An Experimental System Development for Head Posture Estimation Based on 3-D Images Measurement

Although automobile is an indispensable vehicle to modern life, it also serves as a social problem with a big traffic accident. Among the reasons of traffic accidents, careless driving accounts for the largest part. So in order to avoid the careless driving, a system which can measure the posture of a driver and warns driver to drive carefully in the case of looking aside is necessary. Although the image measurement method is used broadly, there is a problem on which measurement accuracy is influenced by environment light, makeup of the driver, etc. in the general method based on the two-dimensional image. Therefore, in this study, we propose an image measurement method to obtain the head posture of driver. First we use three-dimensional measurement method which based on the infrared pattern projection to get 3-D information of head, and then we calculate the angle for faces. In this paper, we explain the composition method of an experiment system, and the results of head posture measurement experiment.

Automated Phase-measuring Profilometry of 3-D Diffuse Objects Using a Single Phase Step Method

The technique of phase measuring profilometry using a single phase step method is proposed.This method can automatically obtain phase value at each pixel by using a discret cosine transform algorithm.The method is able to automatically recognize any position between depression and elevation on an object surface.Theoretical analysis and experimental verification are presented.

Part-level 3-D object classification with improved interpretation tree

For classifying unknown 3-D objects into a set of predetermined object classes, a part-level object classification method based on the improved interpretation tree is presented. The part-level representation is implemented, which enables a more compact shape description of 3-D objects. The proposed classification method consists of two key processing stages： the improved constrained search on an interpretation tree and the following shape similarity measure computation. By the classification method, both whole match and partial match with shape similarity ranks are achieved; especially, focus match can be accomplished, where different key parts may be labeled and all the matched models containing corresponding key parts may be obtained. A series of experiments show the effectiveness of the presented 3-D object classification method.

Measurement and Compensation of Deviations of Real Tooth Surface of Spiral Bevel Gear

This paper presents a method for measurement of deviation of the real gear tooth surface from the theoretical one with a coordinate measurement machine and compensation of repeatable parts. By investigation of characteristics of distortion of the gear tooth surface along the circle direction, the deviation is derived from distortion, and the definition of deviation with the geometrical invariability is proposed. Then the approach for determination of the location and orientation of the gear with respect to the coordinate measurement machine and the measurement way are developed. The deviation is represented with a difference surface, and an algorithm for derivation of parameters of global form deviations from the discrete points has been provided. Finally, the compensation approach is discussed.

Field-Based Automated Survey for Extracting Tree Inventory Attributes and 3-D Models in a Forested Area

Acquisition of tree inventory parameters such as tree position with respect to a local reference coordinate system, tree height, dbh （diameter breast height） and other associated tree attributes is a tedious process, time consuming, costly and labour intensive. An automatic collection and processing in the field could expedite the process of tree inventory survey and data management. The advent of handheld laser equipments such as the MDL LaserAce 300, should allow rapid acquisition of tree attributes. The instrument measures distances, differences in height and horizontal bearing automatically. This paper describes a study about the automated process of retrieving tree positions, their respective attributes and the creation of 3-D model （three-dimensional model）. A software developed in-house known as ASSIST （automated spatial survey information system） was utilized together with the MI）I, LaserAce 300, being the hardware component of the automated system. The capability of MDL LaserAce 9300 in extracting information regarding tree inventory attributes and the 3-D model encompassing the study area was investigated. The results were checked against the data sets acquired by a total station traversing and tacheometric survey respectively. The accuracy of the horizontal and vertical position of points gathered was critically assessed. The accuracy of the MDL LaserAce 300 was found to be less than ±2 m for both planimetric （horizontal） and vertical （height） in the construction of the 3-D model. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of a field-based automation system as a viable option to support forest application requirement.

