New cobalt(II) complex, [Co(O<sub>2</sub>C<sub>15</sub>H<sub>11</sub>N<sub>2</sub>S)<sub>2</sub>(OH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]∙2H<s...New cobalt(II) complex, [Co(O<sub>2</sub>C<sub>15</sub>H<sub>11</sub>N<sub>2</sub>S)<sub>2</sub>(OH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]∙2H<sub>2</sub>O (1∙2H<sub>2</sub>O), has been synthesized upon reaction of cobalt chloride hexahydrate (Co(Cl)<sub>2</sub>∙6H<sub>2</sub>O) with 3-methyl-1-Phenyl-4-(2-thienoyl)-pyrazol-5-one (referred as HL) in ethanol at room temperature. Single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD), spectroscopic methods, and microelemental analyses were used to characterize 1∙2H<sub>2</sub>O. Compound 1∙2H<sub>2</sub>O crystallizes in the orthorhombic crystal system with a Pbca space group and with the cobalt atom being pseudo-octahedral coordinated. The broth microdilution technique was used to screen the free ligand (HL) and the complex (1∙2H<sub>2</sub>O) for antimicrobial activities. HL has a low activity (MIC > 100 μg/mL) on all microorganisms, whereas compound 1∙2H<sub>2</sub>O displayed moderate activity (10 ∙2H<sub>2</sub>O exhibited bactericidal and fungicidal activity respectively on all the bacteria and yeasts tested. These findings reveal that the antimicrobial activity of HL was enhanced upon coordination to Co(II) ion against all microorganisms (bacteria and fungus).展开更多
New cobalt(II) complex, [Co(O<sub>2</sub>C<sub>15</sub>H<sub>11</sub>N<sub>2</sub>S)<sub>2</sub>(OH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]∙2H<s...New cobalt(II) complex, [Co(O<sub>2</sub>C<sub>15</sub>H<sub>11</sub>N<sub>2</sub>S)<sub>2</sub>(OH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]∙2H<sub>2</sub>O (1∙2H<sub>2</sub>O), has been synthesized upon reaction of cobalt chloride hexahydrate (Co(Cl)<sub>2</sub>∙6H<sub>2</sub>O) with 3-methyl-1-Phenyl-4-(2-thienoyl)-pyrazol-5-one (referred as HL) in ethanol at room temperature. Single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD), spectroscopic methods, and microelemental analyses were used to characterize 1∙2H<sub>2</sub>O. Compound 1∙2H<sub>2</sub>O crystallizes in the orthorhombic crystal system with a Pbca space group and with the cobalt atom being pseudo-octahedral coordinated. The broth microdilution technique was used to screen the free ligand (HL) and the complex (1∙2H<sub>2</sub>O) for antimicrobial activities. HL has a low activity (MIC > 100 μg/mL) on all microorganisms, whereas compound 1∙2H<sub>2</sub>O displayed moderate activity (10 ∙2H<sub>2</sub>O exhibited bactericidal and fungicidal activity respectively on all the bacteria and yeasts tested. These findings reveal that the antimicrobial activity of HL was enhanced upon coordination to Co(II) ion against all microorganisms (bacteria and fungus).展开更多
The title compound trans-4-[(5-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-3-methyl- 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methyleneamino]- 1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one 3 (C28H23Cl2N5O2, Mr = 532.41) has been synthesized and its...The title compound trans-4-[(5-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-3-methyl- 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methyleneamino]- 1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one 3 (C28H23Cl2N5O2, Mr = 532.41) has been synthesized and its crystal structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. It crystallizes in triclinic, space group P1- with a = 8.9438(4), b = 11.6065(5), c = 14.2215(6)A, α = 112.566(1), β = 92.324(2), γ = 102.91(1)°, V= 1315.65(10) A^3, Z = 2, Dc = 1.344 g/cm^3,μ(MoKa) = 0.282 mm^-1, λ = 0.71073 A, F(000) = 552, the final R = 0.0587 and wR = 0.1578 for 5071 observed reflections (I 〉 2σ(I)). X-ray analysis reveals that the product is a thermodynamically stable trans isomer. Intra- and intermolecular C( 12)-H(12)…O(1) and C(28)-H(28)...O(1)# 1 hydrogen bonds were observed in the title compound.展开更多
The extraction behavior of rare earths was studied by using paraffin with ceresin as a diluent containing 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-benzoyl-pyrazolone-5.In solid phase,the composition of complexes is REP_3.The equilib- rium...The extraction behavior of rare earths was studied by using paraffin with ceresin as a diluent containing 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-benzoyl-pyrazolone-5.In solid phase,the composition of complexes is REP_3.The equilib- rium extraction constants and pH_(1/2) values of solid-liquid extraction are higher than those of normal liquid-liquid extraction.The extraction efficiency tends to maximum when the ratio of phases is 1:1.When the extraction temperature is higher than the melting point of paraffin and the extraction time is over 10 min,the extraction efficiency keeps constant.Moreover,the relationship among separation factor,equilibrium extrac- tion constant,pH_(1/2) value and atomic number was obtained.The mechanism of solid-liquid extraction is analogous to that of liquid-liquid extraction.展开更多
An efficient and environmental benign method is reported for the condensation of 3-methyl-1-phenyl-5-pyrazolone with carbonyl compounds in ionic liquids [Bmim]BF4 and [Bmim]PF6 catalyzed by ethylenediammonium diacetate.
