Discrete Element with Flexible Connector for Dynamic Analysis of 3-D Beam Structures

Combined multi-body dynamics with structural dynamics, a new discrete element with flexible connector, which is applicable for 3-D beam structures, is developed in this paper. Both the generalized elastic coefficient matrix of the flexible connector and the mass matrix of discrete element may be off-diagonal in a general case. The zero-length rigid element is introduced to simulate the node at which multiple elements are jointed together. It may also be effective when the axes of adjacent elements are not in the same line. The examples for eigenvalue calculation show that the model is successful. It can be extended to the geometric nonlinear response analysis.

A Comparative Study on the Truck Frame Stiffness with Solid and Beam Element FEA Models

Truck frames should be designed and fabricated with enough rigidity to avoid excessive deflections. Finite element analysis (FEA) plays an important role in all stages of frame designs. While being accurate, 3D solid element FEA models are built upon frame configuration details which are not feasible in the preliminary design stage, partially because of limited available design data of frames and heavy computation costs. This research develops 1D beam element FEA models for simulating frame structures. In this paper, the CAD model of a truck frame is first created. The solid element FEA analysis, which is adopted as the baseline in this study, is subsequently conducted for the stiffness of the frame, Next, beam element FEA analysis is performed for validating the feasibility of the beam element FEA model by comparing the results from the solid and beam element FEA models. It is found that the beam element FEA model can predict the frame stiffness with acceptable accuracy and reduce the computation cost significantly.

EFFECT OF SUBMERGED ENTRY NOZZLE (SEN) PARAMETERS AND SHAPE ON 3-D FLUID FLOW IN MOULD FOR BEAM BLANK CONTINUOUS CASTING

According to turbulent theory and characteristics of beam blank continuous casting, 3-D model to represent the flow of beam blank mould is established. The predicted results indicate that the exit obliquity of up 15°(+15°) should be adopted, which will benefit the floatation of non-metallic inclusion and purification of the molten steel. When the nozzle angle is 120°, the flow pattern is reasonable. Proper nozzle depth can be 200mm. Turbulent kinetic of meniscus can be reduced by adopting the square nozzle and suitable area of side outlet when casting speed increases. The results are consistent with those of water model experiment, so the model is exact and reasonable. The model can provide important information for design of SEN and defining of immersion depth.

Characteristics of an Axial-flux Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine with Contra-rotating Rotors under Unbalanced Load Condition from 3-D Finite Element Analysis

During recent years,the axial-flus PMSM with contra-rotating rotors has become a hot topic in academic research due to its high efficiency and simple structure.However,its back-EMF may be distorted under the condition of different angular positions.This paper investigates characteristics of the novel motor used for contra-propeller driving.Considering the torque ripple and current oscillation under unbalanced load condition,this paper analyzes the distorted back-EMF of the machine when its two rotors get different angular positions during rotating.The analysis results are validated by transient-magnetic 3-D FEA method,which the 3-D FEA software is used to model this motor and transient simulations are carried out to obtain its magnetic characteristic and main performances.A main focus is put on the back-EMF characteristic with different angular positions between the two rotors.Furthermore,the characteristic of torque production under unbalanced load is investigated.Finally,a prototype motor is fabricated to validate the analyses of this paper.

3-D Modelling of the Confederation Bridge Using Data of Full Scale Tests

Long-span bridges are special structures that require advanced analysis techniques to examine their performance. This paper presents a procedure developed to model the Confederation Bridge using 3-D beam elements. The model was validated using the data collected before the opening of the bridge to the public. The bridge was instrumented to conduct fullscale static and dynamic tests. The static tests were to measure the deflection of the bridge pier while the dynamic tests to measure the free vibrations of the pier due to a sudden release of the static load. Confederation Bridge is one of the longest reinforced concrete bridges in the world. It connects the province of Prince Edward Island and the province of New Brunswick in Canada. Due to its strategic location and vital role as a transportation link between these two provinces, it was designed using higher safety factors than those for typical highway bridges. After validating the present numerical model, a procedure was developed to evaluate the performance of similar bridges subjected to traffic and seismic loads. It is of interest to note that the foundation stiffness and the modulus of elasticity of the concrete have significant effects on the structural responses of the Confederation Bridge.

Scattering of seismic waves by three-dimensional large-scale hill topography simulated by a fast parallel IBEM

To solve seismic wave scattering by a large-scale three-dimensional(3-D) hill topography, a fast parallel indirect boundary element method(IBEM) is developed by proposing a new construction method for the wave field, modifying the generalized minimum residual(GMRES) algorithm and constructing an Open MP plus MPI parallel model. The validations of accuracy and efficiency show that this method can solve 3-D seismic response of a large-scale hill topography for broadband waves, and overcome the weakness of large storage and low efficiency of the traditional IBEM. Based on this new algorithm architecture, taking the broadband scattering of plane SV waves by a large-scale Gaussian-shaped hill of thousands-meters height as an example, the influence of several important parameters is investigated, including the incident frequency, the incident angle and the height-width and length-width ratio of the hill. The numerical results illustrate that the amplification effect on the ground motion by a near-hemispherical hill is more significant than the narrow hill. For low-frequency waves, the scattering effect of the higher hill is more pronounced, and there is only a single peak near the top of the hill. However, for high-frequency waves, rapid spatial variation of displacement amplitude appears on the hill surface.

