Ex vivo non-viral vector-mediated neurotrophin-3 gene transfer to olfactory ensheathing glia: effects on axonal regeneration and functional recovery after implantation in rats with spinal cord injury

Objective Combine olfactory ensheathing glia （OEG） implantation with ex vivo non-viral vector-based neurotrophin- 3 （NT-3） gene therapy in attempting to enhance regeneration after thoracic spinal cord injury （SCI）. Methods Primary OEG were transfected with cationic liposome-mediated recombinant plasmid pcDNA3.1 （＋）-NT3 and subsequently implanted into adult Wistar rats directly after the thoracic spinal cord （T9） contusion by the New York University impactor. The animals in 3 different groups received 4x 1050EG transfected with pcDNA3.1 （＋）-NT3 or pcDNA3.1 （＋） plasmids, or the OEGs without any plasmid transfection, respectively; the fourth group was untreated group, in which no OEG was implanted. Results NT-3 production was seen increased both ex vivo and in vivo in pcDNA3.1 （＋）-NT3 transfected OEGs. Three months after implantation of NT-3-transfected OEGs, behavioral analysis revealed that the hindlimb function of SCI rats was improved. All spinal cords were filled with regenerated neurofilament-positive axons. Retrograde tracing revealed enhanced regenerative axonal sprouting. Conclusion Non-viral vector-mediated genetic engineering of OEG was safe and more effective in producing NT- 3 and promoting axonal outgrowth followed by enhancing SCI recovery in rats.

Advanced treatment of oil recovery wastewater from polymer flooding by UV/H_2O_2/O_3 and fine filtration

In order to purify oil recovery wastewater from polymer flooding （ORWPF） in tertiary oil recovery in oil fields, advanced treatment of UV/H2O2/O3 and fine filtration were investigated. The experimental results showed that polyacrylamide and oil remaining in ORWPF after the conventional treatment process could be effectively removed by UV/H2O2/O3 process. Fine filtration gave a high performance in eliminating suspended solids. The treated ORWPF can meet the quality requirement of the wastewater-bearing polymer injection in oilfield and be safely re-injected into oil reservoirs for oil recovery.

Investigation of current collapse and recovery time due to deep level defect traps inβ-Ga2O3 HEMT

In this paper,drain current transient characteristics ofβ-Ga2O3 high electron mobility transistor(HEMT)are studied to access current collapse and recovery time due to dynamic population and de-population of deep level traps and interface traps.An approximately 10 min,and 1 h of recovery time to steady-state drain current value is measured under 1 ms of stress on the gate and drain electrodes due to iron(Fe)–dopedβ-Ga2O3 substrate and germanium(Ge)–dopedβ-Ga2O3 epitaxial layer respectively.On-state current lag is more severe due to widely reported defect trap EC–0.82 e V over EC–0.78 e V,-0.75 e V present in Iron(Fe)-dopedβ-Ga2O3 bulk crystals.A negligible amount of current degradation is observed in the latter case due to the trap level at EC–0.98 e V.It is found that occupancy of ionized trap density varied mostly under the gate and gate–source area.This investigation of reversible current collapse phenomenon and assessment of recovery time inβ-Ga2O3 HEMT is carried out through 2 D device simulations using appropriate velocity and charge transport models.This work can further help in the proper characterization ofβ-Ga2O3 devices to understand temporary and permanent device degradation.

JNK3 involvement in nerve cell apoptosis and neurofunctional recovery after traumatic brain injury

Increasing evidence has revealed that the activation of the JNK pathway participates In apoptosis o1 nerve cells and neurological function recovery after traumatic brain injury. However, which genes inI the JNK family are activated and their role in traumatic brain injury remain unclear. Therefore, in this study, in situ end labeling, reverse transcription-PCR and neurological function assessment were adopted to investigate the alteration of JNK1, JNK2 and JNK3 gene expression in cerebral injured rats, and their role in celt apoptosis and neurological function restoration. Results showed that JNK3 expression significantly decreased at 1 and 6 hours and 1 and 7 days post injury, but that JNK1 and JNK2 expression remained unchanged. In addition, the number of apoptotic nerve cells surrounding the injured cerebral cortex gradually reduced over time post injury. The Neurological Severity Scores gradually decreased over 1,3, 5, 14 and 28 days post injury. These findings suggested that JNK3 expression was downregulated at early stages of brain injury, which may be associated with apoptosis of nerve cells. Downregulation of JNK3 expression may promote the recovery of neurological function following traumatic brain injury.

