Photobiomodulation inhibits the expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans after spinal cord injury via the Sox9 pathway

Both glial cells and glia scar greatly affect the development of spinal cord injury and have become hot spots in research on spinal cord injury treatment.The cellular deposition of dense extracellular matrix proteins such as chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans inside and around the glial scar is known to affect axonal growth and be a major obstacle to autogenous repair.These proteins are thus candidate targets for spinal cord injury therapy.Our previous studies demonstrated that 810 nm photo biomodulation inhibited the formation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans after spinal cord injury and greatly improved motor function in model animals.However,the specific mechanism and potential targets involved remain to be clarified.In this study,to investigate the therapeutic effect of photo biomodulation,we established a mouse model of spinal cord injury by T9 clamping and irradiated the injury site at a power density of 50 mW/cm~2 for 50 minutes once a day for 7 consecutive days.We found that photobiomodulation greatly restored motor function in mice and down regulated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan expression in the injured spinal cord.Bioinformatics analysis revealed that photobiomodulation inhibited the expression of proteoglycan-related genes induced by spinal cord injury,and versican,a type of proteoglycan,was one of the most markedly changed molecules.Immunofluorescence staining showed that after spinal cord injury,versican was present in astrocytes in spinal cord tissue.The expression of versican in primary astrocytes cultured in vitro increased after inflammation induction,whereas photobiomodulation inhibited the expression of ve rsican.Furthermore,we found that the increased levels of p-Smad3,p-P38 and p-Erk in inflammatory astrocytes were reduced after photobiomodulation treatment and after delivery of inhibitors including FR 180204,(E)-SIS3,and SB 202190.This suggests that Sma d 3/Sox9 and MAP K/Sox9 pathways may be involved in the effects of photobiomodulation.In summary,our findings show that photobiomodulation modulates the expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans,and versican is one of the key target molecules of photo biomodulation.MAPK/Sox9 and Smad3/Sox9 pathways may play a role in the effects of photo biomodulation on chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan accumulation after spinal cord injury.

STRUCTURE,MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND BIOACTIVITIES OF(1→3)-β-D-GLUCANS AND ITS SULFATED DERIVATIVES FROM FOUR KINDS OF LENTINUS EDODES

Lentinan samples,(1→3)-β-D-glucans containing 4.6-15.2 wt% proteins,coded as L-I_1 L-I_2 L-I_3 and L-I_4(L-I)were isolated from four kinds of Lentinus edodes.These glucans were treated with acetone to remove the protein in orderto obtain free protein glucans coded as LNP-I_1,LNP-I_2.LNP-I_3 and LNP-I_4(LNP-I).The free-protein polysaccharideswere sulfated to give derivatives(S-LNP-I)with degree of substitution(DS)from 0.4-0.8.The structural features andweight-average molecular weight(M_w)of the samples were investigated by using infrared spectroscopy,elemental analysis,^(13)C-NMR,size exclusion chromatography combined with laser light scattering(SEC-LLS)and viscometry.The effects ofstructure and conformation of the polysaccharides on antitumor activities were assayed in vivo(Sarcoma 180 solid tumors)and in vitro(Sarcoma 180,HL-60,MCF-7 and Vero tumors).The results indicated that the predominant species of thesamples L-I and LNP-I in 0.2 mol/L NaCl aqueous solution existed as triple-helical chains with high rigidity and in dimethylsulfoxide(DMSO)as single-flexible chains.Interestingly,the antitumor activities of LNP-I are lower than those of the nativeglucans(L-I),whereas their sulfated derivatives have higher inhibition ratio against Sarcoma 180 than LNP-I.The resultsreveal that the binding of protein,sulfated modification and the triple helix conformation are important factors in theenhancement of the antitumor activities of polysaccharides on the whole.