Proton beam therapy for locally advanced lung cancer: A review

Protons interact with human tissue differently than do photons and these differences can be exploited in an attempt to improve the care of lung cancer patients. This review examines proton beam therapy(PBT) as a component of a combined modality program for locally advanced lung cancers. It was specifically written for the non-radiation oncologist who desires greater understanding of this newer treatment modality. This review describes and compares photon(X-ray) radiotherapy(XRT) to PBT. The physical differences of these beams are described and the clinical literature is reviewed. Protons can be used to create treatment plans delivering significantly lower doses of radiation to the adjacent organs at risk(lungs, esophagus, and bone marrow) than photons. Clinically, PBT combined with chemotherapy has resulted in low rates of toxicity comparedto XRT. Early results suggest a possible improvement in survival. The clinical results of proton therapy in lung cancer patients reveal relatively low rates of toxicity and possible survival benefits. One randomized study is being performed and another is planned to clarify the clinical differences in patient outcome for PBT compared to XRT. Along with the development of better systemic therapy, newer forms of radiotherapy such as PBT should positively impact the care of lung cancer patients. This review provides the reader with the current status of this new technology in treating locally advanced lung cancer.

TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL DISCRETIZATION ON QUASI-3-D GROUNDWATER FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING TO AVOID SPURIOUS OSCILLATION

In this article, the fmite element solution of quasi-three-dimensional （quasi-3-D） groundwater flow was mathematically analyzed. The research shows that the spurious oscillation solution to the Finite Element Model （FEM） is the results choosing the small time step △t or the large element size L and using the non-diagonal storage matrix. The mechanism for this phenomenon is explained by the negative weighting factor of implicit part in the discretized equations. To avoid spurious oscillation solution, the criteria on the selection of △t and L for quasi-3-D groundwater flow simulations were identified. An application example of quasi-3-D groundwater flow simulation was presented to verify the criteria. The results indicate that temporal discretization scale has significant impact on the spurious oscillations in the finite-element solutions, and the spurious oscillations can be avoided in solving practical quasi-3-D groundwater flow problems if the criteria are satisfied.

Analysis of 3-D Frictional Contact Mechanics Problems by a Boundary Element Method

The development of two boundary element algorithms for solving 3-D, frictional, and linear elastostatic contact problems is reported in this paper. The algorithms employ nonconforming discreti- zations for solving 3-D boundary element models, which provide much needed flexibility in the bound- ary element modeling for 3-D contact problems. These algorithms are implemented in a new 3-D boundary element code and verified using several examples. For the numerical examples studied, the results using the new boundary element algorithms match very well with the results using a commercial finite element code, and clearly demonstrate the feasibility of the new boundary element approach for 3-D contact analysis.

三维多向编织复合材料T型梁抗弯应力分析

针对三维多向编织复合材料结构件承载细观结构优化设计的问题,以三维编织复合材料T型梁为对象,对其抗弯性能进行模拟分析。基于细观结构单胞模型,采用刚度体积平均法计算具有不同编织角的三维四向、五向和六向编织复合材料的弹性常数;利用有限元软件Patran/Nastran计算T型梁承受弯曲载荷的应力应变,分析纤维束交织结构和细观结构参数对T型梁抗弯性能的影响。结果表明,纤维体积含量一定时,三维六向较三维四向、五向编织复合材料的弹性性能更接近各向同性,同时选择比较大的编织角,可提高T型梁抗弯的承载能力。此方法可为异型三维编织复合材料构件细观结构的选型与参数设计提供参考。

3-D SHALLOW WATER FLOW COMPUTATION BY A SEMIIMPLICIT FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

A simi-implicit finite element method is developed for three-dimensional shallow water flow. By using water depth to scale the vertical coordinate. the governing equation is transformed into fixed computational domain. An efficient generalized conjugate gradient scheme is adopted for the solution of finite element analogy.