Investigation of Key Parameters for 3-D Dredging Plume Model Validation

Dredging plume dispersion studies, use dredging plume models to predict the fate of sediment plumes resulting from dredging activities and dredge spoil disposal. The model results are applied as input to environmental impact assessment of the proposed dredging, particularly those associated with suspended sediments and sedimentation. Model validation and performance are still not resolved because of the difficulty of site measurements and the understanding of the parameters used in the model. This paper presents a 3-D dredging plume model based on the MIKE3 software package to investigate parameters which affect the model performances. As a result of lack of site data for the public domain uses, the model scenarios are designed artificially for sensitive runs to identify the key parameters affecting plume behaviours. The factors include dredging spill rates using different dredging methods, equipment and sediment settling velocities. The influence of wave and wind effects combined with tidal forces on the sediment re-suspended rates and the advection/dispersion scales are also assessed.

High-accuracy 3-D deformation measurement method with an improved structured-light principle

In this paper,a high-accuracy 3-D deformation measurement(HADM)method with structured light is proposed and applied to wing deformation measurement in wind tunnel experiments.The present method employs an arbitrarily arranged fringe projector and a perpendicularly placed camera.The exact phase-height mapping using the phase differences of the projected sinusoidal fringe patterns,as well as the spatial distribution of the fringe,is accurately derived.It not only presents high feasibility but also reduces systemic uncertainties arising from deviations between the ideal model and the real-world conditions.Meanwhile,a dynamic boundary process algorithm is proposed to reduce the measurement uncertainty caused by fringe fracture near the object boundary.It is calibrated that a high accuracy with the average measurement uncertainty of 0.0237 mm is achieved,which is less than 0.01%of the side length of 25 cm of the field of view.In the wind tunnel experiments,the 3-D deformations of the elastic wing,particularly the key geometric parameters such as wing tip position,angle of attack,and dihedral angle,are well reconstructed to provide an in-depth explanation for the aerodynamic characteristics.

3-D Shape Measurement of Complex Objects by Combining Color-Coded Fringe and Neural Networks

A new approach for three dimensional (3-D) shape measurement was proposed based on colorcoded fringe and neural networks. By applying the phase-shift technique to fringe projection, point clouds were generated with high spatial resolution and limited accuracy. The picture element correspondence problem was solved by using projected color-coded fringes with different orientations. Once the high accurate corresponding points were decided, high precision dense 3-D points cloud was calculated by the well trained net. High spatial resolution can be obtained by the phase-shift technique and high accuracy 3-D object point coordinates are achieved by the well trained net, which is not dependent on the camera model and will work for any type of camera. Some experiments verify the performance of this method.

The Intelligent Measuring Sub-system in the Computer Integrated and Flexible Laser Processing System

Based on the computer integrated and flexible laser p rocessing system, we developed an intelligent measuring sub-system. A novel mod el has been built to compensate the deviations of the main frame-structure, and a laser tracker system is applied to calibrate the accuracy of the system. Anal yzing the characteristics of all kind surfaces of automobile outer penal moulds and dies, the surface and border to be measured and processed are classified int o four types. A 2-D adaptive measuring method based on Bzier curve and a 3 -D adaptive measuring method based on Spline curve are developed for different types of surface. During the data processing, a 3-D probe compensation method i s described in details. The control software of the sub-measuring system is des cribed. Some measuring experiments are carried out to testify the methods.

数控轧辊磨床磨削技术的新方向——4点测量3D磨削

针对目前数控轧辊磨床对宽幅高速造纸机辊筒圆度的检测及加工瓶颈,进一步精确测量和磨削,优化辊筒的使用性能,将现在广泛使用的2点测量数控轧辊磨床技术升级为4点测量3D磨削技术。对高速宽幅造纸机辊筒进行研磨,提高造纸机辊筒的使用性能,延长辊筒的磨削维护间隔,降低辊筒运转时产生的的振动,提高造纸机的运行效率。

Three-dimensional finite-time cooperative guidance for multiple missiles without radial velocity measurements

In order to simultaneously attack a target with impact angle constraint in threedimensional(3-D) space, a novel distributed cooperative guidance law for multiple missiles under directed communication topologies is proposed without radial velocity measurements. First, based on missiles-target 3-D relative motion equations, the multiple missiles cooperative guidance model with impact angle constraint is constructed. Then, in Line-of-Sight(LOS) direction, based on multiagent system cooperative control theory, one guidance law with directed topologies is designed with strict proof, which can guarantee finite time consensus of multiple missiles' impact times. Next, in elevation direction and azimuth direction of LOS, based on homogeneous system stability theory and integral sliding mode control theory, two guidance laws are proposed respectively with strict proof, which can guarantee LOS angles converge to desired values and LOS angular rates converge to zero in finite time. Finally, the effectiveness of the designed cooperative guidance law is demonstrated through simulation results.