Protective effects of panax notoginseng saponin on dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in rats through phosphoinositide-3-kinase protein kinase B signaling pathway inhibition

BACKGROUND Intestinal inflammation is a common digestive tract disease, which is usually treated with hormone medicines. Hormone medicines are effective to some extent, but long-term use of them may bring about many complications.AIM To explore the protective effects of panax notoginseng saponin(PNS) against dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)-induced intestinal inflammatory injury through phosphoinositide-3-kinase protein kinase B(PI3K/AKT) signaling pathway inhibition in rats.METHODS Colitis rat models were generated via DSS induction, and rats were divided into control(no modeling), DSS, DSS + PNS 50 mg/k, and DSS + PNS 100 mg/kg groups. Then, the intestinal injury, oxidative stress parameters, inflammatory indices, tight junction proteins, apoptosis, macrophage polarization, and TLR4/AKT signaling pathway in colon tissues from rats in each of the groups were detected. The PI3 K/AKT signaling pathway in the colon tissue of rats was blocked using the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway inhibitor, LY294002.RESULTS Compared with rats in the control group, rats in the DSS group showed significantly shortened colon lengths, and significantly increased disease activity indices, oxidative stress reactions and inflammatory indices, as well as significantly decreased expression of tight junction-associated proteins. In addition, the DSS group showed significantly increased apoptotic cell numbers,and showed significantly increased M1 macrophages in spleen and colon tissues.They also showed significantly decreased M2 macrophages in colon tissues, as well as activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway(all P < 0.05). Compared with rats in the DSS group, rats in the DSS + PNS group showed significantly lengthened colon lengths, decreased disease activity indices, and significantly alleviated oxidative stress reactions and inflammatory responses. In addition, this group showed significantly increased expression of tight junction-associated proteins, significantly decreased apoptotic cell numbers, and significantly decreased M1 macrophages in spleen and colon tissues. This group further showed significantly increased M2 macrophages in colon tissues, and significantly suppressed activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, as well as a dose dependency(all P < 0.05). When the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway was inhibited, the apoptosis rate of colon tissue cells in the DSS + LY294002 group was significantly lower than that of the DSS group(P < 0.05).CONCLUSION PNS can protect rats against DSS-induced intestinal inflammatory injury by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and therefore may be potentially used in the future as a drug for colitis.

Determination of Trace Amounts of Zinc, Iron and Copper by Flame Atomic Absorption after Their Preconcentration Using Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) Coated Alumina Nanoparticles Modified with 3-Mercapto-D-Valin from Environmental Samples

A sensitive and simple solid phase extraction method for the simultaneous determination of trace and toxic metals in environmental samples has been reported. The method is based on the adsorption of Zinc, Iron and Copper on SDS-coated alumina nanoparticles, which is also modified with 3-mercapto-D-valine. The retained analyte ions on modified solid phase were eluted using 5 mL of 4 mol·L﹣1 HNO3. The analyte determination was carried out by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The influences of some metal ion and anions on the recoveries of understudy analyte ion were investigated. The influences of the analytical parameters including pH, ligand and SDS amount, eluting solution (type and concentrations) and sample volume on metal ions recoveries were investigated. The extraction efficiency was > 98% with relative standard deviation lower than 3% the method has been successfully applied for the extraction and determination of these ions content in some real samples. Prepared adsorbent was characterized by SEM and FT-IR measurements.

Atmospheric Corrosion of Steel A3 Deposited with Ammonium Sulfate and in the Presence of Sulfur Dioxide

A laboratory study of the atmospheric corrosion of carbon steel deposited with (NH4)2SO4 in the presence of SO2 is reported. The different levels of (NH4)2SO4 (0, 15, 30, 45, 60 μg·cm-2) were added on the surface of the samples before the exposure. The corrosion was investigated by a combination of gravimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscope and scanning electron microscopy. A detailed knowledge about the corrosion products was acquired, both quantitatively and qualitatively. The results show that the metal loss increased and the increasing tendency of corrosion rates slowed down with the increasing exposure time. The phase constituents of the corrosion products are mainly α-FeO(OH), γ-FeO(OH), and δ-FeO(OH).