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate treatment to promote neuroprotection and functional recovery after nervous system injury

Traumatic spinal cord injury （SCI） causes motor paralysis, sensory anesthesia and autonomic dysfunction below the le- sion site and additionally some SCI patients refer neuropathic pain together with these signs and symptoms. Clinical and experimental studies have revealed the main pathological changes of injured spinal cord implicated in all these signs and symptoms, including neuropathic pain. After few hours of traumatic SCI, it is usual to observe broken blood brain barrier with plasma and blood cells extravasation, cell necrosis, disruption of ascending and descending spinal cord pathways and increased potassium and glutamate. Glutamate contributes to excitotoxicity of neurons whereas potassium facilitates ectopic depolarization of survival neurons and activation of resident microglia.

Recovery of vanadium and tungsten from waste selective catalytic reduction catalysts by K_(2)CO_(3) roasting and water leaching followed by CaCl_(2) precipitation

Waste selective catalytic reduction(SCR)catalysts are potential environmental hazards.In this study,the recovery of vanadium and tungsten from waste SCR catalysts by K_(2)CO_(3)roasting and water leaching was investigated.The roasting and leaching conditions were optimized:the leaching efficiencies of vanadium and tungsten were 91.19%and 85.36%,respectively,when 18 equivalents of K_(2)CO_(3)were added to perform the roasting at 900℃ for 2 h,followed by leaching at 90°C for 1 h.Notably,in the described conditions,the leaching rate of silicon was only 28.55%.Titanates,including K_(2)Ti_(6)O_(13)and KTi8017,were also produced.Si removal was achieved in 85%efficiency adjusting the pH to 9.5,and the Si impurity thus isolated was composed of amorphous Si.Tungsten and vanadium were precipitated using CaCl_(2).At pH 10 and following the addition of 0.10 mol of H_(2)O_(2)and 16 equivalents of CaCl_(2),the precipitating efficiencies of tungsten and vanadium were 96.89%and 99.65%,respectively.The overall yield of tungsten and vanadium was 82.71%and 90.87%,respectively.

Experimental investigation into Fe3O4/SiO2 nanoparticle performance and comparison with other nanofluids in enhanced oil recovery

Nanofluids because of their surface characteristics improve the oil production from reservoirs by enabling different enhanced recovery mechanisms such as wettability alteration,interfacial tension(IFT)reduction,oil viscosity reduction,formation and stabilization of colloidal systems and the decrease in the asphaltene precipitation.To the best of the authors’ knowledge,the synthesis of a new nanocomposite has been studied in this paper for the first time.It consists of nanoparticles of both SiO2 and Fe3O4.Each nanoparticle has its individual surface property and has its distinct effect on the oil production of reservoirs.According to the previous studies,Fe3O4 has been used in the prevention or reduction of asphaltene precipitation and SiO2 has been considered for wettability alteration and/or reducing IFTs in enhanced oil recovery.According to the experimental results,the novel synthesized nanoparticles have increased the oil recovery by the synergistic effects of the formed particles markedly by activating the various mechanisms relative to the use of each of the nanoparticles in the micromodel individually.According to the results obtained for the use of this nanocomposite,understanding reservoir conditions plays an important role in the ultimate goal of enhancing oil recovery and the formation of stable emulsions plays an important role in oil recovery using this method.

Coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical simulation of CO2 enhanced gas recovery with an extended equation of state module for TOUGH2MP-FLAC3D