Using 2'-Hydroxyacetophenone and as the raw material, 1-( 2-Hydroxyphenyl )-3-Phenyl-1, 3- Propanedione (HPPPD) was synthesized by esterification reaction and Fries rearrangement reaction. And the complexes of HP...Using 2'-Hydroxyacetophenone and as the raw material, 1-( 2-Hydroxyphenyl )-3-Phenyl-1, 3- Propanedione (HPPPD) was synthesized by esterification reaction and Fries rearrangement reaction. And the complexes of HPPPD with europium were also synthesized. The compounds were characterized by IR, thermo-gravimetric analysis and ^1H-NMR. The effects of phenolic hydroxyl on the luminescence properties of complexes were studied. The results show that the complexes emit strong red fluorescence and the fluorescence intensity of the ternary complex is better than that of the duality. But the complexes of HPPPD with Sm( Ⅲ ), Tb ( Ⅲ ), Dy ( Ⅲ ) emit weak fluorescence. The phenomenon was interpreted by electron-effect and energy-matching mechanism. Energy transfer mechanism of the luminescence in the complex was discussed.展开更多
Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is considered a pathological feature of Parkinson's disease.Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell-1(TREM-1)can amplify the inherent immune response,and crucially,regula...Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is considered a pathological feature of Parkinson's disease.Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell-1(TREM-1)can amplify the inherent immune response,and crucially,regulate inflammation.In this study,we found marked elevation of serum soluble TREM-1 in patients with Parkinson's disease that positively correlated with Parkinson's disease severity and dyskinesia.In a mouse model of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced Parkinson's disease,we found that microglial TREM-1 expression also increased in the substantia nigra.Further,TREM-1 knockout alleviated dyskinesia in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease and reduced dopaminergic neuronal injury.Meanwhile,TREM-1 knockout attenuated the neuroinflammatory response,dopaminergic neuronal injury,and neutrophil migration.Next,we established an in vitro 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridine-induced BV2 microglia model of Parkinson's disease and treated the cells with the TREM-1 inhibitory peptide LP17.We found that LP17 treatment reduced apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons and neutrophil migration.Moreover,inhibition of neutrophil TREM-1 activation diminished dopaminergic neuronal apoptosis induced by lipopolysaccharide.TREM-1 can activate the downstream CARD9/NF-κB proinflammatory pathway via interaction with SYK.These findings suggest that TREM-1 may play a key role in mediating the damage to dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease by regulating the interaction between microglia and peripheral neutrophils.展开更多
Density functional calculations have been used to study the mechanism of 1-phenyl-1-(3-pyridyl)ethene hydroformylation using rhodium catalyst.Our calculations reveal that the rate-determining step is the oxidative a...Density functional calculations have been used to study the mechanism of 1-phenyl-1-(3-pyridyl)ethene hydroformylation using rhodium catalyst.Our calculations reveal that the rate-determining step is the oxidative addition of hydrogen molecule and the preferred path is the one involving ts3ans for the lowest activation free-energy (ΔrGa),63.8 kJ/mol.This reaction is demonstrated to be strong exothermic by-96.6 kJ/mol of branched products and-98.2 kJ/mol of linear products.And the predominant product is the linear 3-phenyl-3-(3-pyridal)propanal (pr-ns) determined by both thermodynamics and kinetics.These results are in agreement with the practicality experimental studies.展开更多
Two new Schiff bases based on 5-chloro-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1 H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde, namely, N-((5-chloro-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1 H-pyrazol-4-yl)methylene)-4-morpholinoaniline(Ⅲa) and N-((5-chloro-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1 H-...Two new Schiff bases based on 5-chloro-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1 H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde, namely, N-((5-chloro-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1 H-pyrazol-4-yl)methylene)-4-morpholinoaniline(Ⅲa) and N-((5-chloro-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1 H-pyrazol-4-yl)methylene)-3-fluoro-4-morpholinoaniline(Ⅲb), were synthesized and characterized by IR, LC-MS, 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR spectroscopy. Meanwhile, the three-dimensional configurations of the two title compounds were further characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. Both the compounds are thermodynamically stable trans-isomers. Moreover, the fluorescence properties and antioxidant activities against DPPH of the two target compounds have been investigated, and the results showed that the title compounds both have fluorescence performance and certain antioxidant activities against DPPH radical.展开更多
At present, pathogenesis and mechanism of Parkinson disease (PD) are still unclear. Animal models of PD are essential tools in studies on etiology and therapy and should mimic the chronic pathological process, histo...At present, pathogenesis and mechanism of Parkinson disease (PD) are still unclear. Animal models of PD are essential tools in studies on etiology and therapy and should mimic the chronic pathological process, histological characteristics and motor behavior dysfunction. In recent years, transgenic mice have been widely utilized to study the mechanism of PD, and it has become imperative that a PD mouse model of motor behavioral dysfunction be established. OBJECTIVE: To compare the behavioral and histochemical characters of two neurotoxic mice model induced with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) or 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6 -tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), and a better method to mimic Parkinson disease will be found out. DESIGN: Parallel experiment. SETTING: Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Jiao Tohg University. MATERIALS: Sixty 129Sv/C57BL6J male wild mice, SPF grade, 8 - 12 weeks old, weighing 20 - 25 g, were provided by Experimental Animal Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University. All the surgery operation was performed according to the rules of Shanghai Jiaotong University Animal Committee. METHODS: The experiment was carried out in the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics (National Key Laboratory), Department of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Jiao Ttong University from March to August 2006. ①Thirty-two male mice were randomly divided into control group and drug treatment group with 16 mice in each group. Surgery was carried out and 6-OHDA was administrated to substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and nigra-striatum pathway according to the different parameters with intoxication apparatus. Saline was injected to the other 16 mice according to the same paradigm. 