviation between fracture network model and measured data was established with integrated use of fractal dimension and relative absolute error(RAE).On this basis,the downhill simplex method was used to build the dynamic modeling method,which takes the minimum of error index as objective function and dynamically adjusts the fracture density and size parameters to correct the error index.Finally,the 3-D fracture network model could be obtained which meets the requirements.The proposed method was applied for 3-D fractures simulation in Miao Wei hydropower project in China for feasibility verification and the error index reduced from 2.618 to 0.337.

Sparse flight spotlight mode 3-D imaging of spaceborne SAR based on sparse spectrum and principal component analysis

The spaceborne synthetic aperture radar(SAR)sparse flight 3-D imaging technology through multiple observations of the cross-track direction is designed to form the cross-track equivalent aperture,and achieve the third dimensionality recognition.In this paper,combined with the actual triple star orbits,a sparse flight spaceborne SAR 3-D imaging method based on the sparse spectrum of interferometry and the principal component analysis(PCA)is presented.Firstly,interferometric processing is utilized to reach an effective sparse representation of radar images in the frequency domain.Secondly,as a method with simple principle and fast calculation,the PCA is introduced to extract the main features of the image spectrum according to its principal characteristics.Finally,the 3-D image can be obtained by inverse transformation of the reconstructed spectrum by the PCA.The simulation results of 4.84 km equivalent cross-track aperture and corresponding 1.78 m cross-track resolution verify the effective suppression of this method on high-frequency sidelobe noise introduced by sparse flight with a sparsity of 49%and random noise introduced by the receiver.Meanwhile,due to the influence of orbit distribution of the actual triple star orbits,the simulation results of the sparse flight with the 7-bit Barker code orbits are given as a comparison and reference to illuminate the significance of orbit distribution for this reconstruction results.This method has prospects for sparse flight 3-D imaging in high latitude areas for its short revisit period.

Kinematic Analysis of Persian Joint Using 3D Rotation Matrix

This paper has been done on study kinematic problem of Persian joint in a general way. In this study, instead of using simulation analysis method as in the previous researches, the 3D rotation matrix method is applied to present the relationship of angular velocities of input shaft and output shaft. The result shows that when the angle between intersecting shafts changes from 0 to 135°, the angular velocity is maintained constant. This new result completely matches with analysis from kinematic simulation of this mechanism. The obtained result is an important base to solve dynamic problem in order to develop the applicability of this joint in reality.

A TENSOR ANALYSIS METHOD FOR ESTIMATING 3-D MOTION PARAMETERS

By using the center projection image sequence to estimate 3-D motion parameters,one needs to know the corresponding relationship between the feature of motion object in spaceand the projection coordinate on image plane.In order to avoid using the relationship of featurecorrespondence,the tensor analysis method in the affine transformation system is presented,andthe simulation data of experimental results are given.

Characteristics of an Axial-flux Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine with Contra-rotating Rotors under Unbalanced Load Condition from 3-D Finite Element Analysis

During recent years,the axial-flus PMSM with contra-rotating rotors has become a hot topic in academic research due to its high efficiency and simple structure.However,its back-EMF may be distorted under the condition of different angular positions.This paper investigates characteristics of the novel motor used for contra-propeller driving.Considering the torque ripple and current oscillation under unbalanced load condition,this paper analyzes the distorted back-EMF of the machine when its two rotors get different angular positions during rotating.The analysis results are validated by transient-magnetic 3-D FEA method,which the 3-D FEA software is used to model this motor and transient simulations are carried out to obtain its magnetic characteristic and main performances.A main focus is put on the back-EMF characteristic with different angular positions between the two rotors.Furthermore,the characteristic of torque production under unbalanced load is investigated.Finally,a prototype motor is fabricated to validate the analyses of this paper.

Probabilistic analysis on fault tolerance of 3-Dimensional mesh networks

The probability model is used to analyze the fault tolerance of mesh. To simplify its analysis, it is as-sumed that the failure probability of each node is independent. A 3-D mesh is partitioned into smaller submeshes,and then the probability with which each submesh satisfies the defined condition is computed. If each submesh satis-fies the condition, then the whole mesh is connected. Consequently, the probability that a 3-D mesh is connected iscomputed assuming each node has a failure probability. Mathematical methods are used to derive a relationship be-tween network node failure probability and network connectivity probability. The calculated results show that the 3-D mesh networks can remain connected with very high probability in practice. It is formally proved that when thenetwork node failure probability is boutded by 0.45 %, the 3-D mesh networks of more than three hundred thousandnodes remain connected with probability larger than 99 %. The theoretical results show that the method is a power-ful technique to calculate the lower bound of the connectivity probability of mesh networks.