As one of the most important ways to reduce the greenhouse gas emission,carbon dioxide（CO2）enhanced gas recovery（CO2-EGR） is attractive since the gas recovery can be enhanced simultaneously with CO2sequestration.Based on the existing equation of state（EOS） module of TOUGH2 MP,extEOS7C is developed to calculate the phase partition of H2O-CO2-CH4-NaCl mixtures accurately with consideration of dissolved NaCI and brine properties at high pressure and temperature conditions.Verifications show that it can be applied up to the pressure of 100 MPa and temperature of 150℃.The module was implemented in the linked simulator TOUGH2MP-FLAC3 D for the coupled hydro-mechanical simulations.A simplified three-dimensional（3D）1/4 model（2.2 km×1 km×1 km） which consists of the whole reservoir,caprock and baserock was generated based on the geological conditions of a gas field in the North German Basin.The simulation results show that,under an injection rate of 200,000 t/yr and production rate of 200,000 sm3/d,CO2breakthrough occurred in the case with the initial reservoir pressure of 5 MPa but did not occur in the case of 42 MPa.Under low pressure conditions,the pressure driven horizontal transport is the dominant process;while under high pressure conditions,the density driven vertical flow is dominant.Under the considered conditions,the CO2-EGR caused only small pressure changes.The largest pore pressure increase（2 MPa） and uplift（7 mm） occurred at the caprock bottom induced by only CO2injection.The caprock had still the primary stress state and its integrity was not affected.The formation water salinity and temperature variations of ±20℃ had small influences on the CO2-EGR process.In order to slow down the breakthrough,it is suggested that CO2-EGR should be carried out before the reservoir pressure drops below the critical pressure of CO2.

On 1-rate and 2-rate multicast 3-stage Clos networks

The 3-stage Clos network C（n, m, r） is considered as the most basic and popular multistage interconnection network which has been widely employed for data communications and parallel computing systems. Quite a lot of efforts has been put on the research of the 3- stage Clos network. Unfortunately, very little is known for the multirate multicast Clos network which is the most complicated case. Firstly a sufficient condition for 1-rate multicast networks to be SNB is given, from which a result for 2-rate multicast networks to be WSNB can easily be gotten. Furthermore, by using a reservation-scheme routing, more specific result for 2-rate multicast networks to be WSNB can be obtained for the case of one of them exceeding 1/2.

Recovery of valuable elements from spent YBa_2Cu_3O_(7-x)/Agcomposite superconductor bulks

Silver as a highly conductive metal is usually doped in YBa2Cu3O7-x superconductor bulks to improve critical current density of YBa2Cu3O7-x superconductor.The valuable metal elements silver,yttrium,barium and copper in waste YBa2Cu3O7-x/Ag composite superconductor bulks were recovered,respectively.Silver was recovered with process at first,the waste was dissolved by nitric acid and silver chloride was precipitated by adding chloride acid,then silver pig was obtained by melting silver chloride together with sodium carbonate at 1 000℃.The effective factors on recovery ratio and purity of silver were studied.The chemical analysis proves that the purity of silver ingot is 95.86%.The recovery ratio of silver is calculated to be 92.56%.The loss of silver may be due to the loss of silver chloride during filtering and the volatilization of silver when silver chloride and sodium carbonate are smelted at high temperature.For other three metal elements,Y3 +,Ba 2+and Cu 2+,in the surplus waste liquid after recovering silver, they were separated with the sequence of barium,copper and then yttrium step by step.First,sulfate acid was used to precipitate barium sulfate.Then,sodium sulfide was added to the surplus solution so that copper could be separated as copper sulfide.During this separation procedure,it was important to control the pH value to be 1-2.After that,oxalic acid was added into the surplus solution to obtain yttrium oxalate.Finally,yttrium oxide was formed by burning yttrium oxalate.The XRD results indicate that the final products are all single-phase compounds as BaSO4,CuS and Y2O3,respectively.

Recovery of Excessive NH_3 in Black Liquor from NH_4OH-KOH Pulping of Wheat Straw

Aqueous ammonia mixed with caustic potash as wheat straw pulping liquor was investigated. The caustic potash not only roduced the NH3 usage and cooking time, but also provided a potassium source as a fertilizer in the black liquor. Excessive NH3 in black liquor from wheat straw NF4OH-KOH pulping process was recovered by batch distillation with a 98% recovery rate of free NH3 under atmospheric pressure and constant reflux. The temperature at the bottom of the column was controlled at 104 - 105 ℃. After removal of free NH3, the black liquor contained 8.4 g/L NH3-N and 7. 04 g/L total potassium, with a substantial amount of ammoniacal lignin, and it could be used as a liquid fertilizer for farming. The height equivalent to a theoretical plate （HETP） of a rectifier for recovering free NH3 was calculated. The diameter and height of packing of the rectifier based on a daily consumption of 75 t oven-dry wheat straw were estimated.