剪切散斑:一种光学测量技术及其应用

本文综述了剪切散斑测量技术及其成功的应用领域。剪切散斑技术是一种基于激光的全场、非接触表面变形(位移或应变)测量技术,它无需特殊的隔震装置,克服了因参考光束给全息干涉技术所带来的诸多限制。因此,它是用于现场测量的一个有效工具。剪切散斑测量技术已经得到了工业界的普遍认同,尤其是在工业无损检测方面更显示出了它的极大优势,它可以通过识别被诱发的异常变形来显示物体的内部缺陷。剪切散斑的应用还包括应变测量、材料特性表征、残余应力评估、泄漏探测、振动分析和三维形貌测量等。

用于航空燃油流量测量的V锥流量计的研究

航空燃油流量参数测量是发动机控制的关键技术,现有的航空燃油流量测量技术测量精度较低,在控制过程中无法精确的给发动机供给燃油,会造成燃油的浪费,影响飞行器的飞行距离。发动机燃油流量测量因表体长度、高强度振动和高流速的影响,现有通用流量计无法满足测量的要求。为解决航空燃油流量测量技术难题,研究一种能够用于航空燃油流量测量的V锥流量计。针对表体长度的限制,基于CFD仿真设计具有缩颈和扩颈结构的单支撑V锥流量计;利用振动实验台测试振动对V锥流量计流量测量性能的影响;使用航空燃油为实验介质测试V锥测量航空燃油的流量特性。最终得到用于航空燃油流量测量的V锥流量计流量计算公式,实验结果证明在0.3~3 kg/s流量范围内,此公式的测量精度优于1.5%。

井下振动测量、分析原理研究

为了揭示钻头、钻柱系统的复杂振动现象,摸清井下工具的工作动态,避免异常振动带来的损害,必须进行井下振动测量工具的开发和应用。在多坐标系钻柱运动分析模型的基础上,建立了井下振动的运动和测量方程,证明通过安装三轴加速度计可以进行多种形式的井下振动测量和分析,并且给出跳钻、黏滑、横向振动(冲击)和涡动等异常振动情况判断分析方法,为井下振动测量工具的开发及井下振动分析发展提供理论支持。

煤矿全液压动力头式钻机振动测试与分析

为研究煤矿井下液压钻机的振动特性,指导钻机优化设计和状态监测,以ZDY6500LQ型全液压动力头式钻机为研究对象,进行了整机振动测试与分析。根据钻机工作原理得出主要激振源,以低速高转矩运行状态为例,计算了该状态主要部件激振频率。基于振动测试原理,确定了试验方案,结合钻机综合性能检测平台搭建了振动测试系统。在空载、低速高转矩和高速低转矩3种工作状态下对钻机的8个主要位置进行了振动测试。应用频域分析方法,将测试数据转化为对应频谱,分析了低速高转矩状态下主要激振源引起的钻机振动特性;应用1/3倍频程方法,对比分析了3种工作状态下钻机8个测点位置的振动总量,以及前后、左右、上下3个方向加速度均方根值的变化规律。结果表明:钻机在低速高转矩状态下,动力头减速箱和泵站柱塞泵是最大激振源;振动频率高于100 Hz时,对钻机整机振动影响较大。在钻机动力头位置,低速高转矩负载使减速器箱体振动总量较空载减少3.11%~7.27%,高速低转矩状态下振动总量较空载增加5~6倍;除动力头外,钻机空载状态下各测点振动最小,拖板、导轨、卡板振动与负载成正相关,低速高转矩状态下振动总量是空载状态的2~5倍;钻机在低速高转矩状态下整机有效功率大于50%,能耗较低。研究结果为优化钻机结构,提升钻探施工安全及可靠性提供了参考。