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS AND KINEMATIC DESIGN OF PURE TRANSLATIONAL PARALLEL MECHANISM WITH VERTICAL GUIDE-WAYS

Performance analysis and kinematic design of the 3-PUU pure translational parallel mechanism with vertical guide-ways are investigated. Two novel performance indices, the critical slider stroke and the main section area of workspace, are defined; The expressions of two other indices, i.e. the global dexterity and global force transfer ratio are revised based on the main section of workspace. Using these indices, performance changes versus the varieties of dimensional parameters of mechanism are investigated in detail and the graphic descriptions of change tendencies of the performance indices are illustrated. By means of these obtained graphic descriptions, kinematic parameters for the 3-PUU pure translational parallel mechanism with better characteristics can be directly acquired.

计算机模拟逼近法分析平面3-DOF并联机器人的运动

提出了用计算机模拟逼近法分析平面3自由度机器人的运动,运用该方法进行了速度加速度分析。先采用CAD的几何约束、尺寸约束、尺寸方程和尺寸驱动技术,构造平面3-DOF三自由度机器人的模拟机构。再用两个相同且彼此靠近的平面三自由度机器人模拟机构,构造速度模拟机构,求解动平台上确定点的速度和角速度。最后用两个相同且彼此靠近的平面3-DOF机器人速度模拟机构,构造加速度模拟机构,求解动平台上确定点的加速度和角加速度。计算机模拟结果与解析法的结果比较表明,本文中的方法具有简单、快捷、直观、求解精度高的优点,可以完成机构的正运动分析,为平面多自由度机构运动分析提供了更有效的工具。

3-PUU并联机构的运动学分析与验证

为提升少自由度并联机构设计的效率和准确性,针对自主设计的3-PUU并联机构进行了理论分析和实验研究。首先,利用螺旋理论和修正的Kutzbach-Grubler公式分析了并联机构的自由度;同时,解算了并联机构的运动学正反解和雅可比矩阵,并基于雅可比矩阵分析了其约束奇异和运动奇异。然后,利用极限边界搜索法分析了并联机构的工作空间,并以雅可比矩阵条件数的倒数作为局部灵巧度来构造全局灵巧度,分析了并联机构的运动性能。接着,搭建了并联机构的ADAMS/Simulink联合仿真模型,基于给定的动平台运动方程,通过仿真得到了动平台位置的仿真曲线及误差曲线。最后,利用并联机构样机、PC(personal computer,个人计算机)、STM32单片机、伺服电机及激光跟踪仪搭建了实验平台,并测定了并联机构动平台的位置曲线。结果表明,该并联机构具有较大的可达工作空间且其运动性能较好;通过对比理论结果与仿真结果可知,所构建的并联机构运动学模型正确;动平台位置的实测值与理论值之间存在一定误差,主要原因是并联机构存在机械误差以及控制系统精度不足,但实测曲线与理论曲线的变化趋势基本一致,进一步验证了并联机构运动学模型的正确性。研究结果可为少自由度并联机构的设计提供参考。

SAR tomography imaging via higher-order spectrum analysis

To deal with the non-Caussian noise in standard 2-D SAR images, the deramped signal in imaging plane, and the possible symmetric distribution of complex noise, the fourth-order cumulant of complex process is introduced into SAR tomography. With the estimated AR parameters of ARMA model of noise through Yule-Walker equation, the signal series of height is pre-filtered. Then, through ESPRIT, the spectrum is obtained and the aperture in height direction is synthesized. Finally, the SAR tomography imaging of scene is achieved. The results of processing on signal with non-Gaussian noise demonstrate the robustness of the proposed method. The tomography imaging of the scenes shows that the higher-order spectrum analysis is feasible in the application.

Numerical and Dimensional Analysis for Prediction of Line Heating Residual Deformations

Line heating process is a very complex phenomenon as a variety of factors affects the amount of residual deformations. Numerical thermal and mechanical analysis of line heating for prediction of residual deformation is time consuming. In the present work dimensional analysis has been presented to obtain a new relationship between input parameters and resulting residual deformations during line heating process. The temperature distribution and residual deformations for 6 mm, 8 mm, 10 mm and 12 mm thick steel plates were numerically estimated and compared with experimental and published results. Extensive data generated through a validated FE model were used to find co-relationship between the input parameters and the resulting residual deformation by multiple regression analysis. The results obtained from the deformation equations developed in this work compared well with those of the FE analysis with a drop in the computation time in the order of 100 (computational time required for FE analysis is around 7 200 second to 9 000 seconds and where the time required for getting the residual deformation by developed equations is only 60 to 90 seconds).

Thermo-mechanical and Experimental Analysis of Double Pass Line Heating

The present investigation deals with process analysis of oxy-acetylene flame assisted double pass line heating for varying plate thickness, oxy-acetylene flame as the heat source for multi pass line heating to achieve 3-D bending of plates with varying thicknesses was studied. The oxy-acetylene flame was modeled as the moving heat source in the FEM analysis. The transient thermal histories were predicted taking into account the temperature dependent thermo-mechanical properties. A comparative study between single pass and double pass line heating residual deformation was also carried out. The temperature distribution and residual detbrmations predicted by the numerical model developed in the present work compared fairly well with those of the experimental ones.