1 mg/kg apomorphine was injected intraperitoneally 2 weeks later after surgery to induce the imbalanced rotation behavior for 40 minutes. ②Twenty-eight mice were randomly divided into 4 groups with 7 in each group, including low-dose, moderate-dose, high-dose groups and negative control group. Then, mice in the drug treatment group were injected intraperitoneally with 5, 10 and 15 mg/kg MPTP for 9 successive days. In addition, mice in the control group were injected with the same volume of saline for 9 days. Pole test and stride length test were utilized to detect coordinative behavioral dysfunction. Mice were sacrificed 20 days after MPTP treatment, and histochemical staining of tyrosine hydroxynase (TH) was used to observe the loss of dopaminergic neuron in SNpc. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Success ratio of each model establishment method; ② inducible asymmetric cycle behavior test 2 weeks after 6-OHDA injection; ③behavioral dysfunction in pole test and stride length, morphological changes in brain tissue. RESULTS: Totally sixty mice were used in this experiment and 3 mice were excluded because of the hypersensitivity or the clumsy reaction in motor behavioral detection before MPTP treatment, therefore, data was analyzed with the rest 57 mice. ① Lethal ratio: Three out of 16 mice died in striatum injection group and 5 out of 16 mice died in nigro-striatal pathway group. No mouse died in MPTP treatment groups. ② Locomotor behavior: No dysfunction of locomotor was found in 6-OHDA treatment groups. However, several motor behavioral dysfunction were start to present at the 4th day of MPTP injection. ③ Asymmetric cycle behavior: No asymmetric cycle was induced successfully two weeks after 6-OHDA surgery. Mice show hypersensitive behavior 10 minutes after apomorphine injection, which lasted for about 20 minutes. ④ Pole test: From the 4^th day of MPTP treatment, mice started to display coordinate dysfunction, such as climbing down along the pole in spiral, moving slowly with hesitation. Some mice could not grab the pole and slide down along the pole at 4th day post injection. Comparing with 0 dose control group, all the threedrug treatment groups show significant different dysfunction from the 4th day to the 20th day post injection (P 〈 0.01). ⑤ stride length test: Mice's stride length decreased, when treated with MPTP, and the mice in the high dose group displayed obviously. ⑥ Dopaminergic neuron stained with TH in nigra pars compacta: The results indicated that administrated MPTP (from low dose to high dose) by intraperitoneal cause chronic lesions on the dopaminergic neuron in the SNpc. CONCLUSION: PD mice models induced with 6-OHDA show high mortality ratio and no asymmetric cycle was found after apomorphine injection. However, injection of MPTP intraperitoneally can simulate the chronic pathway of PD, typical histological changes are found and stable motor behavioral dysfunctions are displayed.展开更多
Density functional theory (DFT) has been applied to study the enantioselective reduction of 3-morpholin-4-yl-1-phenyl-1-propanone with borane catalyzed by (S)-4-benzyl-5,5- diphenyl-1,3,2-oxazaborolidine at the B3LY...Density functional theory (DFT) has been applied to study the enantioselective reduction of 3-morpholin-4-yl-1-phenyl-1-propanone with borane catalyzed by (S)-4-benzyl-5,5- diphenyl-1,3,2-oxazaborolidine at the B3LYP/6-31G* level. All molecular species involved in the four reaction steps have been fully optimized and the structural parameters are provided, and the micro process of reaction was also investigated. The catalyst-alkoxyborane adduct formed in step III exhibits a B-O-B-N tetra-atomic ring. Reaction coordination calculations show that BH3 can react with 3-morpholin-4-yl-1-phenyl-1-propanone spontaneously, resulting in the need of 2 mol BH3 in the reaction.展开更多
A β-cyclodextrin derivative, perbenzyl-β-cyclodextrin, was prepared and used as a chiral stationary phase for capillary gas chromatography. Using FID detector and the column temperature between 70 and 80℃, the chir...A β-cyclodextrin derivative, perbenzyl-β-cyclodextrin, was prepared and used as a chiral stationary phase for capillary gas chromatography. Using FID detector and the column temperature between 70 and 80℃, the chiral separations of racemic 3-phenyl-1, 2-epoxyethane and 1-phenyl-1-propanol on a 14m×0.23mm I. D. fused silica column with the β-cyclodextrin derivative were carried out and the optical purities of optically active 1-phenyl-1-propanol samples prepared by asymmetric synthesis were determined.展开更多
The solid state thermal reaction of benzil with 3-methyl-1-phenyl-5-pyrazolone gave the title compound 1 (C_24H_18N_2O_2) and its isomer 2. The crystal structure of the title compound has been determined by X-ray anal...The solid state thermal reaction of benzil with 3-methyl-1-phenyl-5-pyrazolone gave the title compound 1 (C_24H_18N_2O_2) and its isomer 2. The crystal structure of the title compound has been determined by X-ray analysis. The crystal belongs to monoclinic system, space group P2_1/n, with cell parameters a = 7. 479 ( 1 ), b =16. 992(1), c=15. 165(1) A , β= 100. 99(1)°, V= 1891. 9 A ̄3, M_r=366. 42, Z=4, D_c= 1. 286 g/cm ̄3, μ= 6. 236 cm ̄-1, F(000) = 768. In the molecule of 1, benzoyl group and CO group of five-member ring are in cis-positions, the interaction of oxygen atoms leads to the noncoplanarity.展开更多