H_(2)SO_(4)-Fe_(2)(SO_(4))_(3)浸出铜精矿过程中铁形态转化研究

H_(2)SO_(4)-Fe_(2)(SO_(4))_(3)浸出体系因其具有成本低、腐蚀性较低等特点,被广泛应用于铜精矿的浸出。由于溶液中Fe的形态变化决定着浸出工艺的经济效益,因此针对浸出液中不同条件下的铁形态进行了研究。研究表明,Fe^(3+)与Fe^(2+)之间的转化主要涉及电子转移,不会改变H^(+)浓度;当浸出液pH值达到2时,会产生大量黄钾铁矾沉淀,并夹杂着质量分数为1.0%的Cu和质量分数为0.5%的Zn;当浸出液中Fe^(2+)质量浓度超过46.5 g/L时,在常温下会产生FeSO_(4)·7H_(2)O结晶,并夹杂着质量分数为1.9%的Cu和质量分数为1.0%的Zn。

The Effects of Magnesium Sulfate on Fetal Rats of FGR and the Expression of Caspase-3 in the Placenta of Maternal Rat

To investigate the effect of magnesium sulfate on the fetal rats of FGR and the expression of caspase-3 in the placenta of maternal rat ; To explore the mechanism of using magnesium sulfate to cure the FGR. Establish model of FGR by a way of passive smoking： giving the maternal rats different agent of magnesium sulfate by subcutaneous injection： low agent group （300 mg/kg）, high agent group （600 mg/kg）. Concentration of magnesium sulfate was monitored. The expression of caspase-3 was measured by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry technology. Both of the concentrations of magnesium sulfate in high and low agents group are higher than the FGR group （P〈0.01）;the weight of the placenta and fetal rat in high agent group are higher than the FGR group （P〈0.05 and P〈0. 01） ; the expression of mRNA and protein of caspase-3 in the two agent group is higher than the FGR group （P〈0.05 respectively） ; concentration of magnesium sulfate in the maternal rat blood correlate to the weight of fetal rat （r=0. 899, P=0. 038） and the expression of caspase-3 in the placenta of maternal rat （r=-0. 747, P=0. 033; r=-0. 915, P=0. 001）. The research suggests that the weight of fetal rat could be increased by treatment of magnesium sulfate. Because it would imfrmove the placental function by depressing the expression of caspase-3.

尿毒素硫酸吲哚酚通过OAT-3诱发HK-2细胞纤维化的作用

目的探讨尿毒素硫酸吲哚酚(IS)通过有机阴离子转运蛋白-3(OAT-3)诱发人正常肾小管上皮(HK-2)细胞氧化应激和纤维化因子的作用。方法HK-2细胞进行传代培养,待孔板中细胞密度达到80%~90%时分为空白对照组(Control组,加入培养液中正常培养不予干预)、IS处理组(IS组,加入250μmoL IS培养),两组细胞培养24 h;同时,进一步在HK-2细胞中用小干扰RNA(siRNA)沉默OAT-3的表达后提取总RNA,其浓度测定并进行RT-PCR以及Western blot试验检测氧化应激(Nox-4)及纤维化因子(Collagen I、TGF-β1、Smad-3、α-SMA)的mRNA和蛋白表达水平;最后HK-2细胞以抗氧化剂N-乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)预处理后,加入250μmoL IS刺激24 h,采用RT-PCR及Western blot试验检测上述指标的mRNA和蛋白表达水平。结果RT-PCR结果显示,HK-2细胞以250μmoL IS刺激24 h后,IS显著增加HK-2细胞中氧化应激(Nox-4)及纤维化因子(Collagen I、TGF-β1、Smad-3、α-SMA)的mRNA表达水平(P<0.05);HK-2细胞中siRNA沉默OAT-3的表达后发现,IS诱导的上述氧化应激和纤维化因子的mRNA和蛋白表达水平显著降低(P<0.05)。以NAC预处理后,HK-2细胞IS刺激24 h发现,NAC有效抑制IS诱导Nox-4、Collagen I、TGF-β1、Smad-3、α-SMA的mRNA和蛋白表达水平(P<0.05)。结论硫酸吲哚酚经OAT-3摄取到HK-2细胞内诱发氧化应激和纤维化因子高表达。

Effect of CeO_(2) nanoparticle sizes on catalytic performances of sulfated CeO_(2)/Al_(2)O_(3) catalyst in NH_(3)-SCR reaction