Oil recovery tests with ionic liquids: A review and evaluation of 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium triflate

The main advantages of the use of ionic liquids in enhanced oil recovery are their tunability and stability in harsh environmental conditions. In this work, a comprehensive review of ionic liquids proposed to improve current chemical oil recovery methods has been presented, focusing on core flooding experiments. With an almost infinite number of possible ionic liquids, the amount of experiments carried out up to now has been very limited. However, results are promising, with additional recovery after secondary flooding of up to 32% of the original oil in place. Most formulations with ionic liquids have been proposed for sandstone reservoirs, the number of studies with carbonate cores being very scarce. The possibilities of a new room temperature surface active ionic liquid, 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium triflate,for this application were analyzed. It was shown that it is able to drastically reduce the water/oil interfacial tension. An optimized formulation was proposed for carbonate reservoirs. After secondary flooding with brine, an additional recovery of 10.5% of original oil in place was achieved at room conditions. A combination of the proposed method followed by a polymer flooding step with polyacrylamide led to a lesser but still significant recovery, reducing the costs associated to the ionic liquid.

Modeling Interstate Banking in the United States: the Spatial 3-Stage Least Squares Approach

This study uses a spatial 3-stage least squares approach to model interstate banking of the United States in 1994 and 2014.The method simultaneously takes into account spatial dependence,outward and inward interstate banking and their interaction,and the temporal effects in interstate banking.The study shows that a healthy economic structure,an expanding market,and permissive banking legislation encourage inward interstate banking.A healthy economic structure is a basis for strong banking firms to rise and to expand in other states.Large banking institutions were dominate in outward interstate banking while smaller firm sizes tend to be associated with inward interstate banking.By 2014,large and well-capitalized banking firms from states with a healthy economic structure had expanded into states with lower income levels,and lower capital-to-labor ratios,higher labor resource use,and lower profitability in their banking industry.Evidence shows some banking geographical fragmentation remains.

Fe_(3)O_(4)与ZIF-9复合催化剂的制备及其快速降解亚甲基蓝的研究

为了提高水中有机染料的降解速率,采用超声和溶剂热法制备Fe_(3)O_(4)/ZIF-9复合催化剂,该催化剂为立方状的金属有机骨架ZIF-9且表面附着有类球形Fe_(3)O_(4)颗粒.Fe_(3)O_(4)的加入为ZIF-9提供了更多的成核位点,同时Fe_(3)O_(4)/钴盐比例的变化也会影响ZIF-9的成核与生长.当Fe_(3)O_(4)/钴盐摩尔比为1∶1时,该催化剂在30 min内对亚甲基蓝的降解率达到95.1%,催化反应10 min的伪一阶动力学常数达到0.101 min^(-1),在pH为5~9范围内保持稳定的高催化性能.X射线光电子能谱(XPS)结果表明铁和钴位点之间存在电子转移,并且钴和铁的协同作用可以降低钴的还原电位,从而加速钴的价态变化,提升催化速率.电磁共振实验(EPR)结果显示该催化剂可以活化过一硫酸盐生成单线态氧(^(1)O_(2))、硫酸根自由基(SO-4·)和羟基自由基(·OH),进一步通过活性因子淬灭实验发现其中单线态氧为主要活性物种.由此可知,Fe_(3)O_(4)/ZIF-9通过铁和钴位点的氧化还原循环催化PMS不断生成^(1)O_(2)、·OH和SO^(-)_(4)·,共同将亚甲基蓝分子降解成二氧化碳和水.此外,磁滞回线测试(VSM)结果显示,该复合材料饱和磁化强度值为7.6 A·m^(2)·kg^(-1),表明Fe_(3)O_(4)能赋予复合催化剂良好的铁磁性,同时该催化剂循环使用4次后仍保持较高的降解率,表明该复合催化剂具有良好的回收性能和重复使用性能.本研究为有机染料等污染物的治理提供了新的技术和材料支撑.