~3H-2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) autoradiographic technique was used to study the ef feets of a monoamine-oxidase-B (MAO-B) inhibitor deprenyl and the neurotoxin Ⅰ-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) on 2-D...~3H-2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) autoradiographic technique was used to study the ef feets of a monoamine-oxidase-B (MAO-B) inhibitor deprenyl and the neurotoxin Ⅰ-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) on 2-DG uptake in the mouse brain. Following MPTP intoxication, 2-DG uptake was increased in the substantia nigra and lo(?)us ceruleus. At the same time, obvious abnormal behavior of the animals was induced. In the mice pretreated with deprenyl, 2-DG uptake was similar to that of control animal. Ab normal behavior. though present, was significantly milder than in mice given MPTP alone. It is concluded that MPTP interferes with the glucose metabolism in the substantia nigra and locus ceruleus and induces remarkable abnormal behavioral syndrome of mice. These deleterious effects can be blocked by pretreatment with deprenyl.展开更多
Infusion of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) into the right common carotid artery produced hemiparkinsonian syndrome on contralateral limbs in 5 rhesus monkeys. The hemiparkinsonian syndrome produce...Infusion of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) into the right common carotid artery produced hemiparkinsonian syndrome on contralateral limbs in 5 rhesus monkeys. The hemiparkinsonian syndrome produced responded to madopar medication and the circling motion changed from toward the MPTP-treated side to away from the MPTP-treated side. Long term use of madopar developed a peak-dose dyskinesia of the face and limbs at the contralateral side. The toxic effect of MPTP was confirmed biochemically by reduction of nigrostriatal DA and histologically by degeneration of nigral neurons on the MPTP-treated side. It is concluded that this hemiparkinsonian monkey model will be of value in the elucidation of the neural mechanism underlying L-DOPA or DA agonists induced dyskinesia in Parkinson’s disease and in the search for newer methods of treatment which would produce less dyskinesia.展开更多
The title compound, methyl 2-(diphenylamino)-4-phenyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylate, was synthesized and studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction method. The structure of the product was confirmed by IR, 1H- and 13C...The title compound, methyl 2-(diphenylamino)-4-phenyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylate, was synthesized and studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction method. The structure of the product was confirmed by IR, 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. These experimental studies were supported by quantum mechanical calculations. The structure was solved in monoclinic, space group P21/c with a = 9.573(3), b = 19.533(7), c = 9.876(3), β = 92.35(4)°, V = 1845.2(10)3, T = 85(2) K, Z = 4, R = 0.040 and wR = 0.089 for 6424 observed reflections with I2σ(I).展开更多
Dopamine cell bodies in the substantia nigra of the midbrain and with their terminals projecting to the neostriatum form the nigrostriatum and these dopamine neurons degenerate in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Based on m...Dopamine cell bodies in the substantia nigra of the midbrain and with their terminals projecting to the neostriatum form the nigrostriatum and these dopamine neurons degenerate in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Based on metabolic and func- tional specialization of the cell bodies versus the axon terminals, the level and disposition of dopamine, its metabolites and enzymes are different in both regions and are likely to be affected differently in PD. We examined changes in the midbrain dopamine system following 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), to test the hypothesis that a predisposing/sensitization stage and a inducing/precipitating stage underlie PD. Pregnant mice were treated with a low dose of MPTP during gestation days 8 - 12 to model the predisposing/sensitization stage, by interrupting the fetal mid- brain dopamine system during its neurogenesis. For the inducing/precipitating stage, the 12-weeks offspring were ad- ministered MPTP. The prenatal-MPTP offspring appear normal, but midbrain dopamine, 3,4-di-hydroxy-phenyl-acetic- acid, 3-methoxytyramine, tyrosine-hydroxylase and L-aromatic-amino-acid-decarboxylase, were reduced by 49.6%, 48%, 54%, 20.9% and 25%. Postnatal-MPTP of 10, 20, 30 mg/kg administered to the prenatal-PBS vs prenatal-MPTP offspring reduced midbrain dopamine by 43.6%, 47.2%, 70.3% vs 85.4%, 89.1%, 95.2%;tyrosine-hydroxylase by 30%, 63%, 81% vs 30.7%, 70.4%, 91.4%;L-aromatic-amino-acid-decarboxylase by 0%, 2%, 40% vs 32%, 40%, 58%. The prenatal-MPTP may render the DA system sensitive by causing sub-threshold reduction of DA, its metabolites and en- zymes, enabling postnatal-MPTP to reduce dopamine above the 70% - 80% PD-inducing threshold. Thus, the study may produce a prenatal predisposing/sensitization and postnatal inducing/precipitation model of PD. It also indicates that some cases of PD may have a fetal basis, in which sub-threshold nigrostriatal impairments occur early in life and PD-symptoms are induced during aging by further insults to the dopaminergic system that would not cause PD symptoms in normal indi-viduals.展开更多
Condensation of D-glucose, o-phenylenediamine and N,N-benzylphenylhydrazine hydrochloride (NNBPHH) in a one-pot reaction, or condensation of 2-(D-arabino-tetritol-1-yl) quinoxaline and NNBPHH, gave 3-(D-erythro-glycer...Condensation of D-glucose, o-phenylenediamine and N,N-benzylphenylhydrazine hydrochloride (NNBPHH) in a one-pot reaction, or condensation of 2-(D-arabino-tetritol-1-yl) quinoxaline and NNBPHH, gave 3-(D-erythro-glycerol-1- yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinoxaline. The structure of the latter was determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy and by synthesis using phenylhydrazine hydrochloride instead of NNBPHH. Condensation of D-glucose and 4,5-dichloro-o-phenylenediamine gave 6,7-dichloro-2-(D-arabino-tetritol-1-yl)quinoxaline, which upon condensation with NNBPHH gave the corresponding 6,7-dichloro-3-(D-erythro-glycerol-1-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinoxaline. The structure and mechanism of formation of these compounds are discussed.展开更多
研究1-苯基吡唑啉类化合物的合成及其EcMetAP酶活抑制活性。以查尔酮衍生物与苯肼为原料合成啉类化合物。利用IR、1 H NMR和MS对它们进行表征。利用分光光度法测试化合物的EcMetAP酶活性抑制作用,利用生物分子结构分析软件FieldTemplate...研究1-苯基吡唑啉类化合物的合成及其EcMetAP酶活抑制活性。以查尔酮衍生物与苯肼为原料合成啉类化合物。利用IR、1 H NMR和MS对它们进行表征。利用分光光度法测试化合物的EcMetAP酶活性抑制作用,利用生物分子结构分析软件FieldTemplater和FieldAlign计算化合物和已知的EcMetAP酶抑制剂的空间作用力场的相似性。共合成了6个1-苯基-3-(2-羟基苯基-5-芳基)-2-吡唑啉类化合物,但只有化合物5对EcMetAP酶活性有抑制作用,抑制率为31.62%,空间作用力场的相似度为0.615。说明化合物5可作为先导化合物进行结构优化,得到优良的EcMetAP酶抑制活性化合物。展开更多