The sulfated CeO_(2)/Al_(2)O_(3) catalysts with different sizes of CeO_(2)nanoparticles were prepared by using pure H_2O or acetic acid solution as impregnation solvent, and the influence of sizes of CeO_(2) nanoparticles on the catalytic performances of the sulfated CeO_(2)/Al_(2)O_(3) catalyst was studied. The catalytic performance tests show that the sulfated CeO_(2)/Al_(2)O_(3) catalyst using acetic acid solution as impregnation solvent has better catalytic activity and the resistance to K+poisoning than the sulfated CeO_(2)/Al_(2)O_(3) catalyst using pure H_(2)O as impregnation solvent. The excellent catalytic performances can be ascribed to the smaller sizes of CeO_(2) nanoparticles in CeO_(2)/Al_(2)O_(3) catalyst using acetic acid solution, which results in larger amount of adsorbed sulfate species, surface acid sites, surface active oxygen species and excellent redox property. These features are helpful for improving the catalytic performances of sulfated CeO_(2)/Al_(2)O_(3) catalyst using smaller amount of CeO_(2) to cut the costs.

The Form of Sulfate in Pseudo-Boehmite and Its Effect on Properties of Pseudo-Boehmite

A series of pseudo-boehmite samples with their sulfate radicals(SO2-4) concentration ranging from 0.9% to 3.0% were prepared by the reaction of Na Al O2 solution on Al2(SO4)3 solution. The existing form of sulfate radicals was investigated. Results have shown that sulfates in pseudo-boehmite included two parts, the soluble sulfate radicals and the insoluble sulfate radicals, which accounted for 99% of the total amount of sulfate radicals. XRD, low-temperature N2-adsorption, and TEM were used to characterize the properties of these pseudo-boehmite samples. Results have shown that the relative crystallinity and crystal size of pseudo-boehmite decreased with the increase of sulfate radicals in the support. In the meanwhile, the bound water content in pseudo-boehmite increased. The TEM images of pseudo-boehmite indicated that the pseudoboehmite was prone to become amorphous hydrated alumina. However, the effect of sulfate content on the specific surface area and pore structure of aluminium oxide was insignificant.

Luminescent terphen[3]arene sulfate-activated FRET assemblies for cell imaging

Multicharged supramolecular assemblies based on luminescent macrocycle play an important role in extending their optical properties and functions.Herein,we reported macrocyclic supramolecular assemblies based on luminescent terphen[3]arene sulfate(TP[3]AS)and tetraphenylethylene pyridinium(TPE-4Py)through electrostatic interactions,host-guest encapsulation andπ-πstacking interactions.F?rster resonance energy transfer(FRET)process from TP[3]AS to TPE-4Py was achieved with the energy transfer efficiency of 99.9%,accompanied by TPE-4Py fluorescence emission bathochromic shifted of 15 nm and enhanced by 1.68 times in PBS solution.In contrast,other non-luminescent sulfato-β-cyclodextrin and sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin only can enhance the fluorescence intensity of TPE-4Py without bathochromic shift.Due to the strong fluorescence and good stability of TPE-4Py@TP[3]AS,it can be used for optical imaging in living cells,which provided an effective approach for the construction of assembling-confined luminescent biomaterials.

Baicalin inhibits colistin sulfate-induced apoptosis of PC12 cells

Baicalin, a type of flavonoid extracted from the dried root of Scutellaria baicalensis georgi, has been shown to effectively inhibit cell apoptosis. Therefore, we assumed that baicalin would suppress colistin sulfate-induced neuronal apoptosis. PC12 cells exposed to colistin sulfate （62.5-500 μg/mL） for 24 hours resulted in PCl2 cell apoptosis. In addition, caspase-3 activity, lactate dehydrogenase level and free radical content increased in a dose-dependent manner. Subsequently, PC12 cells were pretreated with baicalin （25, 50 and 100 pg/mL）, and exposed to 125 pg/mL colistin sulfate. Cell morphology markedly changed, and cell viability increased. Moreover, caspase-3 activity, lac- tate dehydrogenase level and free radical content decreased. Results indicated that baicalin inhib- ited colistin sulfate-induced PC12 cell apoptosis by suppressing free radical injury, and reducing caspase-3 activity and lactate dehydrogenase activity.