Waders(Scolopacidae)surviving despite malaligned leg fractures in the wild:kinematics of bipedal locomotion

Background: Bone fracture frequencies and survival rates are essential parameters in skeleton evolution, but information on the functional consequences of naturally healed fractures is scarce. No leg bone fracture healing in the wild has been reported so far from long-legged Charadriiformes(waders), which depend on bipedal locomotion for feeding.Methods: We documented a healed but malaligned tarsometatarsus fracture in a wild Willet(Tringa [Catoptrophorus]semipalmata), and a malaligned tibiotarsus fracture in a Curlew(Numenius arquata) skeleton from a museum collection. Functional consequences of the malalignments were evaluated by kinematic analyses of videos(Willet) and in silico 3D modeling(Curlew).Results: The Willet's left tarsometatarsus exhibited an angular malalignment of 70°, resulting in a limping gait that was less pronounced at high than at low walking speed. The bird seemed unable to club the toes of the left foot together, apparently a secondary effect of the deformity. The Curlew's tibiotarsus showed an angular and an axial malalignment, causing the foot to rotate outwards when the intertarsal joint was flexed. Despite the severe effects of their injuries, the birds had survived at least long enough for the fractures to heal completely.Conclusions: Somewhat unexpectedly, leg fractures are not necessarily fatal in long-legged waders, even if deformities occur in the healing process. Bipedal locomotion on vegetated grounds must have been impeded due to the bone malalignments in both analyzed cases. The birds probably alleviated the impact of their handicaps by shifting a larger proportion of their activities to vegetation-free habitats.

3-D Modelling of the Confederation Bridge Using Data of Full Scale Tests

Long-span bridges are special structures that require advanced analysis techniques to examine their performance. This paper presents a procedure developed to model the Confederation Bridge using 3-D beam elements. The model was validated using the data collected before the opening of the bridge to the public. The bridge was instrumented to conduct fullscale static and dynamic tests. The static tests were to measure the deflection of the bridge pier while the dynamic tests to measure the free vibrations of the pier due to a sudden release of the static load. Confederation Bridge is one of the longest reinforced concrete bridges in the world. It connects the province of Prince Edward Island and the province of New Brunswick in Canada. Due to its strategic location and vital role as a transportation link between these two provinces, it was designed using higher safety factors than those for typical highway bridges. After validating the present numerical model, a procedure was developed to evaluate the performance of similar bridges subjected to traffic and seismic loads. It is of interest to note that the foundation stiffness and the modulus of elasticity of the concrete have significant effects on the structural responses of the Confederation Bridge.

新型3自由度并联机构运动性能及精度分析

混联机构结合了串、并联机构的优点,已经越来越多地应用在复杂自由曲面零件的加工装备中。提出一种能够实现一个移动和两个转动的3自由度并联3-PSP机构,同时该机构存在伴生运动。通过对3-PSP机构运动模式的分析,简化传统的欧拉角描述方式,采用更适合的倾斜—扭转角描述动平台的运动。在此基础上,建立运动学模型,进行包括伴生运动和被动关节变量的完整运动学求解。基于运动学分析,对3-PSP机构的关节行程、速度特性和精度特性进行分析,证明该机构完全适用于混联结构中的并联模块,并能够满足航空、航天、汽车等领域复杂零件的加工需要。

3-RPS并联机构的主动力和约束力分析

对3-RPS并联机构进行了动力分析。首先,通过列出所有构件的力和力矩平衡方程确定驱动力和平台受到的约束反力,即3-RPS机构的球副反力。当主动力和球副反力得到,其它约束力就迎刃而解。本文给出了2个数值算例,求出了主动力和全部运动副的约束反力。并通过此例讨论这种方法的优缺点和将来的发展。

3-PPR平面并联机构运动学与误差分析

主要对3-PPR平面并联机构运动学特性进行分析.首先,建立机构的三维模型并详细介绍平面并联机构的结构组成;其次,运用矢量分析法给出机构运动学位置正解和逆解方程,计算出整个机构的间隙误差方程,分析出整个机构的工作空间;再次,分析机构在载荷作用下受力变形情况;最后,对机构进行运动学仿真分析,得到动平台在X、Y、θ方向上的运动学特性曲线.分析结果表明,平面并联机构间隙误差小,受载荷作用变形小,运动平稳,为进一步设计的3-PPR平面并联机构的控制提供依据.

3-HSS并联机床运动学分析及运动仿真

提出一种新型3-HSS并联平动机床,主要研究了该机床的组成及运动学分析;基于虚拟样机技术,利用Pro/E对并联机床整体机构进行了三维建模,利用ADAMS对其进行了运动轨迹仿真分析,证明了所设计并联机构能够按照预先设定的运动轨迹进行运动,验证了机构设计的合理性和功能实现的正确性。