Use of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist or dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor has been shown to lower the incidence of Parkinson's disease in patients with diabetes mellitus.Therefore,using these two treatme...Use of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist or dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor has been shown to lower the incidence of Parkinson's disease in patients with diabetes mellitus.Therefore,using these two treatments may help treat Parkinson's disease.To further investigate the mechanisms of action of these two compounds,we established a model of Parkinson's disease by treating mice with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine and then subcutaneously injected them with the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist exendin-4 or the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor linagliptin.We found that both exendin-4 and linagliptin reversed motor dysfunction,glial activation,and dopaminergic neuronal death in this model.In addition,both exendin-4 and linagliptin induced microglial polarization to the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion.Moreover,in vitro experiments showed that treatment with exendin-4 and linagliptin inhibited activation of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-and leucine-rich-repeat-and pyrin-domaincontaining 3/caspase-1/interleukin-1βpathway and subsequent pyroptosis by decreasing the production of reactive oxygen species.These findings suggest that exendin-4 and linagliptin exert neuroprotective effects by attenuating neuroinflammation through regulation of microglial polarization and the nucleotidebinding oligomerization domain-and leucine-rich-repeat-and pyrin-domain-containing 3/caspase-1/interleukin-1βpathway in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine.Therefore,these two drugs may serve as novel anti-inflammatory treatments for Parkinson's disease.展开更多
文摘New cobalt(II) complex, [Co(O<sub>2</sub>C<sub>15</sub>H<sub>11</sub>N<sub>2</sub>S)<sub>2</sub>(OH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]∙2H<sub>2</sub>O (1∙2H<sub>2</sub>O), has been synthesized upon reaction of cobalt chloride hexahydrate (Co(Cl)<sub>2</sub>∙6H<sub>2</sub>O) with 3-methyl-1-Phenyl-4-(2-thienoyl)-pyrazol-5-one (referred as HL) in ethanol at room temperature. Single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD), spectroscopic methods, and microelemental analyses were used to characterize 1∙2H<sub>2</sub>O. Compound 1∙2H<sub>2</sub>O crystallizes in the orthorhombic crystal system with a Pbca space group and with the cobalt atom being pseudo-octahedral coordinated. The broth microdilution technique was used to screen the free ligand (HL) and the complex (1∙2H<sub>2</sub>O) for antimicrobial activities. HL has a low activity (MIC > 100 μg/mL) on all microorganisms, whereas compound 1∙2H<sub>2</sub>O displayed moderate activity (10 ∙2H<sub>2</sub>O exhibited bactericidal and fungicidal activity respectively on all the bacteria and yeasts tested. These findings reveal that the antimicrobial activity of HL was enhanced upon coordination to Co(II) ion against all microorganisms (bacteria and fungus).
文摘New cobalt(II) complex, [Co(O<sub>2</sub>C<sub>15</sub>H<sub>11</sub>N<sub>2</sub>S)<sub>2</sub>(OH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]∙2H<sub>2</sub>O (1∙2H<sub>2</sub>O), has been synthesized upon reaction of cobalt chloride hexahydrate (Co(Cl)<sub>2</sub>∙6H<sub>2</sub>O) with 3-methyl-1-Phenyl-4-(2-thienoyl)-pyrazol-5-one (referred as HL) in ethanol at room temperature. Single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD), spectroscopic methods, and microelemental analyses were used to characterize 1∙2H<sub>2</sub>O. Compound 1∙2H<sub>2</sub>O crystallizes in the orthorhombic crystal system with a Pbca space group and with the cobalt atom being pseudo-octahedral coordinated. The broth microdilution technique was used to screen the free ligand (HL) and the complex (1∙2H<sub>2</sub>O) for antimicrobial activities. HL has a low activity (MIC > 100 μg/mL) on all microorganisms, whereas compound 1∙2H<sub>2</sub>O displayed moderate activity (10 ∙2H<sub>2</sub>O exhibited bactericidal and fungicidal activity respectively on all the bacteria and yeasts tested. These findings reveal that the antimicrobial activity of HL was enhanced upon coordination to Co(II) ion against all microorganisms (bacteria and fungus).
基金the Science Research Foundation of Henan Institute of Science and Technology (No. 06036)
文摘The title compound trans-4-[(5-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-3-methyl- 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methyleneamino]- 1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one 3 (C28H23Cl2N5O2, Mr = 532.41) has been synthesized and its crystal structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. It crystallizes in triclinic, space group P1- with a = 8.9438(4), b = 11.6065(5), c = 14.2215(6)A, α = 112.566(1), β = 92.324(2), γ = 102.91(1)°, V= 1315.65(10) A^3, Z = 2, Dc = 1.344 g/cm^3,μ(MoKa) = 0.282 mm^-1, λ = 0.71073 A, F(000) = 552, the final R = 0.0587 and wR = 0.1578 for 5071 observed reflections (I 〉 2σ(I)). X-ray analysis reveals that the product is a thermodynamically stable trans isomer. Intra- and intermolecular C( 12)-H(12)…O(1) and C(28)-H(28)...O(1)# 1 hydrogen bonds were observed in the title compound.
文摘The extraction behavior of rare earths was studied by using paraffin with ceresin as a diluent containing 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-benzoyl-pyrazolone-5.In solid phase,the composition of complexes is REP_3.The equilib- rium extraction constants and pH_(1/2) values of solid-liquid extraction are higher than those of normal liquid-liquid extraction.The extraction efficiency tends to maximum when the ratio of phases is 1:1.When the extraction temperature is higher than the melting point of paraffin and the extraction time is over 10 min,the extraction efficiency keeps constant.Moreover,the relationship among separation factor,equilibrium extrac- tion constant,pH_(1/2) value and atomic number was obtained.The mechanism of solid-liquid extraction is analogous to that of liquid-liquid extraction.