Deactivation induced by metal sulfate over MnCeOx catalyst in NH_(3)-SCR reaction at low temperature

Sulfate adsorption is one of the factors that cause the poisoning of catalyst in the low-temperature NH_(3) selective catalytic reduction reaction(NH_(3)-SCR).In this paper,by controlling the co-adsorption time of SO_(2) and O_(2) at 150℃,a range of sulfated MnCeOx catalysts with different contents of metal sulfate species were prepared to reveal the influence of metal sulfate species content on the catalytic performances and reaction mechanisms at low temperature.The catalytic activity below 250℃rapidly decreases with increasing metal sulfate species content.The results of characterizations shed light on the reduction of specific surface area,Mn^(4+)and Ce^(3+)content,and redox ability of MnCeOx owing to the formation of metal sulfate species.Further experiments reveal that metal sulfate species preferentially absorb on MnOx domains rather than on CeO_(2) domains,and the adsorbed metal sulfate species can suppress the Eley-Rideal and the Langmuir-Hinshelwood reaction mechanisms over the sulfated MnCeOx.All the above results are detrimental to the activity of sulfated MnCeOx in the low-temperature NH3-SCR reaction.

Recovery of copper sulfate after treating As-containing wastewater by precipitation method

The solid sodium hydroxide neutralized acidic As-containing wastewater till pH value was 6. Green copper arsenite was prepared after copper sulfate was added into the neutralized wastewater when the molar ratio of Cu to As was 2：1 and pH value of the neutralized wastewater was adjusted to 8.0 by sodium hydroxide. The arsenious acid solution and red residue were produced after copper arsenite mixed with water according to the ratio of liquid to solid of 4：1 and copper arsenite was reduced by SO2 at 60℃ for 1 h. The white powder was gained after the arsenious acid solution was evaporated and cooled. Copper sulfate solution was obtained after the red residue was leached by H2SO4 solution under the action of air. The results show that red residue is Cu3（SO3）2·2H2O and the white powder is As2O3. The leaching rate of Cu reaches 99.00% when the leaching time is 1.5 h, molar ratio of H2SO4 to Cu is 1.70, H2SO4 concentration is 24% and the leaching temperature is 80 ℃. The direct recovery rate of copper sulfate is 79.11% and the content of CuSOa·5H2O is up to 98.33% in the product after evaporating and cooling the copper sulfate solution.

The Importance of Heparan Sulfate in Herpesvirus Infection

Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) is one of many pathogens that use the cell surface glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate as a receptor. Heparan sulfate is highly expressed on the surface and extracellular matrix of virtually all cell types making it an ideal receptor. Heparan sulfate interacts with HSV-1 envelope glycoproteins gB and gC during the initial attachment step during HSV-1 entry. In addition,a modified form of heparan sulfate,known as 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate,interacts with HSV-1 gD to induce fusion between the viral envelope and host cell membrane. The 3-O-sulfation of heparan sulfate is a rare modification which occurs during the biosynthesis of heparan sulfate that is carried out by a family of enzymes known as 3-O-sulfotransferases. Due to its involvement in multiple steps of the infection process,heparan sulfate has been a prime target for the development of agents to inhibit HSV entry. Understanding how heparan sulfate functions during HSV-1 infection may not only be critical for inhibiting infection by this virus,but it may also be crucial in the fight against many other pathogens as well.

Preparation of solid polyferric sulfate from pyrite cinders and its structure feature

Acid leaching solution was obtained after mixing pyrite cinders with H 2SO 4, then heating the mixture of pyrite cinders and H 2SO 4 at 200300 ℃, leaching the heated mixture with water and filtrating. Polyferric sulfate (PFS) solution was produced by adding suitable amounts of FeSO 4·7H 2O and NaClO 3 into acid leaching solution. By concentrating and drying PFS solution, solid PFS with alkali degree of 6.40%22.4% was prepared. Fe 4.67 (SO 4) 6(OH) 2·20H 2O in the solid PFS was discovered by XRD analysis. FT IR spectroscopy shows that the absorption peaks at 3 400 cm -1 and 1 635 cm -1 arise from OH and absorption peaks at 998 cm -1 and 669 cm -1 come from Fe-OH in the solid PFS.