基于立体视觉的砌体房屋模型振动试验研究

针对结构动态响应监测三维变形的需求,研究立体视觉三维测量算法,建立基于结构测面的世界坐标系,得到结构振动响应三维位移公式。研究圆形标识点边缘检测、中心拟合及匹配约束算法,编译基于MATLAB平台的立体视觉结构振动测试分析软件。使用本文集成的立体视觉测量系统完成不同加速度峰值Taft波及El Centro波作用下砌体房屋模型振动台试验,同时测得结构三维位移时程曲线。面内位移时程曲线表明立体视觉方法与位移计数据吻合非常好,证实立体视觉测量方法的有效性。离面位移时程曲线表明砌体房屋模型在地震动作用下发生扭转,且随地震动加速度峰值增大,扭转反应加剧,充分验证立体视觉方法用于监测结构三维振动响应的可靠性及实用性。

先进测量实验区素地环境振动实测与分析

素地环境振动实测与分析对于先进测量实验室建设意义重大,可用于指导先进测量实验室建设选址的适用性和环境振动控制设计。以中国计量科学研究院先进测量实验区选址为例,采用环境激励法对其素地环境振动进行现场测量,通过1/3倍频程分析法对测点速度时程数据进行处理。结果表明:稳态工况下1~100 Hz频段该地块振动速度均方根值低于VC-F标准,但在12.5~20 Hz频段振动速度最大值接近或大于VC-G标准,振动主要来源于21:00~次日10:00集装箱码头装卸货物时引起的随机振动,如果移除集装箱码头将有助于满足实验室振动控制VC-G标准要求。大型巴士在规定工况下运行时,实验室最佳退让距离分别为195 m、182 m和160 m,这样可满足8~25 Hz频段环境振动控制VC-G、VC-F、VC-E标准要求。通过对周边道路交通不同工况下环境振动的测试和分析,可确定不同环境振动标准实验室建设最佳退让距离。

矩形断面非线性驰振自激力测量及间接验证中若干重要问题的讨论

采用专门研制的小型动态测力天平,通过弹簧悬挂节段模型内置天平同步测力测振风洞试验,对3∶2矩形断面的非线性驰振自激力进行了测量。比较了基于实测自激力重构的节段模型位移响应时程与试验结果,从而对自激力测量精度进行了间接的验证;讨论了在进行这种验证时考虑节段模型系统等效阻尼和刚度参数非线性特性的重要性、非风致附加自激力和风致自激力在动态力中的占比、忽略非风致附加气动阻尼力和惯性力的非线性特性对自激力测量精度的影响等若干重要问题。结果显示:对于3∶2矩形断面,非风致附加自激力在测得的总动态力中的占比超过了风致自激力的占比,因此从测得的总动态力中提取自激力时必须扣除非风致附加自激力;非风致附加气动阻尼力和惯性力的非线性对驰振自激力测量精度有一定影响,值得考虑;节段模型系统等效阻尼和刚度参数的非线性对节段模型驰振位移响应的重构精度有明显影响,在验证自激力测量精度时必须加以考虑。

Principle of Coordinates Acquisition Based on Single Camera

The principle and accuracy of 3-D coordinates acquisition using one single camera and the Aided Measuring Probe(AMP) are discussed in this paper. Using one single camera and one AMP which has several embedded targets and one tip with known coordinates, the single camera′s orientation and location can be calculated. After orientation, the global coordinate system is obtained. During measurement, the camera is fixed firstly, then the AMP is held and the feature point is touched.The camera is triggered lastly. The position and orientation of the AMP are therefore calculated from the size and position of its image on the sensor. Since the tip point of AMP has known relation with the embedded targets, the feature point can be measured. Tests show that the accuracy of length measurement is 0.2 mm and accuracy for flatness measurement in XSY-plane is 0.1 mm.

基于五束光的三维多普勒测振仪设计（英文）

为了实现物体的三维振动分析测量,设计了一种基于五束激光的多普勒振动测量系统。该系统将五束激光汇聚到一个焦点,并照射到被反射膜覆盖的被测物体表面,经过反射后,散射光被光电二极管接收,并进入高精度信号处理系统,分别得到五路振动信息,通过计算机处理后,可以分别解析得到包括频率和振幅的三维振动信息。实验结果表明,该系统有望被应用于高精度的无接触振动测量。