文摘An efficient and environmental benign method is reported for the condensation of 3-methyl-1-phenyl-5-pyrazolone with carbonyl compounds in ionic liquids [Bmim]BF4 and [Bmim]PF6 catalyzed by ethylenediammonium diacetate.
文摘Using 2'-Hydroxyacetophenone and as the raw material, 1-( 2-Hydroxyphenyl )-3-Phenyl-1, 3- Propanedione (HPPPD) was synthesized by esterification reaction and Fries rearrangement reaction. And the complexes of HPPPD with europium were also synthesized. The compounds were characterized by IR, thermo-gravimetric analysis and ^1H-NMR. The effects of phenolic hydroxyl on the luminescence properties of complexes were studied. The results show that the complexes emit strong red fluorescence and the fluorescence intensity of the ternary complex is better than that of the duality. But the complexes of HPPPD with Sm( Ⅲ ), Tb ( Ⅲ ), Dy ( Ⅲ ) emit weak fluorescence. The phenomenon was interpreted by electron-effect and energy-matching mechanism. Energy transfer mechanism of the luminescence in the complex was discussed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.82271257(to YZ)and 82071228(to YZ)Qing Lan Project(to YZ)+1 种基金Open Competition Grant of Xuzhou Medical University(to YZ)Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province,No.KYCX21_2705(to TS)。
文摘Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is considered a pathological feature of Parkinson's disease.Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell-1(TREM-1)can amplify the inherent immune response,and crucially,regulate inflammation.In this study,we found marked elevation of serum soluble TREM-1 in patients with Parkinson's disease that positively correlated with Parkinson's disease severity and dyskinesia.In a mouse model of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced Parkinson's disease,we found that microglial TREM-1 expression also increased in the substantia nigra.Further,TREM-1 knockout alleviated dyskinesia in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease and reduced dopaminergic neuronal injury.Meanwhile,TREM-1 knockout attenuated the neuroinflammatory response,dopaminergic neuronal injury,and neutrophil migration.Next,we established an in vitro 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridine-induced BV2 microglia model of Parkinson's disease and treated the cells with the TREM-1 inhibitory peptide LP17.We found that LP17 treatment reduced apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons and neutrophil migration.Moreover,inhibition of neutrophil TREM-1 activation diminished dopaminergic neuronal apoptosis induced by lipopolysaccharide.TREM-1 can activate the downstream CARD9/NF-κB proinflammatory pathway via interaction with SYK.These findings suggest that TREM-1 may play a key role in mediating the damage to dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease by regulating the interaction between microglia and peripheral neutrophils.
基金Supported by the Education Commission of Chongqing (kj070809)Chongqing Normal University (06XLY018)crosswise project of Sichuan Normal University
文摘Density functional calculations have been used to study the mechanism of 1-phenyl-1-(3-pyridyl)ethene hydroformylation using rhodium catalyst.Our calculations reveal that the rate-determining step is the oxidative addition of hydrogen molecule and the preferred path is the one involving ts3ans for the lowest activation free-energy (ΔrGa),63.8 kJ/mol.This reaction is demonstrated to be strong exothermic by-96.6 kJ/mol of branched products and-98.2 kJ/mol of linear products.And the predominant product is the linear 3-phenyl-3-(3-pyridal)propanal (pr-ns) determined by both thermodynamics and kinetics.These results are in agreement with the practicality experimental studies.
基金supported by the Jiangsu Province College Students’ Practice and Innovation Training Program(No.201810323007Z)
文摘Two new Schiff bases based on 5-chloro-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1 H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde, namely, N-((5-chloro-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1 H-pyrazol-4-yl)methylene)-4-morpholinoaniline(Ⅲa) and N-((5-chloro-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1 H-pyrazol-4-yl)methylene)-3-fluoro-4-morpholinoaniline(Ⅲb), were synthesized and characterized by IR, LC-MS, 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR spectroscopy. Meanwhile, the three-dimensional configurations of the two title compounds were further characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. Both the compounds are thermodynamically stable trans-isomers. Moreover, the fluorescence properties and antioxidant activities against DPPH of the two target compounds have been investigated, and the results showed that the title compounds both have fluorescence performance and certain antioxidant activities against DPPH radical.
基金the grants from Shanghai Educational Committee, No. 03BZ03Department of Education for Doctor Foundation, No. 20040266014Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School for Doctor Foundation, No. BXJ0304
文摘At present, pathogenesis and mechanism of Parkinson disease (PD) are still unclear. Animal models of PD are essential tools in studies on etiology and therapy and should mimic the chronic pathological process, histological characteristics and motor behavior dysfunction. In recent years, transgenic mice have been widely utilized to study the mechanism of PD, and it has become imperative that a PD mouse model of motor behavioral dysfunction be established. OBJECTIVE: To compare the behavioral and histochemical characters of two neurotoxic mice model induced with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) or 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6 -tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), and a better method to mimic Parkinson disease will be found out. DESIGN: Parallel experiment. SETTING: Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Jiao Tohg University. MATERIALS: Sixty 129Sv/C57BL6J male wild mice, SPF grade, 8 - 12 weeks old, weighing 20 - 25 g, were provided by Experimental Animal Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University. All the surgery operation was performed according to the rules of Shanghai Jiaotong University Animal Committee. METHODS: The experiment was carried out in the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics (National Key Laboratory), Department of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Jiao Ttong University from March to August 2006. ①Thirty-two male mice were randomly divided into control group and drug treatment group with 16 mice in each group. Surgery was carried out and 6-OHDA was administrated to substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and nigra-striatum pathway according to the different parameters with intoxication apparatus. Saline was injected to the other 16 mice according to the same paradigm. 