Recovery of magnetite from waste ferrous sulfate using polyethylene glycol(PEG) as a dispersant

The effect of PEG dispersant on the magnetic separation of magnetite（Fe3O4） synthesized from ferrous sulfate solution via co-precipitation method with calcium hydroxide as the precipitant was investigated. The results indicated that a PEG dispersant could significantly affect Fe3O4 recovery. Adding PEG during the preparation of Fe3O4 was unfavorable for Fe3O4 recovery. When the PEG-6000 concentration was increased from 0 to 8 g/L, the iron grade and median particle size of the Fe3O4 product decreased from 65.58% and 2.35 μm to 57.79% and 1.35 μm, respectively. However, adding PEG during the wet milling of the mixed product promoted the subsequent recovery of Fe3O4. When the amount of PEG-200 increased from 0% to 4% of the powder mass, the grade of iron in the Fe3O4 product increased from 65.58% to 68.32%. While the relative molecular mass of PEG at an amount of 4% of the powder mass increased from 200 to 20000, the grade of iron was reduced from 68.32% to 66.70%.

用电解锰阳极泥制备高纯Mn_(3)O_(4)

以电解锰阳极泥经还原焙烧—酸浸—深度净化除杂获得的硫酸锰溶液和工业氨水为原料,采用共沉淀法制备高纯Mn_(3)O_(4)。考察了搅拌速度、反应温度、空气流速、反应时间以及Mn^(2+)/NH_(4)^(+)物质的量比对Mn_(3)O_(4)纯度的影响。结果表明,在搅拌速度250 r/min、反应温度60℃、空气流速2.5 L/min、反应时间40 min、Mn^(2+)/NH_(4)^(+)物质的量比1∶2的条件下,可成功制备出球形Mn_(3)O_(4),其锰含量为71.45%,满足高纯Mn_(3)O_(4)的要求。

相对湿度对SO_(2)/NH_(3)在α-Fe_(2)O_(3)表面非均相反应的影响

采用原位漫反射傅里叶变换光谱技术研究SO_(2)/NH_(3)在α-Fe_(2)O_(3)颗粒物表面的非均相反应,探究相对湿度条件对NH_(3)作用下生成硫酸盐颗粒物影响.结果表明,干燥条件下颗粒物表面有硫酸盐(1271,1244,1163,1069cm^(-1))以及铵盐(1698,1435cm^(-1))特征峰的生成,NH_(3)能够与SO_(2)协同作用促进硫酸盐颗粒物的生成.随着相对湿度的增大,部分硫酸盐的峰位红移至硫酸氢盐(1239cm^(-1))处,表明湿润条件下有硫酸氢盐的生成.随着相对湿度从0%上升至78%,颗粒物表面硫酸盐的生成速率由9.38×10^(-17)ions/(g⋅s)降低至4.33×10^(-17)ions/(g⋅s),NH_(3)作用下SO_(2)在颗粒物表面的摄取系数(γ)由2.04×10^(-6)降低至9.43×10^(-7),表明水汽对SO_(2)/NH_(3)在α-Fe_(2)O_(3)颗粒物表面上的非均相反应有抑制作用.

V/TiO_(2)催化剂在SO_(2)气氛下的NH 3-选择性催化还原中低温中毒机理研究

研究了V/TiO_(2)催化剂在180、240、300℃含SO_(2)气氛下的NH 3-选择性催化还原(SCR)催化活性演变。结果表明,180℃下,V/TiO_(2)催化剂表面生成大量硫酸铵盐和少量硫酸氧钒,共同导致在8 h内脱硝效率从80.1%降至50.6%。原位漫反射傅立叶红外研究表明,中毒后V/TiO_(2)催化剂的艾列莱德列(E-R)反应路径被削弱,催化活性下降。随着反应温度升高至240、300℃,V/TiO_(2)催化剂表面生成少量硫酸铵盐和大量硫酸氧钒,但脱硝效率仍能维持在100.0%。