纳米Al_(2)O_(3)渗吸驱油剂的性能评价

低渗致密油藏储层基质渗透率低、孔喉小,常规提高采收率方法难以有效驱替出低渗透储层中的原油。选用表面活性剂与纳米Al_(2)O_(3)颗粒合成一种纳米渗吸驱油剂,通过对其进行稳定性优化、界面张力和润湿性静态评价,开展岩心渗吸和驱替实验,研究纳米驱油剂在低渗透岩心中渗吸和驱油效果。结果显示,纳米Al_(2)O_(3)渗吸驱油剂能够改变岩石壁面润湿性,润湿角改变程度可达57.5%;有效降低界面张力,使其下降至70%;对于低渗透岩心具有较好的渗吸采收效果,60℃条件下渗吸采收效果可达37%;驱替实验中,纳米驱油剂提高采收率可达16%。

大型铬铁矿热炉渣中Cr_(2)O_(3)含量影响因素研究与实践

介绍了通过研究铬矿特性、冶炼渣型、炉渣碱度、镁铝比以及合金中硅含量等参数与渣中Cr_(2)O_(3)含量的关系,借助Mintab数据分析软件明确了各参数和相关影响因素的优先级,从而有针对性的对原有工艺参数进行优化调整,有效的降低了渣中Cr_(2)O_(3)含量并提高了铬综合收得率。

神经干细胞与NT-3基因修饰雪旺细胞联合移植促进全横断脊髓损伤大鼠功能修复的实验研究

目的:探讨神经干细胞(NSCs)与神经营养素-3(NT-3)基因修饰雪旺细胞(SCs)联合移植对全横断脊髓损伤大鼠的后肢运动及神经传导功能修复的作用。方法:将NSCs与NT-3基因修饰SCs或未基因修饰SCs联合移植,或NSCs单独移植到大鼠全横断性脊髓损伤处,60d后进行爬网格测验和BBB评分检测运动功能。第67d,进行皮质运动诱发电位(CMEP)和皮质感觉诱发电位(CSEP)检测脊髓的神经传导功能。结果:脊髓损伤大鼠后肢的运动功能及CMEP和CSEP的修复程度依次为NSCs与NT-3基因修饰SCs联合移植组,NSCs与未基因修饰SCs联合移植组,NSCs单独移植组和实验对照组。结论:NSCs与NT-3基因修饰SCs联合移植能够促进脊髓损伤后大鼠的后肢运动及神经传导功能的修复。

改进的氨水法提取活性污泥中聚-3-羟基丁酸酯的试验

改进的氨水法提取活性污泥中聚 3 羟基丁酸酯(poly 3 hydroxybutyrate,PHB)的实验表明:提取率为63 65%,纯度为95 59%(w).它是一种对环境污染较小,成本较低的提取方法.

二次采油与三次采油结合技术在埕东油田东区西北部Ng3~2层的应用

针对埕东油田东区西北部Ng32 层的条件应用了二次采油和三次采油结合技术。在室内研究了各种工作液的优化配方 ,编写了实施方案并现场实施 ,取得了明显的效果 ,在试验期间 ,试验区累积增产原油 1 775 0× 1 0 4t ,投入产出比达到 1∶3 2 1 ,水驱开发效果改善。该技术在埕东特高含水油藏成功应用 ,为同类油藏提高采收率技术的推广提供了借鉴。

“3+1”膀胱功能恢复法对剜除术治疗良性前列腺增生合并急性尿潴留患者的影响

目的:探讨“3+1”膀胱功能恢复法对剜除术治疗良性前列腺增生合并急性尿潴留患者的影响。方法:选取2017年1月1日~2020年1月1日收治的45例良性前列腺增生合并逼尿肌无力急性尿潴留患者为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为对照组22例和研究组23例;两组均行剜除术治疗方案,对照组实施常规术后康复训练,研究组实施“3+1”膀胱功能恢复法;比较两组膀胱功能满意等级、膀胱自主功能恢复情况、尿常规白细胞计数等。结果:研究组膀胱满意度等级优于对照组(P<0.05),规律排尿、自行排尿、无尿潴留占比高于对照组(P<0.05),术后1、3个月尿常规显示白细胞计数均低于对照组(P<0.01)。结论:良性前列腺增生合并尿肌无力患者在接受剜除术治疗的基础上,联合实施“3+1”膀胱功能恢复训练,可有效改善患者膀胱满意度等级,促进膀胱自主功能恢复,控制泌尿系统感染。