1 mg/kg apomorphine was injected intraperitoneally 2 weeks later after surgery to induce the imbalanced rotation behavior for 40 minutes. ②Twenty-eight mice were randomly divided into 4 groups with 7 in each group, including low-dose, moderate-dose, high-dose groups and negative control group. Then, mice in the drug treatment group were injected intraperitoneally with 5, 10 and 15 mg/kg MPTP for 9 successive days. In addition, mice in the control group were injected with the same volume of saline for 9 days. Pole test and stride length test were utilized to detect coordinative behavioral dysfunction. Mice were sacrificed 20 days after MPTP treatment, and histochemical staining of tyrosine hydroxynase (TH) was used to observe the loss of dopaminergic neuron in SNpc. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Success ratio of each model establishment method; ② inducible asymmetric cycle behavior test 2 weeks after 6-OHDA injection; ③behavioral dysfunction in pole test and stride length, morphological changes in brain tissue. RESULTS: Totally sixty mice were used in this experiment and 3 mice were excluded because of the hypersensitivity or the clumsy reaction in motor behavioral detection before MPTP treatment, therefore, data was analyzed with the rest 57 mice. ① Lethal ratio: Three out of 16 mice died in striatum injection group and 5 out of 16 mice died in nigro-striatal pathway group. No mouse died in MPTP treatment groups. ② Locomotor behavior: No dysfunction of locomotor was found in 6-OHDA treatment groups. However, several motor behavioral dysfunction were start to present at the 4th day of MPTP injection. ③ Asymmetric cycle behavior: No asymmetric cycle was induced successfully two weeks after 6-OHDA surgery. Mice show hypersensitive behavior 10 minutes after apomorphine injection, which lasted for about 20 minutes. ④ Pole test: From the 4^th day of MPTP treatment, mice started to display coordinate dysfunction, such as climbing down along the pole in spiral, moving slowly with hesitation. Some mice could not grab the pole and slide down along the pole at 4th day post injection. Comparing with 0 dose control group, all the threedrug treatment groups show significant different dysfunction from the 4th day to the 20th day post injection (P 〈 0.01). ⑤ stride length test: Mice's stride length decreased, when treated with MPTP, and the mice in the high dose group displayed obviously. ⑥ Dopaminergic neuron stained with TH in nigra pars compacta: The results indicated that administrated MPTP (from low dose to high dose) by intraperitoneal cause chronic lesions on the dopaminergic neuron in the SNpc. CONCLUSION: PD mice models induced with 6-OHDA show high mortality ratio and no asymmetric cycle was found after apomorphine injection. However, injection of MPTP intraperitoneally can simulate the chronic pathway of PD, typical histological changes are found and stable motor behavioral dysfunctions are displayed.
基金Project supported by the Research Foundation of Suzhou University (Q3109306)
文摘Density functional theory (DFT) has been applied to study the enantioselective reduction of 3-morpholin-4-yl-1-phenyl-1-propanone with borane catalyzed by (S)-4-benzyl-5,5- diphenyl-1,3,2-oxazaborolidine at the B3LYP/6-31G* level. All molecular species involved in the four reaction steps have been fully optimized and the structural parameters are provided, and the micro process of reaction was also investigated. The catalyst-alkoxyborane adduct formed in step III exhibits a B-O-B-N tetra-atomic ring. Reaction coordination calculations show that BH3 can react with 3-morpholin-4-yl-1-phenyl-1-propanone spontaneously, resulting in the need of 2 mol BH3 in the reaction.
文摘A β-cyclodextrin derivative, perbenzyl-β-cyclodextrin, was prepared and used as a chiral stationary phase for capillary gas chromatography. Using FID detector and the column temperature between 70 and 80℃, the chiral separations of racemic 3-phenyl-1, 2-epoxyethane and 1-phenyl-1-propanol on a 14m×0.23mm I. D. fused silica column with the β-cyclodextrin derivative were carried out and the optical purities of optically active 1-phenyl-1-propanol samples prepared by asymmetric synthesis were determined.
文摘The solid state thermal reaction of benzil with 3-methyl-1-phenyl-5-pyrazolone gave the title compound 1 (C_24H_18N_2O_2) and its isomer 2. The crystal structure of the title compound has been determined by X-ray analysis. The crystal belongs to monoclinic system, space group P2_1/n, with cell parameters a = 7. 479 ( 1 ), b =16. 992(1), c=15. 165(1) A , β= 100. 99(1)°, V= 1891. 9 A ̄3, M_r=366. 42, Z=4, D_c= 1. 286 g/cm ̄3, μ= 6. 236 cm ̄-1, F(000) = 768. In the molecule of 1, benzoyl group and CO group of five-member ring are in cis-positions, the interaction of oxygen atoms leads to the noncoplanarity.
文摘~3H-2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) autoradiographic technique was used to study the ef feets of a monoamine-oxidase-B (MAO-B) inhibitor deprenyl and the neurotoxin Ⅰ-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) on 2-DG uptake in the mouse brain. Following MPTP intoxication, 2-DG uptake was increased in the substantia nigra and lo(?)us ceruleus. At the same time, obvious abnormal behavior of the animals was induced. In the mice pretreated with deprenyl, 2-DG uptake was similar to that of control animal. Ab normal behavior. though present, was significantly milder than in mice given MPTP alone. It is concluded that MPTP interferes with the glucose metabolism in the substantia nigra and locus ceruleus and induces remarkable abnormal behavioral syndrome of mice. These deleterious effects can be blocked by pretreatment with deprenyl.
文摘Infusion of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) into the right common carotid artery produced hemiparkinsonian syndrome on contralateral limbs in 5 rhesus monkeys. The hemiparkinsonian syndrome produced responded to madopar medication and the circling motion changed from toward the MPTP-treated side to away from the MPTP-treated side. Long term use of madopar developed a peak-dose dyskinesia of the face and limbs at the contralateral side. The toxic effect of MPTP was confirmed biochemically by reduction of nigrostriatal DA and histologically by degeneration of nigral neurons on the MPTP-treated side. It is concluded that this hemiparkinsonian monkey model will be of value in the elucidation of the neural mechanism underlying L-DOPA or DA agonists induced dyskinesia in Parkinson’s disease and in the search for newer methods of treatment which would produce less dyskinesia.