拱屈曲荷载分析的三维退化曲梁单元有限元法

在三维块体等参元及１６结点相对位移板壳元的基础上，引入梁的基本假定，考虑几何非线性，构造出三维退化曲梁单元，计算了梁、拱线弹性屈曲临界荷载．

可带铰空间梁单元几何非线性分析的随转坐标法

为了降低可带铰空间梁单元切线刚度矩阵的运算量、提高非线性计算精度,本文首先通过建立单元随转坐标系得到扣除刚体位移后结构变形与总位移之间的关系,进而基于场一致性原则导出空间梁单元的几何非线性单元切线刚度矩阵,并在此基础上根据带铰梁端弯矩为零的受力特征得到考虑梁端带铰的单元切线刚度矩阵表达式。该方法利用随转坐标系下除单元轴向相对位移外的其余五个线位移均为零的特点,降低了计算单元切线刚度矩阵所需的相关矩阵阶次,因此减少了运算量。对对角点受拉铰接的方棱形框架进行计算,得出本文结果与解析解的最大误差为0.226%;对45°弯梁和带铰平面结构的空间受力进行计算,得出前者与已有文献提供的解非常接近,误差为0.027%～2.394%,后者与ANSYS计算结果的最大误差为1.082%,表明本文算法具有良好的精度。

不同构型梁-缘结构抗鸟撞性能分析

在传统梁-缘结构的基础上,结合前缘的结构形态及其功能型要求,提出了两种斜板保护形式的梁-缘结构。利用三维有限元模型对质量相等的不同构型梁-缘结构进行了鸟撞数值分析。通过比较鸟撞后结构关键部位各时刻的应变、位移等发现:斜板保护形式的梁-缘结构表现出良好的抗鸟撞性能。数值模拟结果为今后设计新构型抗鸟撞击结构部件提供了参考依据。

用ANSYS对T梁和空心板梁桥进行结构仿真分析的研究

本文介绍桥梁三维造型系统Bridge3D软件和大型通用有限元软件ANSYS的接口程序的开发。用接口程序能够将Bridge3D中的桥梁参数转换成用ANSYS进行结构三维仿真分析的三维实体单元结点数据,并对T梁桥和空心板梁桥进行全桥空间仿真分析。通过ANSYS的计算结果与荷载横向分布理论的计算结果相比较,分析与讨论了简支T梁桥和空心板梁桥荷载横向分布计算方法的适用性及其精确性问题。

铁摩辛柯梁单元刚度矩阵推导

为明确ANSYS中基于铁摩辛柯梁理论的Beam188单元的单刚矩阵,以形函数为基础,根据最小势能原理系统给出了铁摩辛柯梁单元的刚度矩阵推导过程,尤其将常规2节点单元的刚度矩阵扩展至3节点单元,包括等截面梁和变截面梁,并给出了各自的单刚矩阵理论表达式。以矩形、圆形、箱形和圆环四种截面为例,分别给出单刚矩阵理论值与ANSYS中Beam188单元刚度矩阵进行对比。结果表明,3节点等/变截面梁的单刚矩阵与理论推导所得结果一致,但2节点梁的单刚矩阵与理论推导所得结果存在偏差,且此偏差仅表现在与弯曲相关的元素中,并且随着单元长度的减小,两者的偏差也越来越小。另外,对比时应注意,ANSYS所得截面参数如剪切系数和极惯性矩与理论值存在较大偏差。

钢管混凝土拱稳定分析的有限元法

在 2 0结点三维块体等参元及 1 6结点相对位移板壳元 [1 ] 的基础上、引入梁的基本假定 ,采用等效数值积分法 ,构造出 1 2 - 2 0结点三维退化平面和柱面层合曲梁单元 ,同时给出用于梁或拱线弹性稳定性分析的有限元列式 ,最后 ,以绍兴轻纺大桥为工程背景 ,计算出轻纺大桥钢管混凝土拱面内屈曲及面外侧倾屈曲的临界荷载。

某T梁桥翼缘剪切断裂原因分析与加固方案选择

针对某T梁桥运营中出现的桥面塌陷,翼缘剪切断裂的破损情况进行了原因分析,通过对旧桥的受力评估和加固方案比较,提出一种新型的加固方案。三维有限元分析和加固后的检测结果表明,这种加固方案是科学合理的,对以后同类桥梁的加固具有借鉴作用。

汽车钢板弹簧多体动力学建模综述

本文中首先综述了板簧设计与建模的研究现状。接着,系统分析了螺旋弹簧模型、beam element模型、ANSYS模型、SAE三连杆模型这4种板簧模型的优缺点及适用情况,在模型复杂程度、仿真速度、参数化等方面进行了对比。最后,以某8×4重型货车为例,分别建立了包含4种板簧模型的整车模型,进行平顺性和操纵稳定性的仿真,并与实车试验进行了对比。结果表明,在4种板簧模型中,SAE三连杆板簧模型的综合性能最好。

钢管砼拱稳定分析的三维退化层合曲梁单元

为计算钢管混凝土拱的屈曲荷载 ,本文在 2 0结点三维块体等参元及 16结点相对位移板壳元的基础上 ,引入梁的基本假定 ,采用等效数值积分法 ,构造出 12～ 2 0结点三维退化层合曲梁单元 ,并考虑几何非线性影响 ,给出用于梁或拱线弹性稳定性分析的有限元列式 ,最后 ,以绍兴轻纺大桥为工程背景 。