基金supported by Urmia Branch,Islamic Azad University
文摘The title compound, methyl 2-(diphenylamino)-4-phenyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylate, was synthesized and studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction method. The structure of the product was confirmed by IR, 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. These experimental studies were supported by quantum mechanical calculations. The structure was solved in monoclinic, space group P21/c with a = 9.573(3), b = 19.533(7), c = 9.876(3), β = 92.35(4)°, V = 1845.2(10)3, T = 85(2) K, Z = 4, R = 0.040 and wR = 0.089 for 6424 observed reflections with I2σ(I).
文摘Dopamine cell bodies in the substantia nigra of the midbrain and with their terminals projecting to the neostriatum form the nigrostriatum and these dopamine neurons degenerate in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Based on metabolic and func- tional specialization of the cell bodies versus the axon terminals, the level and disposition of dopamine, its metabolites and enzymes are different in both regions and are likely to be affected differently in PD. We examined changes in the midbrain dopamine system following 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), to test the hypothesis that a predisposing/sensitization stage and a inducing/precipitating stage underlie PD. Pregnant mice were treated with a low dose of MPTP during gestation days 8 - 12 to model the predisposing/sensitization stage, by interrupting the fetal mid- brain dopamine system during its neurogenesis. For the inducing/precipitating stage, the 12-weeks offspring were ad- ministered MPTP. The prenatal-MPTP offspring appear normal, but midbrain dopamine, 3,4-di-hydroxy-phenyl-acetic- acid, 3-methoxytyramine, tyrosine-hydroxylase and L-aromatic-amino-acid-decarboxylase, were reduced by 49.6%, 48%, 54%, 20.9% and 25%. Postnatal-MPTP of 10, 20, 30 mg/kg administered to the prenatal-PBS vs prenatal-MPTP offspring reduced midbrain dopamine by 43.6%, 47.2%, 70.3% vs 85.4%, 89.1%, 95.2%;tyrosine-hydroxylase by 30%, 63%, 81% vs 30.7%, 70.4%, 91.4%;L-aromatic-amino-acid-decarboxylase by 0%, 2%, 40% vs 32%, 40%, 58%. The prenatal-MPTP may render the DA system sensitive by causing sub-threshold reduction of DA, its metabolites and en- zymes, enabling postnatal-MPTP to reduce dopamine above the 70% - 80% PD-inducing threshold. Thus, the study may produce a prenatal predisposing/sensitization and postnatal inducing/precipitation model of PD. It also indicates that some cases of PD may have a fetal basis, in which sub-threshold nigrostriatal impairments occur early in life and PD-symptoms are induced during aging by further insults to the dopaminergic system that would not cause PD symptoms in normal indi-viduals.
文摘Condensation of D-glucose, o-phenylenediamine and N,N-benzylphenylhydrazine hydrochloride (NNBPHH) in a one-pot reaction, or condensation of 2-(D-arabino-tetritol-1-yl) quinoxaline and NNBPHH, gave 3-(D-erythro-glycerol-1- yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinoxaline. The structure of the latter was determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy and by synthesis using phenylhydrazine hydrochloride instead of NNBPHH. Condensation of D-glucose and 4,5-dichloro-o-phenylenediamine gave 6,7-dichloro-2-(D-arabino-tetritol-1-yl)quinoxaline, which upon condensation with NNBPHH gave the corresponding 6,7-dichloro-3-(D-erythro-glycerol-1-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinoxaline. The structure and mechanism of formation of these compounds are discussed.
文摘研究1-苯基吡唑啉类化合物的合成及其EcMetAP酶活抑制活性。以查尔酮衍生物与苯肼为原料合成啉类化合物。利用IR、1 H NMR和MS对它们进行表征。利用分光光度法测试化合物的EcMetAP酶活性抑制作用,利用生物分子结构分析软件FieldTemplater和FieldAlign计算化合物和已知的EcMetAP酶抑制剂的空间作用力场的相似性。共合成了6个1-苯基-3-(2-羟基苯基-5-芳基)-2-吡唑啉类化合物,但只有化合物5对EcMetAP酶活性有抑制作用,抑制率为31.62%,空间作用力场的相似度为0.615。说明化合物5可作为先导化合物进行结构优化,得到优良的EcMetAP酶抑制活性化合物。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.81771271(to JF),31800898(to WL),81430025(to JYL),and U1801681(to JYL)Key Research and Development Program of Liaoning Province,No.2020JH2/10300047(to JF)+1 种基金the Key Field Research Development Program of Guangdong Province,No.2018B030337001(to JYL)the Outstanding Scientific Fund of Shengjing Hospital,No.M0475(to JF)。
文摘Use of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist or dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor has been shown to lower the incidence of Parkinson's disease in patients with diabetes mellitus.Therefore,using these two treatments may help treat Parkinson's disease.To further investigate the mechanisms of action of these two compounds,we established a model of Parkinson's disease by treating mice with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine and then subcutaneously injected them with the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist exendin-4 or the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor linagliptin.We found that both exendin-4 and linagliptin reversed motor dysfunction,glial activation,and dopaminergic neuronal death in this model.In addition,both exendin-4 and linagliptin induced microglial polarization to the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion.Moreover,in vitro experiments showed that treatment with exendin-4 and linagliptin inhibited activation of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-and leucine-rich-repeat-and pyrin-domaincontaining 3/caspase-1/interleukin-1βpathway and subsequent pyroptosis by decreasing the production of reactive oxygen species.These findings suggest that exendin-4 and linagliptin exert neuroprotective effects by attenuating neuroinflammation through regulation of microglial polarization and the nucleotidebinding oligomerization domain-and leucine-rich-repeat-and pyrin-domain-containing 3/caspase-1/interleukin-1βpathway in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine.Therefore,these two drugs may serve as novel anti-inflammatory treatments for Parkinson's disease.